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Globalization and foreign direct investment (FDI) have made host country corruption a critical consideration for firms expanding internationally. This study investigates how perceived host country corruption influences the market entry mode choices of 207 Indonesian firms across 25 host countries between 2012-2022. Utilizing logistic regression analysis and grounded in transaction cost theory, we examine the likelihood of firms selecting joint ventures (JV) over wholly owned subsidiaries (WOS) in response to corruption risk. Results indicate that higher levels of perceived corruption in the host country significantly increase the probability of firms opting for JVs as a risk mitigation strategy. While strong country governance is often assumed to deter corruption, our findings suggest that it may not significantly reduce the perceived risk for firms entering foreign markets. This has important implications for policymakers seeking to attract foreign investment and for businesses developing strategies to navigate corrupt environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Strategic alliances play a key role in a company's growth strategy. They are an alternative to the organic option of creating a new company from scratch and a less risky option than conducting a merger or an acquisition. For five years, most recently in 2022, the results of PwC's 22nd Annual CEO Survey have shown that 40% of U.S. CEOs plan to enter into a new strategic alliance or joint venture to boost their company's growth or profitability in the coming year. These operations demand a high level of trust, collaboration and equitable risk-sharing, as well as autonomy granted to both firms. Through an in-depth case study, this study aims to reveal how an alliance was formed between two companies, navigating between entrepreneurial experience and the co-construction of a network to share a technological tool. Design/methodology/approach: The author conducted several interviews with one of the founders of Beta France, and the author had access to a large amount of information on the launch of the entrepreneurial project. Findings: The author presents the reasons for Beta France to join a network of alliances rather than entering into a joint venture. In doing so, the author emphasizes the importance of independence between actors as a key element triggering innovation. Originality/value: This study points out how a fintech startup opens up perspectives for new digital market participants. The author lists the risks that CEOs joining an alliance must be aware of, and the author details how to avoid falling into an asymmetrical alliance by keeping a center of expertise that cannot be duplicated by other partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial banks in Kenya operate in quite dynamic financial market environment and continue to experience stiff competition in the provision of financial services. The liberation of the financial markets has resulted into an upsurge in the number of institutions providing financial products and services, threatening the future of Kenyan commercial banks. This study aimed at determining the effect of strategic alliances on competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. The objectives were to determine effect of joint ventures, equity alliances, and joint research and development on the competitiveness of Kenyan banks where Resource Based View, competitive advantage, and resource dependence theories were used. Causal research design was adopted where all the 42 Kenyan commercial banks formed the target population. Census survey sampling design was applied and semi-structured questionnaire used. Using descriptive and inferential statistics analysis, the study found that joint venture (β=0.435, p=0.000) equity alliances (β=0.227, p=0.018), and joint research and development (β=0.0.612, p=0.000) had positive significant effects on competitive advantage. With a coefficient of determination (R-square) of 68.9% and overall p-value of 0.000, the study concluded strategic alliances have a statistical significant effect on competitive advantage. The study recommends that managements of commercial banks should fast-truck implementation of such alliances to for improved competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence using two studies to explain the primary factors facilitating electronic health record (EHR) systems adoption through the lens of the resource advantage theory. We aim to address the following research questions: What are the main organizational antecedents of EHR implementation? What is the role of monitoring in EHR system implementation? What are the current themes and people's attitudes toward EHR systems? This paper