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Este trabajo trata sobre la aplicación del procedimiento de tutela laboral a los funcionarios públicos. Se tomará en específico el caso de las Fuerzas Armadas, puesto que se detectaron algunos casos en que estos fueron excluidos. Se confrontaron todas las causas de tutela desde la dictación de la Ley 21.280 y se concluye que, en efecto, este tipo de funcionario público está amparado por este instituto procesal.

This study investigates the tensile failure mechanisms in granitic rock samples at different scales by means of different types of tests. To do that, we have selected a granitic rock type and obtained samples of different sizes with the diameter ranging from 30 mm to 84 mm. The samples have been subjected to direct tensile strength (DTS) tests, indirect Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) tests and to two fracture toughness testing approaches. Whereas DTS and fracture toughness were found to consistently grow with sample size, this trend was not clearly identified for BTS, where after an initial grow, a plateau of results was observed. This is a rather complete database of tensile related properties of a single rock type. Even if similar databases are rare, the obtained trends are generally consistent with previous scatter and partial experimental programs. However, different observations apply to different types of rocks and experimental approaches. The differences in variability and mean values of the measured parameters at different scales are critically analysed based on the heterogeneity, granular structure and fracture mechanics approaches. Some potential relations between parameters are revised and an indication is given on potential sample sizes for obtaining reliable results. Extending this database with different types of rocks is thought to be convenient to advance towards a better understanding of the tensile strength of rock materials.

El presente comentario pretende relevar los principios de la reforma procesal civil. Además, de forma especial se adentra en señalar algunas ventajas del proceso escrito rebajando la euforia existente entorno a los beneficios apare-jados del principio de la oralidad.

El presente trabajo trata acerca de la definición del modelo de procedimiento monitorio civil en Chile. El legislador ha terminado confundiendo el procedimiento monitorio puro y el documental y su establecimiento, lejos de resultar una opción baladí, ha de determinar un funcionamiento diferente en cada caso. Nuestros jueces civiles deben tener claridad, para evitar que se pierda el objetivo principal, cual es la obtención de un título ejecutivo en el menor tiempo posible.

El presente trabajo aborda el tema del precedente judicial vinculante. Para su ejecución, se usó como metodología la entrevista semiestructurada, participando de ella un total de treinta y dos académicos de diez países de América Latina y Europa. Los resultados se estructuran en torno a los argumentos a favor y en contra del precedente como posición teórica; a narrar cómo se comportan los tribunales vértice y el resto frente a los precedentes; y, finalmente, a conocer los obstáculos que impiden seguir correctamente los precedentes.

La declaración de voluntad en la contestación de la demanda ha sido entendida, erróneamente, como una declaración tácita o presunta de voluntad por la doctrina y la jurisprudencia. El presente artículo trata sobre los principales elementos para una correcta conceptualización de la aplicación de la teoría del acto jurídico al proceso y, por otra parte, de los desafíos que estos conceptos imponen en miras a la Reforma Procesal Civil.

A $\vee$-complement of a subgroup $H \leqslant \mathbb{F}_n$ is a subgroup $K \leqslant \mathbb{F}_n$ such that $H \vee K = \mathbb{F}_n$. If we also ask $K$ to have trivial intersection with $H$, then we say that $K$ is a $\oplus$-complement of $H$. The minimum possible rank of a $\vee$-complement (resp. $\oplus$-complement) of $H$ is called the $\vee$-corank (resp. $\oplus$-corank) of $H$. We use Stallings automata to study these notions and the relations between them. In particular, we characterize when complements exist, compute the $\vee$-corank, and provide language-theoretical descriptions of the sets of cyclic complements. Finally, we prove that the two notions of corank coincide on subgroups that admit cyclic complements of both kinds.

