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ABSTRACT: Introduction: Globally, road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the eighth leading cause of death, with an estimated 1.35 million deaths yearly. In India, road traffic accidents (RTAs) are one of the major causes of mortality among the younger generation. We analyzed Tamil Nadu's comprehensive Road Accident Data Management System (RADMS) data and described the epidemiological indicators of RTI in this setting. Methods: We obtained the data from the RADMS database for 2011–2016 and used 2011 population census data to project and standardize for different age groups and genders to calculate incidence. We calculated average annual percentage changes (AAPC) with a 95% confidence interval for the whole period. We computed Joinpoint regression analysis for trends and calculated the age-adjusted incidence rate with standard error (SE) using R statistical computing software. Results: We included 3,67,094 RTAs and 5,50,447 RTIs. We observed that the incidence of RTAs and RTIs declined between 2011 and 2016. Most injured were males (82%) and aged 20–39 years (49%). The highest number of accidents occurred on the state highways (65.2%) and on Sundays (17%). Age-adjusted incidence (per 1,00,000) declined from 121.87 (SE 0.4) in 2011 to 92.73 (SE 0.34) in 2016 (AAPC = -4.5% (95% CI = -7.8 to -1)). The age groups 30–39 and 20–29 were 9.82 (z = 8.98; P < 0.05) and 9.02 (z = 8.65; P < 0.05) times at a higher risk compared to 0–9 years old. The motorcyclists (14–27 times; P < 0.05) and pedestrians (12–23 times; P < 0.05) had the maximum risk of RTIs. Conclusion: Young adults, drivers, motorcyclists, and pedestrians remain vulnerable populations for RTIs. More accidents occurred in the state highways and on Sundays. The analysis provides insights on RTIs and RTAs, which will be used to reduce the burden of RTIs and save millions of lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Onion waste was reported to be a valuable source of bioactive constituents with potential health-promoting benefits. This sparked a surge of interest among scientists for its valorization. This study aims to investigate the chemical profiles of peel and root extracts of four onion cultivars (red, copper-yellow, golden yellow and white onions) and evaluate their erectogenic and anti-inflammatory potentials. Methods: UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis and chemometric tools were utilized to determine the chemical profiles of onion peel and root extracts. The erectogenic potential of the extracts was evaluated using the PDE-5 inhibitory assay, while their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by identifying their downregulating effect on the gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated WBCs. Results: A total of 103 metabolites of diverse chemical classes were identified, with the most abundant being flavonoids. The organ's influence on the chemical profiles of the samples outweighed the influence of the cultivar, as evidenced by the close clustering of samples from the same organ compared to the distinct separation of root and peel samples from the same cultivar. Furthermore, the tested extracts demonstrated promising PDE-5 and anti-inflammatory potentials and effectively suppressed the upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers in LPS-stimulated WBCs. The anti-inflammatory activities exerted by peel samples surpassed those of root samples, highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate organ to maximize activity. The main metabolites correlated with PDE-5 inhibition were cyanidin 3-O-(malonyl-acetyl)-glucoside and quercetin dimer hexoside, while those correlated with IL-1β inhibition were γ-glutamyl-methionine sulfoxide, γ-glutamyl glutamine, sativanone, and stearic acid. Taxifolin, 3'-hydroxymelanettin, and oleic acid were highly correlated with IL-6 downregulation, while quercetin 4'-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 4'-O-glucoside, and p-coumaroyl glycolic acid showed the highest correlation to IFN-γ and TNF-α inhibition. Conclusion: This study provides a fresh perspective on onion waste as a valuable source of bioactive constituents that could serve as the cornerstone for developing new, effective anti-PDE-5 and anti-inflammatory drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa) faces challenges to yield and quality due to urbanisation, deforestation and climate change, which has exacerbated high night temperature (HNT). This review explores the impacts of HNT on the physiological, molecular and agronomic aspects of rice growth. Rise in minimum temperature threatens a potential 41% reduction in rice yield by 2100. HNT disrupts rice growth stages, causing reduced seed germination, biomass, spikelet sterility and poor grain development. Recent findings indicate a 4.4% yield decline for every 1°C increase beyond 27°C, with japonica ecotypes exhibiting higher sensitivity than indica. We examine the relationships between elevated CO2, nitrogen regimes and HNT, showing that the complexity of balancing positive CO2 effects on biomass with HNT challenges. Nitrogen enrichment proves crucial during the vegetative stage but causes disruption to reproductive stages, affecting grain yield and starch synthesis. Additionally, we elucidate the impact of HNT on plant respiration, emphasising mitochondrial respiration, photorespiration and antioxidant responses. Genomic techniques, including CRISPR-Cas9, offer potential for manipulating genes for HNT tolerance. Plant hormones and carbohydrate enzymatic activities are explored, revealing their intricate roles in spikelet fertility, grain size and starch metabolism under HNT. Gaps in understanding genetic factors influencing heat tolerance and potential trade-offs associated with hormone applications remain. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to provide a holistic approach. Research priorities include the study of regulatory mechanisms, post-anthesis effects, cumulative HNT exposure and the interaction between climate variability and HNT impact to provide a research direction to enhance rice resilience in a changing climate. We explore the impact of high night temperature (HNT) on rice phenomics, physiology and grain yield. From accelerated vegetative growth to changes in reproductive phases and enzymatic activities, we review how HNT affects rice in elevated CO2 and nitrogen environments to provide insights into photosynthesis, respiration and hormonal regulation, and their effect on grain yield and quality. This article belongs to the Collection Functional Genomics for Developing Climate Resilient Crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative complications remain a significant challenge, especially in settings where healthcare access and infrastructure disparities exacerbate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled incidence and risk factors of postoperative complications among patients undergoing essential surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Method: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from January 2010 to November 2022 for completed studies reporting the incidence and risk factors associated with postoperative complications among patients undergoing essential surgery in SSA. Severity of postoperative complications was ranked based on the Clavien-Dindo classification system, while risk factors were classified into three groups based on the Donabedian structure-process-outcome quality evaluation framework. Studies quality was appraised using the JBI Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI), and data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. The study protocol adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023414342). Results: The meta-analysis included 19 studies (10 cohort and 9 cross-sectional) comprising a total of 24,136 patients. The pooled incidence of postoperative complications in SSA was 20.2% (95% CI: 18.7%-21.8%), with a substantial heterogeneity of incidence observed. The incidence varied from 14.6% to 27.5% based on the Clavien-Dindo classification. The random-effects model indicated significant heterogeneity among the studies (Q=54.202, I = 66.791%, p < 0.001). Contributing factors to postoperative complications were: structure-related factors, which included the availability and accessibility of resources, as well as the quality of both the surgical facility and the hospital.; process-related factors, which encompassed surgical skills, adherence to protocols, evidence-based practices, and the quality of postoperative care; and patient outcome-related factors such as age, comorbidities, alcohol use, and overall patient health status. Conclusion: The meta-analysis reveals a high frequency of postoperative complications in SSA, with noticeable discrepancies among the studies. The analysis highlights a range of factors, encompassing structural, procedural, and patient outcome-related aspects, that contribute to these complications. The findings underscore the necessity for targeted interventions aimed at reducing complications and improving the overall quality of surgical care in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Fe-Al2O3-SiO2-P2O5 (FASP) glass–ceramic was prepared by heating Fe-acid-based geopolymer at 1050 °C. The Fe-geopolymer was obtained by mixing metakaolin and Fe filings with diluted phosphoric acid solution. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopies measurements were used to found the phase composition of the material. According to the results of XRD, the glass–ceramic contains AlSi2P3O12 and AlPO4 nanocrystals and an amorphous phase. With Raman spectroscopy we recognized the presence of AlPO4 and FeOx entities. Si–O-P, P-O-P bonds, and O = P double bonds are also identified. Glass–ceramic has been investigated for its semiconductor and linear and nonlinear optical properties. The variations of optical properties were further evaluated by UV–Visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. The chromaticity coordinates, and the fluorescence decay lifetime are recorded, analyzed and discussed. The nonlinear optical parameters are also determined and discussed. The FASP glass–ceramic exhibited an excellent UV–Visible absorption, a wide direct bandgap (3.72 eV), a distinguished fluorescence emission, a significant value of fluorescence decay lifetime 106 ns is showed. Thus, FASP glass–ceramic could have potential applications in solar cell and nonlinear optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the education-job mismatch effect on the return to education in Cameroon, by using data on employment provided by the National Institute of Statistics. Based on Verdugo and Verdugo's model estimate, we use several types of regression models to examine both the heterogeneity in returns to education derived from education-job mismatch and the choice of different types of selection model. Results show that overeducation is associated with a wage penalty while undereducation leads to a