includes two empirical studies. Study 1 presents a research model based on data collected from four different archival datasets. Drawing upon the resource advantage theory, this paper uses archival data from 200 Texas hospitals, thus mitigating potential response bias and enhancing the validity of the findings. Study 2 includes a text analysis of 5154 textual data, sentiment analysis, and topic modeling. Study 1's findings reveal that joint ventures and ownership are the two main enablers of adopting EHR systems in 200 Texas hospitals. Moreover, the results offer a moderating role of monitoring in strengthening the relationship between joint-venture capability and the implementation of EHR systems. Study 2's results indicate a positive attitude toward EHR systems. The U.S. was unique in the sample due to its slower adoption of EHR systems than other developed countries. Physician burnout also emerged as a significant concern in the context of EHR adoption. Topic modeling identified three themes: training, healthcare interoperability, and organizational barriers. In a multimethod design, this paper contributes to prior work by offering two new EHR antecedents: hospital ownership and joint-venture capability. Moreover, this paper suggests that the monitoring mechanism moderates the adoption of EHR systems in Texas hospitals. Moreover, this paper contributes to prior EHR works by performing text analysis of textual data to carry out sentiment analysis and topic modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study is the conceptual, legislative and theoretical provisions in the field of legal regulation of contractual relations in the implementation of joint activities in Ukraine and some European countries, as well as in the field of using the structure of joint activities as a special type of economic relations in the conduct of business. Methodology. General scientific methods were used in the research process. The comparative method was used to compare the legislative approaches to the legal regulation of contractual relations in the joint activities of Germany, France, Poland, Moldova and Ukraine. The analysis was used to determine the specifics of legislative approaches to the legal regulation of contractual relations for the implementation of joint activities in these countries, to identify their advantages and disadvantages. Synthesis was used to determine the methodological principles of legal regulation of joint activities. Induction and deduction were used to determine the basic principles of the functioning of civil legal partnerships with the aim of carrying out joint activities by their participants. The aim of the article is to propose concrete ways of improving the Ukrainian legal mechanism of contractual regulation of joint activity relations in order to ensure prompt and efficient post-war reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure facilities, the success of the process of recodification of the civil legislation of Ukraine and its harmonisation with the legislation of the EU countries. The results of the study have shown that, in general, the Ukrainian legislative approach to the legal regulation of relations on the implementation of joint activities is the most liberal and dispositive in comparison with the corresponding approaches of the European countries, which confirms the opinion that it is necessary to understand the agreement on joint activities as an effective legal and economic instrument for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, based on the consolidation of human efforts and resources (capital) for the achievement of a common goal. Conclusion. In order to improve the national legislative approach to the legal regulation of relations on joint activities on a contractual basis and to harmonise it with the provisions of European legislation, it is advisable to enshrine the following provisions by way of borrowing: 1) the prohibition of participants to engage in any activity that may be detrimental to the company, including the prohibition of competition; 2) the possibility of depriving a participant of the right to manage the company by a court decision if there is a valid reason, in particular as a result of a gross breach of duty; 3) the right of a participant to withdraw from a limited partnership if there are valid reasons and the invalidity of the objection to this effect; 4) the establishment of a basic list of the essential terms of a simple partnership agreement. This will undoubtedly have a direct impact on improving the institution of joint ventures as an important tool for the development of Ukraine's economic system in the post-war environment, especially in the context of investing in Ukrainian business and rebuilding the destroyed infrastructure.