El presente trabajo aborda una problemática muy contingente en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico: el derecho al recurso y su impacto en procedimientos civiles y comerciales, a tenor de qué ha de entenderse como un proceso que se caracterice por otorgar una genuina tutela judicial efectiva. Para ello, la principal tesis que se sostiene es que la Constitución Política de Chile consagra, específicamente, en concordancia con los tratados internacionales aplicables a nuestro país, un derecho al recurso que contemple una revisión amplia al modo que se vislumbra para el recurso de apelación. En el presente artículo consideramos que esa tesis no puede extrapolarse al procedimiento arbitral, pues el sistema recursivo de aquel es restrictivo, para destacar, entonces, que la jurisdicción estatal contempla una forma alternativa de enjuiciamiento y, en especial, de control y revisión de los fallos de primera instancia. Este fenómeno resultaría compatible con nuestro sistema constitucional y con el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.

This investigation focuses on the interaction effect during the quasi-static axial crushing of circular and square thin-walled aluminium extrusions filled with polymeric foam or cork. The increment in the absorbed energy due to interactions between materials was assessed using a validated numerical model calibrated with experimental material data. Simulations were run with variable cross-section dimensions, thickness, and foam density. The results were used to adjust the parameters of design formulas to predict the average crush forces of foam- and cork-filled thin-walled tubes. The analysis of the energy dissipation per unit volume revealed that the highest increments due to the interaction between materials appeared in the foam-filled square extrusions. Energy dissipation increased with higher density foams for both cross-sections due to a stronger constraint of the aluminium walls, and thus a reduction of the folding length. Thinner tube walls also delivered a higher improvement in the energy dissipation per unit volume than those with thicker walls. The contribution of friction was also quantified and investigated.

A multi-sensor and multi-scale monitoring tool for the spatially explicit and periodic monitoring of eutrophication in a small drinking water reservoir is presented. The tool was built with freely available satellite and in situ data combined with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based technology. The goal is to evaluate the performance of a multi-platform approach for the trophic state monitoring with images obtained with MultiSpectral Sensors on board satellites Sentinel 2 (S2A and S2B), Landsat 8 (L8) and UAV. We assessed the performance of three different sensors (MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI), Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Rededge Micasense) for retrieving the pigment chlorophyll-a (chl-a), as a quantitative descriptor of phytoplankton biomass and trophic level. The study was conducted in a waterbody affected by cyanobacterial blooms, one of the most important eutrophication-derived risks for human health. Different empirical models and band indices were evaluated. Spectral band combinations using red and near-infrared (NIR) bands were the most suitable for retrieving chl-a concentration (especially 2 band algorithm (2BDA), the Surface Algal Bloom Index (SABI) and 3 band algorithm (3BDA)) even though blue and green bands were useful to classify UAV images into two chl-a ranges. The results show a moderately good agreement among the three sensors at different spatial resolutions (10 m., 30 m. and 8 cm.), indicating a high potential for the development of a multi-platform and multi-sensor approach for the eutrophication monitoring of small reservoirs.

El presente trabajo realiza una revisión acerca de las principales características y elementos que rodean a la institución de la autotutela en nuestro entorno, como un método de resolución del conflicto. Efectivamente, con carácter general se trata de una forma proscrita de solucionar un diferendo jurídico y pretendemos, de algún modo, señalar su conveniencia en algunos casos. De esta revisión se concluye que el principal elemento, que permite señalar una prohibición general de uso como método de resolución del conflicto, es la violencia. Adicionalmente, se describe y propone adoptar entre nosotros una figura autotutelar: la repossession.

Con el fin de analizar la influencia de las aguas subterráneas de la escombrera exterior de la antigua mina de lignito de As Pontes (Galicia) sobre el lago minero adyacente se ha procedido a hacer una caracterización hidrogeológica de la misma. Para ello, ha sido necesario hacer diferentes ensayos hidráulicos en distintos puntos representativos de la escombrera para estimar los parámetros hidrodinámicos e identificación de las distintas unidades hidrogeológicas, las cuales se pueden describir como independientes. En el presente trabajo se concluye que la cobertera externa de la escombrera presenta valores de permeabilidad característicos de un limo arcilloso distribuidos espacialmente de manera homogénea, por lo que se minimiza la posible infiltración y su posible percolación a posiciones más profundas, y su posterior descarga al lago por los taludes contiguos. La influencia de la descarga subterránea es nula.