wage premium. With each year of schooling, differences in earning are significant between overeducated, undereducated, and well-matched people. They also show a substantial difference in the magnitude of coefficients with respect to the control variables for different types of selection model. This difference observed across different models implies that the estimation of returns to schooling is highly sensitive to the model's specification. Beyond other contributions, this study highlights the need to exercise a fair degree of care in the choice of an appropriate model for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynogenesis plays a crucial role in creating homozygous lines and accelerates the breeding process. This technique has been the subject of investigation in onion for several decades. But achieving desired efficiency levels, an effective diploidization protocol and a high survival rate of doubled haploids is still a limiting factor. Further, research on short-day onions, which occupy a major share in production, is still inadequate compared to long-day onions. This study investigated the gynogenic response of ten short-day onion genotypes, using whole flower buds, cultured on MS and B5 medium supplemented with different growth regulators and stress treatments. ‘Bhima Safed’ (9.52%) and ‘Bhima Dark Red’ (9.14%) recorded the highest gynogenesis efficiency. ‘Early Grano’ did not respond to gynogenesis indicating its recalcitrant nature. Among media, OGH8 (MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 mg/l BAP) was found superior to OGH4 (B5 medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 mg/l BAP) and 0MS (MS medium without growth regulators) in inducing gynogenesis. Cold pretreatment of flower buds for 2 days in Bhima Dark Red (7.33%) was superior to control (6.67%). Heat treatment of flower buds was not favourable for gynogenesis induction. The induced embryos were studied for root induction. RMS1 (16.86) and RMS2 (10.14) recorded the highest number of roots, while RMS5 (4.86) exhibited the highest propensity for shoot formation, ultimately resulting in the successful regeneration of whole plants. 51.39% of the induced plants were haploid, 26.39% spontaneous diploid, and 22.22% mixoploid. For diploidization, treatment of 500 μM colchicine for 4 h was superior with a 75% survival rate. Doubled haploid plants were cultured on the MS medium for bulbil induction. These bulbils were transferred under field conditions for flowering and seed production. This study presents a comprehensive strategy for gynogenesis induction and will be of benefit to onion researchers.Key message: This paper gives a comprehensive strategy of doubled haploid production from genotype selection, haploid induction, doubled haploids acclimatization to flowering, for the first time in short-day tropical Indian onions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate whether seminal plasma (SP)/serum ratios of multiple trace elements (TEs) can classify patients with male subfertility. Methods: SP/serum ratios of 20 TEs (lithium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, strontium, molybdenum, cesium, barium, and thallium) were calculated for healthy volunteers (n = 4) and those consulting for male subfertility (n = 245). Volunteer semen samples were collected by split ejaculation into early and subsequent fractions, and SP/serum ratio data were compared between fractions. The patients' SP/serum ratio data were used in an unsupervised clustering analysis and qualitatively compared with the data from the fractions of ejaculation from the volunteers. Semen quality parameters and pregnancy outcomes were compared between patient clusters. Results: The early fraction of volunteers was characterized by lower phosphorus and arsenic and 18 other higher TEs than the subsequent fraction. Cluster analysis classified patients into four distinct clusters, one sharing characteristics with the early fraction and another with the subsequent fraction. One cluster with the early fraction characteristics had significantly lower semen volume and higher pregnancy rates from spontaneous pregnancies or intrauterine insemination. Conclusions: Classification of patients based on SP/serum ratios of multiple TEs represents the dominance of fractions of ejaculation samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comparative study on the outcomes of secondary peritonitis in different regions of India using the Mannheim peritonitis index (MPI). The study found that factors such as age, gender, and site of perforation were correlated with mortality rates. The study suggests that the MPI scoring system is effective in predicting risk and recommends aggressive resuscitation and intensive care support for patients with a high MPI score. The article also discusses the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal tract perforations in the Indian population and the importance of early presentation and proper management. [Extracted from the article]