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Previous research has underscored the significance of the equity investment relationship in facilitating knowledge transfers between a joint venture and its parent company. Successful knowledge bridging in joint ventures plays a crucial role in shaping organizational learning and innovation performance outcomes. The empirical evidence on the effectiveness of knowledge transfers, however, presents a mixed picture. Through a rigorous sample selection process, we collect panel data on 366 joint venture-year observations across four industries during an 18-year period to empirically test the proposed hypotheses. In this research, we contend that the ability of joint ventures to act as knowledge bridges depends on the diversity of the parent's knowledge and the technological similarity between the joint venture and the parent, especially in the context of internal knowledge development. An examination of bridging performance in the relationship between joint ventures and parent companies indicates that both parental knowledge diversity and joint venture – parent technology similarity positively impact the knowledge acquired through the joint venture – parent equity relationship. Furthermore, when the joint venture strongly depends on internal knowledge, the positive relationship among parental knowledge diversity, joint venture – parent technology similarity, and joint venture knowledge bridging becomes more pronounced. Our findings shed light on how the specific features of a parent company contribute to the knowledge learning bridged by a joint venture and underscore the role of equity investments in joint venture firms' innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To alleviate the financial shortage for public service provision, a government agency may jointly finance, own, and run a service system with a private firm (in the manner of a joint venture) or delegate service provision to the firm subject to regulation in service price or wait time. We model the service system as a queueing system in which customers are heterogeneous in service valuation and sensitive to price and delay. While the government aims to maximize social welfare, the firm's goal is to maximize profit. Hence, the joint venture has the objective of a mix of profit maximization and social welfare creation. Under the regulation, two types of interaction between the government and the firm, that is, sequential move (in the absence of the government's myopic adjustment) and simultaneous move (in the presence of myopic adjustment), are considered. We find that while wait time regulation is more efficient than price regulation in the presence of myopic adjustment, the relationship is reversed in the absence of myopic adjustment. Somewhat surprisingly, price regulation with myopic adjustment may backfire. However, in some instances, the government must take a large share in a joint venture to achieve the same performance under price regulation without myopic adjustment. Our work uncovers whether the government adopts myopic adjustment plays a critical role in choosing the regulation instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the past few years, there has been a big rise in the number of relationships and agreements between businesses in India and the UK. But the results of these cross-cultural projects are very different. Some are huge successes, while others have a hard time. The purpose of this study paper is to find the cultural factors that affect the behaviour and productivity of business ties between the UK and India in a good or bad way. The first part of the paper sheds light on well-known cultural aspects theories, like Hofstede's model, to look at and compare the core values of Indian and UK cultures. It is made clear how the two countries' cultural values are very different. A qualitative exploratory research methodology was employed. Secondary research was conducted analysing scholarly literature on cross-cultural management, cultural dimensions theories, and case studies of real-life UK-India partnerships. What should be done is suggested based on the results. To have long-lasting partnerships with people from other countries, they need to learn about each other's cultures by getting to know each other, being open and flexible, and always learning. The study's result is that companies can do well in different countries by overcoming the challenges that come with their differences and working to be culturally competent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small oligopoly of commercial and investment banks dominates the arranging and underwriting of loans and bonds for publicly traded companies. The oligopoly's dominance apparently compels nondisclosure of preliminary agreements that outline the proposed issuance terms of the loans or bonds. Also, the banks do not disclose the arranging and underwriting fees to anyone outside the oligopoly and prohibit disclosure to anyone by their customers, which non-disclosure violates the securities laws. This makes it impossible for customers to compare such fees and more difficult for non-oligopoly banks to offer competing bids. This article concludes the Antitrust Division, and Securities & Exchange Commission should investigate these practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence using two studies to explain the primary factors facilitating electronic health record (EHR) systems adoption through the lens of the resource advantage theory. We aim to address the following research questions: What are the main organizational antecedents of EHR implementation? What is the role of monitoring in EHR system implementation? What are the current themes and people’s attitudes toward EHR systems? This paper includes two empirical studies. Study 1 presents a research model based on data collected from four different archival datasets. Drawing upon the resource advantage theory, this paper uses archival data from 200 Texas hospitals, thus mitigating potential response bias and enhancing the validity of the findings. Study 2 includes a text analysis of 5154 textual data, sentiment analysis, and topic modeling. Study 1’s findings reveal that joint ventures and ownership are the two main enablers of adopting EHR systems in 200 Texas hospitals. Moreover, the results offer a moderating role of monitoring in strengthening the relationship between joint-venture capability and the implementation of EHR systems. Study 2’s results indicate a positive attitude toward EHR systems. The U.S. was unique in the sample due to its slower adoption of EHR systems than other developed countries. Physician burnout also emerged as a significant concern in the context of EHR adoption. Topic modeling identified three themes: training, healthcare interoperability, and organizational barriers. In a multimethod design, this paper contributes to prior work by offering two new EHR antecedents: hospital ownership and joint-venture capability. Moreover, this paper suggests that the monitoring mechanism moderates the adoption of EHR systems in Texas hospitals. Moreover, this paper contributes to prior EHR works by performing text analysis of textual data to carry out sentiment analysis and topic modeling.