El Proyecto de Código Procesal Civil consagra en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico el procedimiento monitorio. Sin duda, una de las preocupaciones más importantes que motivan la reforma es la necesidad de agilizar el cobro efectivo de la deuda habiéndose constatado la ineficacia de las gestiones preparatorias y la excesiva demora en la consecución de un título ejecutivo en el modelo actual. Con ese propósito se incorpora esta institución que no es desconocida en nuestro sistema procesal.

La responsabilidad que comporta el ejercicio profesional de la abogacía ha planteado, desde siempre, la necesidad de completar los conocimientos “teórico-prácticos”, propios del Grado en Derecho (antes Licenciatura), con un aprendizaje, eminentemente práctico, característico de los Masters de Acceso a la Abogacía, en los que, como es lógico, juegan un papel capital tanto las Universidades (Facultades de Derecho), como los Colegios Profesionales (Colegios de Abogados).

El Proyecto de Código Procesal Civil incorpora grandes novedades. Una de las que más llama la atención es la consolidación de la eliminación de la decimonónica figura de la casación mediante la incorporación del recurso extraordinario. Proponemos una descripción dogmática de los principales elementos característicos de este medio de impugnación que nos permita ir conociendo, a la postre, el nuevo rol que se ha otorgado a la Corte Suprema como ente unificador de jurisprudencia.The bill of the Code of Civil Procedure of Chile features great novelties. Strikingly, the draft consolidates the elimination of nineteenth centuries' cassation by incorporating the Extraordinary Appeal into the system. We propose an academic description of the main elements of this legal remedy to allows the understanding of the new role given to the Supreme Court as the unifying entity of jurisprudence.

El presente comentario pretende relevar los principios de la reforma procesal civil. Además, de forma especial se adentra en señalar algunas ventajas del proceso escrito rebajando la euforia existente entorno a los beneficios aparejados del principio de la oralidad.

El proyecto de Código Procesal Civil en actual tramitación en el Congreso Nacional de Chile incluye una singular innovación en el ámbito recursivo. Se trata del recurso extraordinario, cuya finalidad es, en esencia, unificar la jurisprudencia en materia civil. Esta pretensión presenta indudables ventajas asociadas a la igualdad en la aplicación de la ley, a la seguridad jurídica, a reducción de costes económicos y a la legitimidad del Poder Judicial. Sin embargo, y al mismo tiempo, el cumplimiento de su finalidad unificadora se encontrará con obstáculos insalvables si mantiene el diseño normativo con que actualmente cuenta. Tales obstáculos se relacionan con una determinada concepción y con una determinada práctica del Derecho en la familia europeo-continental en general y en el ámbito jurídico chileno en particular.The draft of the Civil Procedure Code which is in revision in the Chilean National Congress contains a unique innovation in the recursive scope. This is an extraordinary remedy whose purpose is, in essence, to unify the civil jurisprudence. This claim presents clear advantages associated with the equal application of the law, legal certainty, reducing economic costs and the legitimacy of the judiciary. However, while fulfilling its unifying purposes, it will encounter insurmountable obstacles if it is kept the current policy. These obstacles are related to a specific concept and a particular practice of law in continental- European family and in the legal Chilean field in particular.

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.

El proyecto de Código Procesal Civil en actual tramitación en el Congreso Nacional de Chile incluye una singular innovación en el ámbito recursivo. Se trata del recurso extraordinario, cuya finalidad es, en esencia, unificar la jurisprudencia en materia civil. Esta pretensión presenta indudables ventajas asociadas a la igualdad en la aplicación de la ley, a la seguridad jurídica, a reducción de costes económicos y a la legitimidad del Poder Judicial. Sin embargo, y al mismo tiempo, el cumplimiento de su finalidad unificadora se encontrará con obstáculos insalvables si mantiene el diseño normativo con que actualmente cuenta. Tales obstáculos se relacionan con una determinada concepción y con una determinada práctica del Derecho en la familia europeo-continental en general y en el ámbito jurídico chileno en particular.

