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Semi-natural grassland habitats have declined significantly throughout Europe. To halt the decline, grassland conservation measures have been included in most European agri-environment schemes. This is the first study to compare the botanical composition of grassland habitats managed under the Irish Agri-Environment Options Scheme (AEOS). Sixty fields on drystock pastoral farms in receipt of agri-environment payments for grassland conservation were surveyed, with 20 fields being enrolled in each of the following AEOS options: Traditional Hay Meadow (THM), Species-Rich Grassland (SRG) and Natura 2000 species-rich grassland (Natura). The vegetation quality of sites enrolled in the Natura measure was higher than the quality of those enrolled in the THM and SRG measures. Natura sites had the greatest species richness, with a mean >40 species per site, which included approximately 17 species indicative of high botanical quality. Traditional Hay Meadows sites had the lowest species richness (mean: 29 species per site) and were dominated by species associated with improved grassland. Some THM sites had good levels of botanical richness and were similar in composition to Natura sites, with some Natura sites having lower vegetation quality, more similar to that of THM sites. Species-Rich Grassland had botanical richness that was intermediate between THM and Natura sites. A thorough assessment of the effectiveness of these measures was confounded by a lack of quantitative objectives for the target community composition to be attained. We discuss limitations and potential opportunities regarding the design, targeting, implementation and cost-effectiveness of these agri-environment measures.

The importance of argumentation in science education is outlined and the relatively low level of argumentation typically observed in classrooms in the UK is noted, along with possible reasons for this. The research sets out to determine the extent to which primary school pupils engage in argumentation and to characterise their arguments in primary science lessons. A provisional framework is developed for analysing argumentation in this setting. Transcripts of pupils arguing are used to illustrate how pupils co-construct arguments without teacher intervention or guidance. A number of factors which appear to influence argumentation are noted.

White clover can reduce fertilizer-N requirements, improve sward nutritive value and increase environmental sustainability of grazed grasslands. Results of previous experiments in glasshouse conditions and on mown plots have suggested that white clover may be more susceptible than perennial ryegrass to treading damage on wet soils. However, this phenomenon has not been investigated under actual grazing conditions. This experiment examined the effects of treading on clover content, herbage production and soil properties within three clover-based grazing systems on a wet soil in Ireland for 1 year. Treading resulted in soil compaction, as evidenced by increased soil bulk density ( P < 0·001) and reductions in the proportion of large (air-filled) soil pores ( P < 0·001). Treading reduced annual herbage production of both grass and white clover by similar amounts 0·59 and 0·45 t ha−1 respectively ( P < 0·001). Treading reduced the sward clover content in June ( P < 0·01) but had no effect on annual clover content, clover stolon mass or clover content at the end of the experiment. Therefore, there was little evidence that white clover is more susceptible to treading damage than perennial ryegrass under grazing conditions on wet soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field experiments were conducted at Teagasc, Moorepark, Ireland, to determine the effect of sowing date and nitrogen application on the dry-matter (DM) yield and crude protein (CP) content of forage rape and stubble turnips. The first experiment consisted of three sowing dates (1 August, 15 August and 31 August) with four rates of fertilizer N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha−1) on forage rape DM yields. The second experiment consisted of three sowing dates (1 August, 15 August and 31 August) with four rates of fertilizer N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha−1) over two soil sites (fertile or nitrogen depleted) on forage rape and stubble turnip DM yields. A delay in sowing from 1 to 31 August characterized a 74·5% decrease in forage rape DM yield, while stubble turnip DM yield decreased by 55·5%. Forage rape DM yields increased positively up to 120 kg N ha−1 at the first two sowing dates over both sites. In contrast, stubble turnips showed less response beyond 40 kg N ha−1 on site 1 in the first two sowing dates, while DM yield increased positively up to 120 kg N ha−1 on the less fertile site. The results indicate that the optimal sowing time for forage rape and a stubble turnip in Ireland was early August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of hydrated lime on the survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts, the percentage viability of oocysts was assessed using fluorescent in situ hybridisation. In the absence of lime and with lime at a concentration of 1 per cent, there was a gradual decline in oocyst viability during the 10-day trial. Although the addition of 5 or 10 per cent lime caused the total number of oocysts to decrease, there appeared to be an increase in the proportion of potentially viable oocysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to the tissue damage which occurs when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia and is associated with trauma, stroke, myocardial infarction, and solid organ transplantation. Although the cause of this injury is multifactorial, increasing experimental evidence suggests an important role for the innate immune system in initiating the inflammatory cascade leading to detrimental/deleterious changes. The Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) play a central role in innate immunity recognising both pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns and have been implicated in a range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we summarise the current state of knowledge linking TLR2 and TLR4 to I/R injury, including recent studies which demonstrate that therapeutic inhibition of TLR2 has beneficial effects on I/R injury in a murine model of myocardial infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying proportions of dietary kale on rumen pH and volatile fatty acid production. Four pregnant dry dairy cows permanently fitted with ruminal cannulae were randomly assigned to four kale: grass silage dietary proportions (0:100, K0; 60:40, K60; 85:15, K85 and 100:0, K100) on a dry matter basis in a 4×4 Latin Square design with four 20 day periods. Cows were acclimatised for 15 days, followed by a five-day period of experimental sampling and measurement. Internal pH meters were installed to continuously monitor rumen pH while rumen liquor collection tubes were used to sample rumen liquor for volatile fatty acid analysis at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h after feeding on each sampling day. Cows on treatment K85 had a lower (P <0.001) ruminal pH compared to cows on treatments K100, K60 or K0 (6.26, 6.32, and 6.32 vs. 5.91, respectively). While a gradual decrease in rumen pH was observed over an eight-hour period for K85 before recovery, offering K100 did not reduce rumen pH below 6.0 or induce acidosis. Increasing the dietary proportion of kale did not affect (P >0.05) acetate:propionate ratio production (3.71, 3.65, 3.86, 3.78 mmol L−1 for K0, K60, K85 and K100, respectively). Offering cows K60 had increased (P <0.05) rumen VFA concentration (71.67 mmol L−1) relative to K0 (53.45 mmol L−1), while offering K85 and K100 had no affect on rumen VFA concentration (61.74 and 59.35 mmol L−1) (). Offering dry cows K100 relative to K0 reduced dry matter intake by 17.5% (7.32 vs. 8.87 kg DM day−1, respectively) which may be associated with the presence of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide which can cause haemolytic anaemia and depressed DM intake. The results suggest that increasing the dietary proportion of kale was associated with a progressive decrease in dry matter intake but with minimal effects on rumen pH, total volatile fatty acid concentration and individual volatile fatty acid proportions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sixty multiparous, Holstein–Friesian pregnant dry dairy cows were allocated to three forage treatments ( n = 20; fodder beet, kale or grass silage) at two feeding allowances ( n = 30; high and low) for 70 (s.e. of mean, 16) d before parturition. Cows offered the high feeding allowance were offered 9 kg of dry matter (DM) of kale or fodder beet grazed in situ plus 5 kg DM of baled grass silage daily or clamp grass silage ad libitum offered indoors. Cows offered the low feeding allowance were offered 6 kg DM of kale or fodder beet grazed in situ plus 3·5 kg DM baled grass silage daily, or 9·5 kg DM of clamp grass silage daily offered indoors. After calving, all cows received a daily allowance of 14 kg DM perennial ryegrass herbage at pasture plus 4 kg concentrate cow−1 for the first 35 d of lactation. Cows offered grass silage had a greater increase in body condition score pre-partum compared to those offered kale or fodder beet. Cows offered fodder beet pre-partum had a greater milk solid and solids-corrected milk yield in the first 35 d of lactation than those offered kale and grass silage pre-partum. Offering fodder beet and kale pre-partum increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations pre-partum relative to offering grass silage. Offering kale pre-partum resulted in higher insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration post-partum but lower plasma copper concentration pre-partum and at calving than kale or grass silage. Offering the higher forage allowance pre-partum resulted in a higher plasma calcium concentration at calving and higher plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration post-partum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years mature students have been encouraged into nurse education for the valuable qualities they are known to possess, along with their ability to assist in providing a sustainable solution to the current health care crisis. Unfortunately corresponding resources and support structures have not accompanied this widening of access and mature students are expected to fit into structures that already exist, structures that were formulated with eighteen year olds in mind. This qualitative study explores the experiences of mature students in nurse education. Three discipline specific focus group interviews were used as a means of gathering data from 28 mature students. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis as described by Burnard [Burnard, P., 1991. A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today 11, 461-466]. Findings revealed that students continue to struggle with the academic component of the course. They also found it difficult to balance the home and university divide. Greater challenges were identified by female participants as they maintained their previous roles. Males on the other hand were provided with greater freedom to pursue their studies. There is a need for curricular changes to be implemented in order to provide a greater flexibility and supportive experience for mature students. Further research is advocated in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health nursing has traditionally attracted a high level of mature applicants and this trend has not altered since the introduction of the Bachelor in Science in Nursing programme. The literature suggests that for many mature students, entering into nurse education is the fulfillment of a lifelong ambition. However, in reality they face many challenges not always shared by their younger classmates. The aim of this paper is to explore the clinical experiences of mature students in the field of mental health nursing. A qualitative descriptive method was utilised to guide the research with a focus group being the method of data collection. Current mental health mature nursing students in one urban university were invited to participate. Data were analysed using content analysis. Findings revealed that overall the students in this study found their clinical experiences invaluable. However, sometimes mature students were given roles and responsibilities beyond their scope of practice because of their age and apparent experience. This often conflicted with their supernumerary status and compounded the differences between them and their traditional counterparts. This was not perceived as negative by the students themselves as it contributed to a wider range of learning experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects on the performance of dairy cows offered kale, swedes, and perennial ryegrass in situ and perennial ryegrass silage fed indoors to dairy cows pre-partum during winter in Ireland was examined. Eighty-eight spring-calving dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four offered treatments; (i) 8 kg of dry matter (DM) of kale leaf and stem + 4 kg DM of perennial ryegrass silage (treatment K), (ii) 8 kg DM of the root and leaf of swedes + 4 kg DM of perennial ryegrass silage (treatment S), (iii) 12 kg DM of perennial ryegrass herbage (treatment G) offered in situ and (iv) perennial ryegrass silage offered ad libitum indoors (treatment ID). Cows on treatments K, S and ID had a greater ( P < 0·001) increase in body condition score (0·20, 0·14 and 0·50 units respectively) pre-partum than cows on treatment G which lost 0·22 units. Pre-partum treatment had no effect on variables of milk production in the following lactation. In the first 100 d of lactation, cows on treatment G pre-partum had a lower milk fat concentration (35·6 g kg−1) compared with cows on treatments S and ID (38·3 and 39·3 g kg−1 respectively). There was no effect of treatment on the intervals between parturition and first insemination (mean 74·6 d) and conception (mean 96·1 d). The results suggest that offering kale and swedes to dairy cows pre-partum resulted in a similar lactation performance to dairy cows grazing a perennial ryegrass sward or offered perennial ryegrass silage indoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]