Copyright of Bait Al-Mashura Journal is the property of Bait Al-Mashura Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł dotyczy wyroku Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów w sprawie z odwołania od decyzji Prezesa UOKiK w sprawie Nord Stream 2 (Gazprom i inni). Omawia przede wszystkim stanowisko sądu co do rodzajów transakcji stanowiących utworzenie wspólnego przedsiębiorcy, koncepcję obejścia prawa na gruncie ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów, a także polityczny i ekonomiczny wymiar sprawy.

With the advancement of China’s electricity spot market construction， it has become a prevailing trend for new energy to participate in the spot market. However， the output uncertainty of new energy debilitates its market competitiveness. As a mature energy storage technology， distributed pumped-storage power plants can cooperate with new energy generation and stabilize its output fluctuations. To this end， a two-stage stochastic optimization model for the participation of a consortium of distributed pumped storage plants and new energy generation in the day-ahead and real-time markets under a dual settlement mechanism in the spot market is investigated. Conditional value-at-risk （CVaR）is introduced to quantify the impact of uncertainty in new energy output and market electricity prices on the joint venture’s revenue， and to optimize the consortium’s bidding in the day-ahead market stage and rolling self-dispatch in the real-time balancing market stage. The example analysis shows that the proposed method can increase the revenue of the joint venture in the spot market. Finally， the impact of the risk preference factor and the storage capacity of the pumped storage plant on the joint venture’s revenue is discussed.

Joint construction ventures are a global business partnership approach to accomplishing jointly executed construction objectives. The success of joint ventures is not achieved without militating factors and complexity affecting the process. This study assessed the militating factors against joint venture success in the construction industry in South Africa. A quantitative research approach was adopted, using a purposive sampling technique to select participants for this study. In total, 190 copies of the questionnaire were sent out to construction stakeholders in Gauteng province, South Africa, and 185 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: data reliability and validity, descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) returned seven factors that provided a relevant understanding of the militating factors against joint venture success: differences in partners' work values, ineffective regulatory frameworks, undefined goals, clashes between partners' cultural values, economic viability, operational constraints, and conflicts of interest. This study recommends that joint venture formulation requires due diligence from partners to understand policy, organisational culture, sharing ratios, and economic viability to avoid unnecessary conflicts of interest and operational constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the right to association provided in the Romanian Constitution refers to non profit associations, associative forms that do not seek to obtain or share benefits, but political, religious or cultural purposes, being the expression of freedom of thought and a form of expression, then any form of private law association that seek profit is the expression of both the contractual freedom of the associates and the economic freedom recognized by art. 45 of the fundamental law. No form of association regardless of the typology of which it belongs is ever imposed by law, their creation depending exclusively on the will of the members. The simple company and the joint venture are associative forms without legal personality, lucrative, belonging to the category of professionals. They are flexible associative forms from the perspective of the lack of formalities necessary for their establishment, but also complex from the perspective of the legal relations they generate both between the associates and towards third parties.

Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The North American Wetlands Conservation Act provides funding and administration for wetland management and conservation projects. The North American Wetland Conservation Fund, enabled in 1989 with the Act, provides financial resources. Resource allocation decisions are based, in part, on regional experts, particularly migratory bird Joint Ventures (JV; partnerships established under the North American Waterfowl Management Plan to help conserve the continent's waterfowl populations and habitats). The JVs evaluate funding proposals submitted within their respective regions each year and make funding recommendations to decision makers. Proposal evaluation procedures differ among JVs; however, it could be helpful to consider a transparent, repeatable, and data-driven framework for prioritization within regions. We used structured decision-making and linear additive value models for ranking proposals within JV regions. We used two JVs as case studies and constructed two different value models using JV-specific objectives and weights. The framework was developed through a collaborative process with JV staff and stakeholders. Models were written in Microsoft Excel. To test these models, we used six North American Wetlands Conservation Act proposals submitted to the Upper Mississippi/Great Lakes JV in 2016 and seven proposals submitted to the Gulf Coast JV in 2017. We compared proposal ranks assigned by the value model to ranks assigned by each JV's management board. Ranks assigned by the value model differed from ranks assigned by the board for the Upper Mississippi/Great Lakes JV, but not for the Gulf Coast JV. However, ranks from the value model could change markedly with different objective weights and value functions. The weighted linear value model was beneficial for ranking NAWCA proposals because it allows JVs to treat the ranking as a multiple objective problem and tailor the ranking to their specific regional concerns. We believe a structured decision-making approach could be adapted by JV staff to facilitate a systematic and transparent process for proposal ranking by their management boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall economic situation considers a scenario that is not exactly optimistic in the context of the current health crisis. The need for cheap resources will probably lead to the seizing of the opportunities provided by the trade companies, without patrimonial transfers of goods and labour force. Taking this context into account, we believe that the mixed ventures might become relevant again nowadays. The challenge posed by the indirect taxation of these associations without legal personality points out a series of practical aspects which we consider that should be rigorously and thoroughly addressed, especially that the tax payers’ option is not always in accordance with that of the fiscal authorities causing contentious issues, which are time and money consuming and at the same time lead to forced executions endangering the company’s existence itself. The article hereby is based on the material tax law rules as regards the common law provisions, with the aim of setting up the tax deductions regime regarding the contributions and purchases related to joint ventures, given that the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax does not include specific provisions for joint ventures, which is why the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union is applicable in this matter.