El Proyecto de Código Procesal Civil consagra en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico el procedimiento monitorio. Sin duda, una de las preocupaciones más importantes que motivan la reforma es la necesidad de agilizar el cobro efectivo de la deuda habiéndose constatado la ineficacia de las gestiones preparatorias y la excesiva demora en la consecución de un título ejecutivo en el modelo actual. Con ese propósito se incorpora esta institución que no es desconocida en nuestro sistema procesal.

Abstract Groundwater quality relating closely to human health has become a great concern to the whole society, especially in heavily polluted areas. Yinchuan Plain, located in the arid and semi-arid region of Northwestern China, where people rely heavily on groundwater resource. However, due to the improper groundwater exploitation and negative effect of human activities in recent years, groundwater quality in Yinchuan plain become deteriorated. For the sustainable utilization and protection of groundwater resources, health risk assessment (HRA) of phreatic water is conducted in this paper. On the basis of model recommended by EPA, triangular fuzzy number is applied to establish risk assessment model for health risk assessment of adults and children in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Results of HRA indicate that carcinogenic risk of arsenic is highest among the risk from components in phreatic water, and the highest risk from arsenic to adults and children in wet and dry season are 6.48 × 10−6a−1 and 9.56 × 10−6a−1, 1.08 × 10−5a−1 and 1.59 × 10−5a−1, respectively. This study also states that in Yinchuan Plain carcinogenic risk from drinking groundwater can be 3–4 times magnitude higher than the noncarcinogenic risk. Also it is found that the health risk to children is as 1.5–2 times as to adults, while the uncertainties of adults' health risk are higher than that of children. Highlights • Health risk assessment with fuzzy theory. • Spatial analysis of pollutants harm. • Separate assessment of health risk for children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Yinchuan Basin, a semi‐arid area located in Northwest China, is currently subject to increasing pressure from the altered hydrology due to the anthropogenic activities as well as increasing water demands for regional development. Sustainable water management across the region must be underpinned by a clear understanding of the factors that constrain water supply in this area. We measured the stable isotope of oxygen and hydrogen to determine the likely processes that control the interrelations among precipitation, surface water (Yellow River), and groundwater. The hydrogen and oxygen values demonstrate that 2 primary hydrochemical processes, mixing and evaporation/condensation, occurred in the Basin. Recharge proportions of precipitation and Yellow River were quantitatively evaluated based on the isotope mass balance method. The proportions of the Yellow River and atmospheric precipitation recharge are 87.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The evaporation proportions calculated with 18O and D by Rayleigh fractional equation are close to each other, which demonstrate that evaporation intensity increases following the flow direction of the Yellow River. The findings obtained in this study are useful for recognizing the significance of Yellow River to Yinchuan Basin, and some optimal allocation schemes can be adopted for a prospective development of this reputed area in Northwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient understanding of the hydrogeochemistry of aquifers makes it necessary to conduct a preliminary water quality assessment in the southern region of Ordos Basin, an arid area in the world. In this paper, the major ions of groundwater have been studied aiming at evaluating the hydrogeochemical processes that probably affect the groundwater quality using 150 samples collected in 2015. The two prevalent hydrochemical facies, HCO 3 Mg·Na·Ca and HCO 3 Mg·Ca·Na type water, have been identified based on the hydrochemical analysis from Piper trilinear diagram. Compositional relations have been used to assess the origin of solutes and confirm the predominant hydrogeochemical processes responsible for the various ions in the groundwater. The results show that the ions are derived from leaching effect, evaporation and condensation, cation exchange, mixing effect and human activities. Finally groundwater quality was assessed with single factor and set pair methods, the results indicate that groundwater quality in the study region is generally poor in terms of standard of national groundwater quality. The results obtained in this study will be useful to understand the groundwater quality status for effective management and utilization of the groundwater resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ordos Basin is located in an arid and semi-arid region of northwestern China, which is the most important energy source bases in China. Salawusu Formation (Q 3 s) is one of the most important aquifer systems of Ordos Basin, which is adjacent to Jurassic coalfield areas. A large-scale exploitation of Jurassic coal resources over ten years results in series of influences to the coal minerals, such as exposed to the oxidation process and dissolution into the groundwater due to the precipitation infiltration. Therefore, how these processes impact groundwater quality is of great concerns. In this paper, the descriptive statistical method, Piper trilinear diagram, ratios of major ions and