Our work reports a new route for the fabrication and determination of optical properties of copper ceramic glasses in the CuO-Al2O3-P2O5-SiO2 system. With DRX and Raman spectroscopy the phase composition of these materials was found. Research study shows dispersions of AlPO4 polymorphs crystals in a matrix of copper-silicate glass. All absorption peaks observed in the UV–Visible spectrum confirm the composition of the synthesized cluster deduced by the XRD result. A wide band gap exceeding 3.5 eV of synthesized compound was recorded. It appears that the addition of CuO influences the structure of the material, because it leads to the formation of new types of environments which caused the change from the dielectric state to the semiconductor state. When excited with 375 nm light, the obtained system exhibits bright blue-violet, green and orange emissions in aggregated states, which perfectly constitute the building blocks of white light. This emission which is in the saturated white light region with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.3148, 0.3316) was obtained. Our study provides a flexible and simple fabrication process for new materials with optical properties that make them good candidates for application in a white light-emitting device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to interpret the effect of magnetic field on water pH and calcium form, and evaluate semen quality, fertility and hatchability rates of Fayoumi chickens receiving magnetized drinking water (MDW). A total of 180 Fayoumi chickens (20 roosters + 160 hens), 54 weeks of age, were divided into two groups. The first group served as control, which received regular drinking water, and the second group was treated with MDW. Semen was collected twice (at day 15 and day 30 of the experiment) to determine semen quality. Fertility and hatchability were determined in two patches of hatching eggs through 1–15 and 16–30 days of the experiment. Results showed that the roosters of MDW group had higher live sperm and sperm motility ratios than those of the control group throughout the experimental period (1–30 days). The abnormal sperm ratio and methylene blue reaction time of MDW-received roosters were significantly lower than those of control roosters. Fertility and hatchability percentages of MDW group were greater compared to those of regular drinking water. Conclusively, alterations in the physiochemical characteristics of MDW and the calcium form can play a role in improving semen quality, fertility, and hatchability percentages during the late laying phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Li6AlGd(BO3)4:xEu3+ phosphors were synthesized by solid phase reaction technique. The crystalline phase, morphology and photoluminescence properties were investigated using X-ray diffractometer, scanning/transmission electron microscope and fluorescence spectrophotometer, respectively. Up on 395 nm near ultra violet excitation, the Li6AlGd(BO3)4:xEu3+ phosphors exhibit intense red emission through 5D0 → 7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions. The concentration of Eu3+ ions was optimized as 4.0 mol% for efficient red emission at 395 nm excitation. The CIE colour coordinates (0.647, 0.352) are very close to the National Television System Committee red coordinates and commercial red phosphors. The luminescence thermal resistance was examined by studying the temperature dependence luminescence at 395 nm excitation. The quantum efficiency was estimated using the integrated intensity of emission peaks and decay time. The experimental observations show that the Li6AlGd(BO3)4:xEu3+ (x = 4.0 mol%) phosphor has greater proficiency as red component in the design of white LEDs and display devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Eu3+/Sm3+ co-doped zinc borosilicate glass was prepared by modified melt-quenching method. The effect of Eu3+/Sm3+ to the structural and optical properties was investigated. The optical band gaps increased from 5.023 to 5.179 eV, and 3.832 to 3.986 eV for both for direct/indirect transition. Urbach energy decreases from 0.713 to 0.697 eV, while refractive index also decreases from 2.203 to 2.173 with the progress of doping concentration. The photoluminescence measurement reveals the simultaneous amplification of Sm3+ and Eu3+ emission for the co-doping sample, suggesting a synergistic energy transfer between the two ions. The 1EuSmZBS glass samples show the highest emission intensity. The CIE chromaticity coordinates, CCT, and color purity of the glass sample present high intensity of reddish-orange emission color. In conclusion, Eu3+/Sm3+ co-doped zinc borosilicate glass can lead to enhanced and tunable luminescence properties, and potentially use as a glass host phosphor in optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology provides tremendous potential in agriculture, mitigating climate change impact and improving abiotic stress management strategy. Chitosan nanoparticles (NCS) were synthesised using the ion gelation method and characterised for size (75.5 nm in particle size analyser), shape (spherical under scanning electron microscopy) and stability (132.2 mV zeta potential). Further, salicylic acid was incorporated into NCS to craft salicylic acid-functionalised chitosan nanoparticles (SA-NCS) and illustrated for size (517 nm), shape (spherical) and stability (197.1 mV). The influence of the exogenous application of SA-NCS (0.08%) was studied at the reproductive stage of three genotypes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum): (1) heat-tolerant Solar-651 BGII; (2) moderately heat-tolerant Solar-701 BGII; and (3) heat-susceptible Solar-805 BGII, exposed to different temperature regimes: (1) H1 (optimal), 32/20 ± 2°C; (2) H2 (sub-optimal), 38/24 ± 2°C; H3 (supra-optimal), 45/30 ± 2°C. Heat stress significantly reduces carbon-fixing Rubisco, enzymes related to sucrose metabolism and pollen tube length. Considering three genotypes and reproductive stages (sepal and anther tissues), activities of Rubisco (sepals), invertase (sepals), sucrose phosphate synthase (anthers), sucrose content (sepals) and pollen tube length were elevated under high-temperature regimes, signifying better source to sink transposition of sucrose influenced by SA-NCS. The study provides new insights into SA-NCS to improve source–sink imbalance and restore sucrose metabolism for better growth of reproductive structure under heat stress in cotton. Nanotechnology offers enormous potential in agriculture, including alleviating the effects of climate change and enhancing abiotic stress management. Salicylic acid-functionalised chitosan nanoparticles (SA-NCS) were synthesised and their applications illustrated slow release of SA from SA-NCS, which may effectively protect developing anthers against heat stress in cotton. The study provides new insights into SA-NCS to improve source-sink imbalance and enlighten to restore sucrose metabolism for better growth of reproductive structure under heat stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. The two stages of melioidosis treatment are the intense intravenous phase and the oral eradication phase. Although co-trimoxazole has been in use for several years, the literature does not demonstrate uniformity of the drug doses, combinations, or durations suitable for the eradication phase of melioidosis. The safety profile of co-trimoxazole was not documented in the literature, nor have systematic studies of its effectiveness been done. This systematic review sought to study on the dose, duration and combination of co-trimoxazole therapy in view of clinical efficacy and safety in the eradication phase of melioidosis. Main body: This systematic review included all of the published articles that employed co-trimoxazole in the eradication phase after 1989, including, randomized clinical trials, case–control studies, cohorts, case reports, and case series. Throughout the eradication (maintenance) phase, co-trimoxazole usage was permissible in any dose for any period. A total of 40 results were included in the analysis which contained six clinical trials, one cohort study, one Cochrane review, and thirty-two case series/case reports. Clinical and microbial relapse rates are low when co-trimoxazole is used in single therapy than in combination. There were several adverse events of co-trimoxazole, however, a quantitative analysis was not conducted as the data did not include quantitative values in most studies. Short conclusion: The dose of co-trimoxazole, duration of the eradication phase, and other combinations used in the treatment was varying between studies. Compared to combined therapy patients treated with co-trimoxazole alone the mortality and relapse rates were low. The lowest relapse rate and lowest mortality rate occur when using co-trimoxazole 1920 mg twice daily. The duration of therapy varies on the focus of melioidosis and it is ranged from 2 months to one year and minimum treatment duration associated with low relapse rate is 3 months. The use of co-trimoxazole over the maintenance phase of melioidosis is associated with clinical cure but has adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histiocytic sarcoma is a tumor of the hematopoietic system considered to be derived from macrophages. Although rare in humans, it occurs frequently in mice. Histiocytic sarcoma can be a difficult tumor to diagnose due to its diverse cellular morphologies, growth patterns, and organ distributions. The varying morphology of histiocytic sarcomas makes it easy to confuse them with other types of neoplasia, including hepatic hemangiosarcoma, uterine schwannoma, leiomyosarcoma, uterine stromal cell tumor, intramedullary osteosarcoma, and myeloid leukemia. As such, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is often needed to differentiate histiocytic sarcomas from other common tumors in mice that they can morphologically mimic. The goal of this article is to present a broader perspective of the diverse cellular morphologies, growth patterns, organ distributions, and IHC labeling of histiocytic sarcomas encountered by the authors. This article describes these features in a set of 62 mouse histiocytic sarcomas, including the IHC characterization of the tumors using a panel of markers for the macrophage antigens F4/80, IBA1, MAC2, CD163, CD68, and lysozyme, and describes differentiating features of histiocytic sarcomas from other morphologically similar tumors. The genetic changes underlying the pathogenesis of histiocytic sarcoma in humans are beginning to be elucidated, but this is difficult due to its rarity. The higher prevalence of this tumor in mice provides opportunities to investigate mechanisms of its development and to test potential treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Contraceptive use among sexually active women in Ghana remains low despite the efforts by the Ghana Health Service. This development has negative consequences on reproductive health care, particularly among adolescents. This study assessed the prevalence and factors influencing contraceptive use among sexually active young women in the Berekum Municipality, Ghana. Method: A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in Berekum East Municipality among young women between the ages of 15 to 24 years. Using a probabilistic sampling technique, we recruited 277 young women from the four selected communities in the Berekum Municipality based on data available from the Municipal Health Administration. We applied a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to test the