The overall economic situation considers a scenario that is not exactly optimistic in the context of the current health crisis. The need for cheap resources will probably lead to the seizing of the opportunities provided by the trade companies, without patrimonial transfers of goods and labour force. Taking this context into account, we believe that the mixed ventures might become relevant again nowadays. The challenge posed by the indirect taxation of these associations without legal personality points out a series of practical aspects which we consider that should be rigorously and thoroughly addressed, especially that the tax payers’ option is not always in accordance with that of the fiscal authorities causing contentious issues, which are time and money consuming and at the same time lead to forced executions endangering the company’s existence itself. The article hereby is based on the material tax law rules as regards the common law provisions, with the aim of setting up the tax deductions regime regarding the contributions and purchases related to joint ventures, given that the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax does not include specific provisions for joint ventures, which is why the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union is applicable in this matter.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges to healthcare organizations across the world. This article describes an international joint venture between Mayo Clinic and Abu Dhabi to care for an increasing number of patients with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the hydrocarbon potential of the Arctic shelf is one of the priority tasks for Russia, forming the conditions for its strategic presence in the region. Russia's official energy documents stipulate the need to increase oil and gas production in the Arctic, including offshore production, to ensure the stable operation of the country's oil and gas complex in the long term. However, the development of hydrocarbon fields on the Arctic shelf is a serious technological challenge for the domestic oil and gas in-dustry. While offshore oil production in the Russian Arctic is already underway, natural gas production remains a promising future target. The article analyses the current gas projects on the Arctic shelf in terms of their technological complexity and unique solutions, and the strategies of operators to attract foreign participants to the project. We consider these in the contexts of technological issues, organizational features, securing foreign investment. The author believes that the provisions and conclusions of this study will help add to the comprehensive picture of the foreign oil and gas companies experience engaged in natural gas production on the Arctic shelf, which will minimise the errors and risks in the development of hydrocarbon resources on the Russian Arctic seas shelf.

With the growing importance of international efforts, joint ventures (JVs) have received increasing attention from academics and practitioners. Drawing on the JV literature, this study asserts that a parent company's JV investment geographic diversity is critical to understanding global investment diversity and a firm's subsequent innovativeness. From an analysis of 472 parent companies for a 10-year period and 2734 firm-year observations, the study identifies an inverse U-shaped relationship between JV investment geographic diversity and a parent company's innovativeness. The moderating roles of JV experience and available slack are found to strengthen such relationships. These findings support our predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the possibility for awarding entities to proceed with the forced execution of all members of an association set up for the performance of public or sectoral procurement contracts provided for by Law 98/2016 and Law 99/2016, in the event that, on the basis of a damage inspection report issued by a judicial public authority, the court definitively grants a judgment in favour of the awarding entity. Unlike commercial companies with legal personality, joint ventures are governed only by contractual clauses and are exempt from any incorporation formalities, as they do not benefit from legal personality. The purpose of the article is to highlight the misinterpretation of substantive law rules when concrete situations arise in which the awarding entity benefits from an enforceable title represented by a final court decision by which it executes all the members of the association although the documents underlying the signature and execution of the works or services contract specify an individual liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world’s largest developing country and the largest carbon emitter, China must consider economic growth and carbon emission reduction in development. Therefore, improving carbon productivity is an important goal of China at present. At the same time, China’s foreign capital inflow has always been at the forefront of the world, and foreign direct investment (FDI) has had various impacts on China’s carbon productivity. Based on the panel data of 25 provinces in China from 2007 to 2019, this paper uses a spatial econometric model to study the difference in the impact of FDI on China’s carbon productivity under different entry modes. The study found that: when FDI enters China in the mode of joint ventures, there is a positive spatial spillover effect, which is conducive to improving China’s carbon productivity; while when FDI enters China in the mode of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, there is a negative spatial spillover effect, which will inhibit the improvement of China’s carbon productivity. Therefore, when introducing foreign capital, the Chinese government should formulate differentiated foreign investment policies according to the different entry modes of FDI, and encourage more FDI to enter China in the mode of joint ventures.

