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Keywords: History EN History 827 833 7 12/12/22 20221101 NES 221101 In discussing the early history of the National Weather Service (NWS) and its predecessor agencies, [24] make several critical errors and confound the historical record surrounding Cleveland Abbe, one of the key figures in the history of the nation's weather service. In August 1888, for example, Abbe responded to a letter from journalist and meteorological kite experimenter William A. Eddy, who wrote to Abbe to fact-check an article he had written about the history of the weather service. Cleveland Abbe Papers, General Correspondence, 1850 - 1916, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Box 8. 2 Abbe, C., 1892: The modern weather bureau. In his letter, [11] erroneously suggested that Abbe had approached Chief Signal Officer Gen. Albert J. Myer prior to the creation of the service "with a proposition to include weather reports with information forwarded from signal stations" and that the weather service had been organized by Abbe. [Extracted from the article]

For more than a century, Cleveland Abbe was placed on a pedestal as meteorology's solitary leader. Lauded by power brokers within the developing U.S. meteorological community, directors of the Weather Bureau (predecessor to today's National Weather Service), and the American Meteorological Society, he was cited by many as the father of what is now the NWS, its first director, and issuer of its first forecast. However, a historiographical review of the literature that established the Abbe legend presented here shows the image held of Abbe today was actively manufactured; written, and supported by Abbe himself, his family, the Weather Bureau, and others within the AMS. We show that Abbe's role in the creation of the nation's first federal weather service was elevated while the contributions of others were actively downplayed. The latter applies particularly to Increase Lapham, who worked for two decades to demonstrate how a 24-h forecast of events could be generated from the collection and analysis of surface data, and whose active solicitation of Congressman Halbert Paine ultimately led to the creation of the first national weather service within the U.S. Army Signal Service on 9 February 1870. This paper is provided to shed a clearer light on those who contributed to the creation of what is now called the National Weather Service, which recently celebrated its 150th anniversary, and offer insights into how the Abbe myth was sustained as the AMS celebrated its anniversaries at 25-yr intervals over its 100-yr history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will consider an overdetermined problem in an unknown ring-shaped domain, and we prove that the domain has to be spherical ring. We will apply this problem to an $$n$$ -dimensional toy model in the mean field game theory introduced by Lasry-Lions too. We show that if in Lasry-Lions model, the additional extra data ' the boundary is a level set' is assumed, then the region, where the solution is harmonic, has to have spherical symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direction finding measurements with the plasma wave experiments on the HAWKEYE 1 and IMP-8 satellites are used to find the source locations of type III solar radio bursts in elevation (geocentric solar ecliptic latitude) and azimuth (geocentric solar ecliptic longitude) in a frequency range from 31.1 kHz to 500 kHz. IMP-8 has its spin axis perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, hence by analyzing the spin modulation of the signals the location of the type III burst projected into the ecliptic can be found. HAWKEYE 1 has its spin axis nearly parallel to the ecliptic plane, hence the elevation of the source may also be determined. The trajectory of the electrons generating the burst, projected onto the ecliptic plane, follows an Archimedean spiral. Out of the ecliptic plane the trajectory is at a nearly constant heliographic latitude. The electrons originate from a region near a solar flare. With direction measurements of elevation and azimuth along with the modulation factor it is possible to determine the source size. Typical half angle source sizes range from ∼60° at 500 kHz to ∼40° at 56.2 kHz as viewed from the sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]