associations between the dependent and independent variables at a 95% Confidence interval (CI) and 5% significance (p value = 0.005). Results: The modern contraceptive prevalence rate among the study participants was 211 (76%). Contraceptives ever used were emergency contraceptive pills 88 (41.7%) condoms 84 (39.8%), injectables 80 (37.9%) and the rest used the Calendar method 16 (7.58%), withdrawal 15 (7.11%), and implants 11 (5.21%). In the adjusted multivariate logistic regression, Age (AOR = 2.93; 95% CI; 1.29–7.50) p = 0.023, marital status (AOR = 0.08; 95%CI; 0.01–0.91) p = 0.041 and religion (AOR = 0.17; 95% CI; 0.05–0.64) p = 0.009 were significantly associated with contraceptive use. Other determinants such as hearing about contraceptives (AOR = 9.44; 95%CI; 1.95–45.77) p = 0.005, partner opposition (AOR = 33.61; 95%CI; 1.15–985.39) p = 0.041, side effects (AOR = 4.86; 95%CI; 1.83–12.91) p = 0.001, lack of knowledge (AOR = 5.41; 95%CI; 1.15–25.42) p = 0.032, and respondents receiving counselling on family planning were significantly associated with contraceptive use (AOR = 4.02; 95% CI;1.29–12.42), p = 0.016. Conclusion: Contraceptive use among sexually active women in the Berekum Municipality is higher than the national conceptive prevalence rate. However, factors such as knowledge about the side effects of contraceptive influences contraceptive use among women. Healthcare providers must explore avenues to enhance partner involvement, intensify health education and detailed counselling about contraceptive use to address misconceptions and myths surrounding the side effects of contraceptives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Treatment for tibial plateau fractures continues to evolve but maintains primary objectives of anatomic reduction of the joint line and a rapid recovery course. Arthroscopic-assisted percutaneous fixation (AAPF) has been introduced as an alternative to traditional open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). The purpose of the study is to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with low-energy Schatzker type I–III tibial plateau fractures treated with AAPF versus ORIF. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed at a level 1 trauma centre to compare outcomes of 120 patients (57 AAPF, 63 ORIF) with low-energy lateral Schatzker type I–III tibial plateau fractures who underwent tibial plateau fixation between 2009 and 2018. Demographic information, injury characteristics, and surgical treatment were recorded. The main outcome measurements included reduction step-off, joint space narrowing, time to weight bearing, and implant removal. Results: There was no difference in age, gender distribution, BMI, ASA, Schatzker classification distribution, initial displacement, blood loss, and reduction step-off between the two groups (p > 0.05). Shorter tourniquet time (74.1 ± 21.7 vs 100.0 ± 21.0 min; p < 0.001), shorter time to full weight bearing (47.8 ± 15.2 vs. 69.1 ± 17.2 days; p < 0.001), and lower rate of joint space narrowing (3.5% vs. 28.6% with more than 1 mm, p < 0.001) were associated with the AAPF cohort, with no difference in pain, knee range of motion, or implant removal rate between the two cohorts. Conclusion: AAPF may be a viable alternative to ORIF for the management of low-energy tibial plateau fractures with outcomes not inferior compared to the traditional ORIF method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. Natural history collections are essential resources for taxonomy, systematics, and ecological and climate change research. Mass digitization of these collections provides the opportunity to study broad biological patterns among specimens and their associated metadata at a scale that was previously impossible. The specimen metadata can also be used to study the contributions of the people that collected and identified these specimens. A proper accounting of these contributions impacts our understanding of the history of these collections and who played a role in their growth. Methodology. Here, we provide an assessment of the scientific contributions of past women in science at the Smithsonian Institution, focusing on their specimen collections and identifications. We evaluate natural history specimen collections records available from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and Smithsonian annual reports, volumes dating to the founding of the Smithsonian in 1846. Pivotal results. We identify 40 women with specimen collections or identifications, with a total of more than 120,000 total specimens attributed to them. In cases where specimens are not yet digitized, we are able to learn more about the women's contributions using annual reports, which provide a richer picture of their work at the Smithsonian. This work relies on collaboration as well as deep institutional knowledge. We also release a semantic search application, which allows users to search the Smithsonian annual reports. Conclusions. Collections records are a rich resource, but there are significant barriers to accurate specimen attribution, which disproportionately affect women collectors and determiners. We propose ways that we might document these problems at scale and remedy cases of misattribution in digital repositories of record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Eu3+-doped Ca3Tb7(BO4)(SiO4)5O red phosphors with apatite structure have been synthesized via high-temperature solid-state method. It could be concluded from XRD results that pure Ca3Tb7(BO4)(SiO4)5O: Eu3+ phase