Joint construction ventures are a global business partnership approach to accomplishing jointly executed construction objectives. The success of joint ventures is not achieved without militating factors and complexity affecting the process. This study assessed the militating factors against joint venture success in the construction industry in South Africa. A quantitative research approach was adopted, using a purposive sampling technique to select participants for this study. In total, 190 copies of the questionnaire were sent out to construction stakeholders in Gauteng province, South Africa, and 185 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: data reliability and validity, descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) returned seven factors that provided a relevant understanding of the militating factors against joint venture success: differences in partners’ work values, ineffective regulatory frameworks, undefined goals, clashes between partners’ cultural values, economic viability, operational constraints, and conflicts of interest. This study recommends that joint venture formulation requires due diligence from partners to understand policy, organisational culture, sharing ratios, and economic viability to avoid unnecessary conflicts of interest and operational constraints.

Joint venture universities in China are part of a larger on-going effort to internationalize Chinese higher eclucation and to absorb sonic of the "best practices" from Western univensities. Launchingand operating these joint venture projeds offers many opportunities for increasing cross cultural understanding and raising global awareness among students, staff and faculty. That said, they also present many challenges and difficulties due to vast differences in curriculum formulation and student recruiting and enrollment as well as the high costs associated with ensuring a high-quality academic experience for both Chinese and international students. This paper reviews the over.ill operating experiences of the ten Sino-foreign joint venture universities, with special focus on the experience of Duke Kunshan University (DKU), The author, who served as Executive Vice- Chancellor at DKU between 2015-2020, indicates that despite the numerous complex issues continuously facing these jointly managed campuses, their value in terms of curricular innovation, building greater cross-cultural sensitivity, and promoting a global perspective outweighs any of the immediate political hurdles and academic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines major trends and prospects regarding the Indian direct investment in the economy of the Russian Federation. The authors comprehensively analyze key factors, the scale, regional and sectoral composition of the Indian direct investment in the Russian economy, scrutinize the evolution of sectoral and regional composition of the Indian FDI, as well as define main challenges and obstacles that investors from India face in Russia and identify medium-term prospects for the Indian capital in the Russian Federation. The research shows that in the current circumstances the significance of the Indian capital in form of direct investment for Russia is substantially growing; its regional presence is steadily increasing; the sectoral diversification of the Indian investment is intensifying. The important indicator in this case is the quality of the Indian capital, its gradually increasing high-technology component. Not only the scale of the Indian direct investment in the Russian economy is changing, but also there is the rise in number of companies investing in Russia. At the same time, if in the early 2000s those companies were mainly large Indian MNCs, nowadays there is an increased interest in Russia among small and medium-sized high-technology enterprises of India that promote innovative development of the Russian regions. Of utmost importance is the fact that the Indian capital is also invested in small-scale industry, promoting upgrade of technological equipment of small and medium-sized enterprises in Russia. These noticeable changes in the Indian capital movement will substantially contribute to enhanced economic cooperation between the two countries.