canonical correspondence analysis are employed to investigate the hydrochemical evolution, determine the possible sources of pollution processes, and assess the controls on groundwater compositions using the monitored data in 2004 and 2014 (before and after large-scale coal mining). Results showed that long-term exploration of coal resources do not result in serious groundwater pollution. The hydrochemical types changed from HCO 3 − - CO 3 2 − facies to SO 4 2 − -Cl facies during 10 years. Groundwater hardness, nitrate and sulfate pollution were identified in 2014, which was most likely caused by agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The cutting operations of dimension stone at quarries produce a large amount of fines that, in turn, cause a negative environmental impact over local surface waters. This article presents a detailed analysis of the mobilized contamination associated with runoff waters in a large granite quarry (∼200 ha) which is located in Porriño (Galicia, NW Spain), the most important production centre of dimension stone in Spain. There, an intensive monitoring survey was developed in order to characterize the hydrology of the system as well as the release and transport of pollutants. This was accomplished by means of different control sections for the flow and by the collection of 52 random water samples. Automatic samplers were also used to collect 192 water samples associated with runoff generated by significant rain events. For each of the samples collected, a wide battery of analytic determinations was performed, including solid loads, turbidity, organic pollution, nutrient and selected metals. Upon careful examination it has been possible to obtain different parameters related to the contamination control, like the “event mean concentration” (EMC), maximum concentrations and specific sediment loads. Moreover, a comprehensive statistical study including parameter correlation and cumulative probability analyses helped to understand the pollutant mobilization behaviour within the quarry system. It can be concluded that mobilized contamination shows the anomalous presence of some metals, whose concentrations are in excess when compared to the natural rock. This excess metal amount must be attributed to an anthropogenic source associated to mining and cutting operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic heavy metals pollution in urban soil has become a major global issue due to its adverse effects on the environment and human health. In this paper, 26 soil samples were analyzed to assess the speciation, bioavailability and human health risk of Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in urban soils of a heavy industrial city in NE China by using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The results showed that As, Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations in the soil all exceed the corresponding background value of study area. Mercury displays the highest value of geo-accumulation index (Igeo), followed by Cd, Pb and As. The pollution load index (PLI) value (>2) indicates a moderate pollution level in the study area. The chemical speciation of HMs mainly exists in residual fraction except Cd. The probabilistic health risk assessment demonstrated that the mean values of Total Carcinogenic Risk (TCR) and Hazard Index (HI) calculated with total concentration are at the unacceptable level, with a higher risk to children than adults. However, the mean values calculated with bioavailable fraction are all within the acceptable level. The mean value of TCR and HI obtained by bioavailable fraction is about 96% and 95% lower than that obtained by total concentration, respectively. Thus, this study suggested that the bioavailable fraction of HMs is a more reliable parameter for health risk assessment, while the total concentration of HMs can overestimate the true risk. The results of this study provide some insight into the speciation, bioavailability and health risks of toxic heavy metals in urban soils in those heavy industrial cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multivariate statistical techniques, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) integrating graphical method (Piper trilinear graphical diagram) were applied to the factor identification of ground water quality in a coastal aquifer, Fujian province, South China. Ground water samples were collected at 12 sites in January (dry season) and July 2011 (wet season). Eleven ground water quality parameters (pH, TH, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, SO42+, HCO3-, NO3-, Mn) were selected in order to perform multivariate statistical analysis. During both the past-monsoon and the summer seasons, PCA results revealed the existence of three significant principal components revealing how processes like salinization, water-rock interaction, and anthropogenic pollution influence ground water quality. Three factors which together explain 90.3% and 83.3% of the total variance in the summer and post-monsoon dataset were retained and interpreted. Cluster analysis using the Ward method with squared Euclidean distance measure was performed, which indicated the distribution of the studied wells according to their water quality. Water samples from 12 wells were clustered into three distinct groups to depict different hydrochemical facies. The results proved that multivariate analysis methods like HCA and PCA could be useful for evaluating ground water pollution and identifying ground water hydrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]