Contractual joint ventures are efficient and effective arrangements that allow parties to collaborate on a profitable undertaking while minimizing entanglement and complexity. However, judicial treatment of contractual joint ventures in Canada has left them susceptible to being treated as partnerships and incurring the accompanying liabilities imposed by partnership law. The current framework used by Canadian courts fails to differentiate contractual joint ventures from partnerships and threatens their existence and utility as distinct business arrangements. This article proposes a new framework to assist courts in identifying contractual joint ventures. The new framework also provides guidance to business entities and parties about how they might structure their arrangements as contractual joint ventures and so avoid the obligations and liabilities of partnership. In addition to the new framework, this article also provides an overview of joint ventures more generally and the academic discussion concerning their existence and substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public Private Partnership as a practice is making its impact on the Nigerian landscape. The growth of Public private partnerships is linked to the insufficient funds available to government for financing numerous development projects (including Housing) as well as governments poor risk management capacity. The noted challenges to government financing and its impact on the nation’s development, has increased the prospects of Public Private Partnerships as an alternative to delivery of infrastructure and housing. The study investigated the Effect of Public Private Partnerships on Delivery of Affordable Housing in Nigeria. Also, other objectives include; examining the impact of management contracts on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria, to identify the effect of Joint venture on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria. The researcher adopted the survey research design and structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Data analysis was committed to descriptive statistics of mean and percentages as well as correlation and regression analysis. The results showed that there is significant impact of management contracts on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria, there is positive effect of joint venture on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria. The study concludes that for public private partnerships to prosper and achieve these objectives, any partnership must establish metrics for success, be able to quantify and track their accomplishments, and spot and address emerging problems. It was recommended that the government must assume the responsibility to ensure that appropriate and affordable infrastructure services are provided to all citizens. It was also recommended that the Government adopts and establishes a Viability Gap funding framework and programme to attract private sector participation and alternative and impact sources of funding to facilitate affordability and enable the identification, development and successful execution of Public Private Partnership Infrastructure and Affordable Housing Projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We model strategic interaction between a domestic firm and a foreign firm involved in a joint venture, incorporating negotiations over equity shares and its implications for stability in the context of an emerging country. The foreign firm has superior technology, whereas the domestic firm has better local market knowledge. Modelling simultaneous innovation effort and bargaining power over equity share, we provide a rationale for the stability of the joint venture. We find that a certain level of technological knowledge can empower the bargaining power under certain parameter configurations and assumptions, such that the firms will negotiate to agree over their equity shares and maintain the joint venture. In this context, the stability of the joint venture is always an expected outcome. We have also shown that the domestic firm's bargaining power and knowledge acquisition directly affect the domestic firm's R&D effort and threaten the stability of the JV. We try to justify a probable situation where the firms may negotiate hard over equity shares but still maintain the joint venture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five full years of the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) provide an opportunity to highlight the main trends of cooperation under this association and to summarize some of their results. The article discusses the trends and results of Kazakhstan’s foreign economic cooperation with the EAEU countries in the main areas, including mutual trade, mutual investments, as well as some others. The analysis revealed that in most areas of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the EAEU countries during the period of the union’s existence, leading dynamics were observed, which indicates the positive results for the national economy of the first five years of operation as part of the integration association.

Musharakah Tijariah Cross-Border Financing (“Product”) is the product to enable the Bank to undertake projects and contract cross-border financing activities or other identified business ventures on “pure” Joint Venture basis, using the underlying Islamic financing contract, structure and epistemological development that are expected to inject greater Musharakah concept, structure and epistemological development and also that is expected to inject greater prosper to the Bank’s overall performance and ultimately able to assist small time landowners in a big way through business risk sharing. This paper also provides the link of financial access for Muslim Small Medium Entrepreneurs to Islamic venture capital as alternative financing business innovation with blockchain strategies.

In Austria Asphalt, the Court of Justice issued the first preliminary ruling related to the EU merger control regime. In Advocate General Kokott’s words, the Austrian Supreme Court asked the Court of Justice to answer the fundamental question of what constitutes a concentration between undertakings within Article 3 of the EUMR. The Court of Justice held that Article 3 of the EUMR must be interpreted as meaning that a concentration is deemed to arise upon a change in the form of control of an existing undertaking which, previously exclusive, becomes joint only if the joint venture created by such a transaction performs on a lasting basis all the functions of an autonomous economic entity. Although the ruling was rendered in the context of a specific transaction scenario, the underlying reasoning could shed new light on how to assess transactions that fall between acquisition of control and creation of a joint venture. However, this reasoning is incompliant with the purposes and economic foundations of the EU merger control regime. This can be proven both in relation to the transaction scenario directly covered by the question for a preliminary ruling and, if extrapolated, in relation to other transaction scenarios.

Subject and purpose of work: The subject matter of this paper includes selected examples of tools applied in systems analysis and strategic analysis in relation to the influence of their results on the forms of cooperation between business entities. The study is aimed at provoking a deeper thought on the outcomes of the lack of a system-based approach on the effects of cooperation, and consequently at reducing the negative experience arising from the lack of understanding of the conditions affecting the expected results.

The purpose of the article. The purpose of the study is to analyze joint entrepreneurship as a specific form of technology transfer, taking into account modern strategic goals of domestic enterprises. Methodology. The article relies on scientific research in this area by domestic and foreign scholars. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the article are a set of principles and methods of scientific research: the principle of systematization and theoretical generalization, methods of structural and functional as well as of comparative analysis. Results. The article analyzes and defines the essence and nature of joint venture as a form of international scientific and technological cooperation within technological platforms; it reviews and improves the mapping of joint venture implementation; the article suggests a model of selection mechanism for effective form of joint venture. Practical implications. The implementation of the mechanism for selecting an effective form of joint venture, developed in this study, can potentially yield good results and improve the level of competitiveness of domestic enterprises. Value (originality). This study emphasizes the problem of selecting forms of joint entrepreneurship in the process of technology transfer and analyzes a number of factors of interaction between enterprises. The conducted research shows that the development of inter-company relations is a characteristic feature of modern global and domestic economy. The analysis shows that the success and effectiveness of cooperation depends on the form of joint venture.

Since independence in 2011, the Republic of South Sudan has witnessed growth in the financial systems and the overall economy. This has led to growth in the number of financial institutions in the country. There is however minimal research on their overall performance. Hence the current research sought to determine the effect of ownership structure, bank stability and the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. The population for the study was all the 29 commercial banks in South Sudan. Secondary data was collected for the period 2012-2017 from audited annual financial reports of individual banks and the Central Bank of South Sudan reports while primary data was collected by the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data was edited, sorted and coded into SPSS 23 for subsequent data analysis using SPSS 23 statistical analysis tool. This research utilized both descriptive and inferential statistical methods in the analysis. Statistical tests to be utilized in the study included t-tests, f-test, regression models and ANOVA models. Findings of the research were presented using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, correlation coefficients, charts, tables, and other statistical measures. Results of the study indicated there was a statistically significant moderating effect of ownership structure on the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. This study recommends that the government should adopt better measures to safeguard public-owned commercial banks to improve their efficiency and performance.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the basic forms of Market access in Russia. Different types of the market access for foreign companies have been considered, advantages and disadvantages of each types of localization have been analyzed, as well as the main problems faced by foreign companies in the process of localization have been revealed.

Research on the political risk and entry mode of multinational companies (MNCs) has been one of the major subjects of interest in international business terrain, and the political risk factor has constitute a major basis for explaining whether exporting, licensing, franchising, or joint venture agreement (JVA) and Foreign direct investment seems to be appropriate. As such, the study examined the effect of political risk as it affects the entry mode strategies of selected multinational corporations in Nigeria as the economy of most developing economies has been characterized as being exposed to political instability and risk. The research adopted the survey technique with inference to the expo facto method and adopted questionnaire as an instrument through content and test re-test appraisal before data were analyzed through the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The results from the analysis indicated that franchising remains a viable option of multinationals in Nigeria and the second hypothesis indicated that licensing significantly reduces the risk exposure of multinational corporations as the licensor have lesser liability in an unstable political economy of the licensee. Based on these findings companies are recommended to adopt appropriate entry strategies in line with governmental policies and economic situation before entering foreign markets. JEL CODES: M1, M10

The existence of groups of companies is a relatively new issue for professional accountants, the academic environment, as well as for regulatory bodies in the field of accounting in Romania. In this context, the theoretical and practical aspects of the preparation of the consolidated annual financial statements generate extensive debates among accounting specialists, in order to find practical solutions to support the understanding and correct application of accounting regulations in the field of the consolidation of accounts. In two articles, we will present the accounting treatment of the disposal of securities held, within subsidiaries, associates, as well as in jointly controlled companies, by companies that prepare consolidated annual financial statements. The issue of disposal of securities held with entities whose individual financial statements are subject to consolidation will be presented in the form of case studies, structured as follows: Elimination of securities held with affiliated entities (object of previous article); Elimination of securities held in associates and jointly controlled entities (joint ventures) - object of this article.