was obtained. The structure refinement results confirmed that the space group of Ca3Tb7(BO4)(SiO4)5O: Eu3+ was P63/m and Eu3+ tended to replace some of Tb3+ in [Ca0.573Tb0.427O9]. Morphology and structural analysis were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high transmission electron microscope (HTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. The strongest emission peak of the emission spectrum under 259 nm excitation was located at 614 nm, which corresponded to the characteristic emission peak of Eu3+. When the doping concentration of Eu3+ was higher than 0.8 mol%, the concentration quenching effect occurred. Tb3+ ions served as the sensitizer transferred the absorbed energy to Eu3+ ions effectively with the maximum transfer efficiency of 89.36%. The temperature-dependent photoluminescence emission spectra exhibited it possessed good thermal stability. The fabricated LED device combining Ca3Tb7(BO4)(SiO4)5O: 0.8 molEu3+ with a 265 nm UV chip emitted brilliant red light. Ca3Tb7(BO4)(SiO4)5O: Eu3+ provided a new choice for red phosphors used in w-LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the prevalent ailments impacting the population of India is peptic ulcer. Although generally benign in its course, it can cause dangerous complications such as perforation and bleeding. Perforation is a life-threatening complication of the peptic ulcer. The status of patients may suddenly deteriorate if they wait too long to seek hospital care or if a diagnosis is delayed due to an unusual presentation. For triage and risk classification, it is critical to accurately and promptly identify high-risk surgical perforated peptic ulcer patients. Aims and Objectives: Perforations in peptic ulcer disease are known to cause considerable morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to verify the reliability of the peptic ulcer perforation (PULP) score in predicting patient death after surgery for PULP. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study included 50 PULP patients who underwent surgery and analyzed the data until discharge or death at tertiary care university hospital in India. Results: The mortality rate observed was 24%. Elderly population, raised serum creatinine, liver cirrhosis, steroid abuse, pre-operative shock, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASAs) grade were identified as risk factors for poor post-operative prognosis. The area under curve for mortality prediction was 0.947 for PULP score. Conclusion: Poor outcome was significantly higher in the elderly, patients with raised serum creatinine, pre-operative shock, and ASA. PULP score proved to be a more precise indicator of mortality. A larger study inclusive of other mortality risk prediction models would help formulate a more accurate and population specific scoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nymphaea nouchali (Syn. Nymphaea stellata Willd.) from family Nymphaeaceae, is a species of perennial aquatic flowering plant with huge round floating leaves and rhizomes. It is well-known and prominent herb in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicines with multiple medicinal properties. It comes from southern and eastern regions of Asia, and is a national blossom of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Scientific investigation has revealed that it exhibits vast range of pharmacological actions, namely antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory activities etc. Polyphenols, flavonoids, sterols, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, protein, nymphasterol, nymphayol have been recognized as important factors in the medicinal effects of N. nouchali. The present review focuses on pharmacological and phytochemical investigation of N. nouchali. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative care after dorsal wrist ganglion (DWG) excision is highly varied. The effect of immobilization of the wrist on patient outcomes has not yet been examined. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to determine whether wrist immobilization after DWG surgical excision is beneficial. A survey of hand surgeons in Canada was performed to sample existing practice variations in current immobilization protocols after DWG excision. Results: A systematic review yielded 11 studies that rigidly immobilized the wrist (n = 5 open excision, n = 5 arthroscopic excision, n = 1 open or arthroscopic excision), 10 studies that used dressings to partially limit wrist motion (n = 5 open, n = 5 arthroscopic), 1 study (open) that did either of the above, and 2 studies (arthroscopic) that did not restrict wrist motion postoperatively. This ranged from 48 hours to 2 weeks in open DWG excision and 5 days to 3 weeks in arthroscopic DWG excision. The survey of Canadian hand surgeons had a similarly divided result of those who chose to immobilize the wrist fully (41%), partially (14%), or not at all (55%). Most surgeons surveyed who immobilized the wrist postoperatively did so for 1 to 2 weeks. Conclusion: The systematic review and survey of Canadian hand surgeons reveal that hand surgeons are divided regarding the need to immobilize the wrist after DWG excision. In terms of functional outcome, there is no compelling data to suggest 1 strategy is superior. The time frame for immobilization when undertaken was short at 2 weeks or less. The systematic review is registered in the PROSPERO database (PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016050877). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inflammation of the peritoneum caused on by specific or widespread infections is known as peritoneitis. One of the most typical infections and a major problem that a surgeon deals with is peritonitis. Material and methods: Total of 65 patients with peritonitis due to hollow viscous perforation who presented to Government Medical college, Miraj from 1st January 2021 to 31st July 2022. Results: 66.66% of patients with > 29 had some form of pulmonary complication, which was only about 13.33% in patients with score < 21(Table 8). The pulmonary complication in the form of post operative pneumonia, atelectasis, which required continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation, nebulization, higher antibiotics, analgesics and hence lead to longer post operative recovery were significantly higher as the score increased. Conclusion: A scoring system to estimate the risk of morbidity and mortality following emergency surgery has been tried on numerous occasions. Some scoring systems offer a prognosis that comes close to the reported mortality rate for the cohort, but none are reliable enough to rely on when taking into account a specific patient. We can gauge the likelihood that patients will survive by assessing the severity of the illness early on utilising MPI. Death rate in the current study was zero for MPI scores under 21, zero for MPI scores between 21 and 29, and fifty percent for MPI scores over 29, which is helpful in pre-operative prognostication of patients based on MPI values. When forecasting the course of peritonitis, MPI is an easy-to-use and reliable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible flowers are currently gaining popularity as the majority of the edible flower species have a nutritional profile that meets several dietary demands and the consumption of flowers as part of customary cuisine or alternative alchemy is reported in various cultures around the world. Pumpkin flowers are primarily consumed in some Asian and North American countries like India, China, Bangladesh, and Mexico, respectively. The pumpkin plant has served medicinally worldwide by treating wounds, cardiovascular disease, several types of cancers, gastrointestinal diseases, anemia, urinary tract infections and intestinal parasites, however, its flowers among the same line have also been therapeutically used to treat wounds and male infertility. These therapeutical effects are solely associated with their nutritional and phytochemical configuration. In this aspect, the present review focuses on providing a detailed overview of its morphological, physicochemical, thermal, and therapeutic properties within which, special emphasis is provided towards the mechanism followed by each bioactive component in treating the corresponding disease. The evaluation of therapeutic properties will help in understanding the pumpkin flower's processing requirements. Its functional and nutritional potential can further help develop value-added products and supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) is a multitude of deformities involving equinus, varus, adductus, and cavus deformities. Clubfoot affects 1 in every 1000 infants born worldwide, with various incidences according to geographical areas. It has been previously hypothesized that the possible genetic role in Idiopathic CTEV (ICTEV) might have a treatment-resistant phenotype. However, the genetic involvement in recurrent ICTEV cases is yet to be determined. Aim: To systematically review existing literature regarding the discovery of genetic involvement in recurrent ICTEV to date to further understand the etiology of relapse. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed on medical databases, and the review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed on several medical databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and European PMC on May 10, 2022. We included studies reporting patients with recurring idiopathic CTEV or CTEV of unknown cause after treatment, reporting whole-genetic sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, Polymerase Chain Reaction, or Western blot analysis as methods of genetic analysis (intervention) and providing results of idiopathic CTEV genetic involvement. Non-English studies, literature reviews, and irrelevant articles were excluded. Quality and risk of bias assessments were performed using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for non-randomized studies where appropriate. The authors discussed data extracted with the primary outcome of gene(s) frequency being reported of their involvement in recurrent ICTEV cases. Results: Three pieces of literature were included in this review. Two studies analyzed the genetic involvement in CTEV occurrence, while one analyzed the protein types found. Discussion: With included studies of less than five, we could not perform other forms of analysis apart from qualitatively. Conclusion: The rarity of literature exploring the genetic etiology of recurrent ICTEV cases has been reflected in this systematic review, giving opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous studies have reported declines in semen quality and other markers of male reproductive health. Our previous meta-analysis reported a significant decrease in sperm concentration (SC) and total sperm count (TSC) among men from North America-Europe-Australia (NEA) based on studies published during 1981-2013. At that time, there were too few studies with data from South/Central America-Asia-Africa (SAA) to reliably estimate trends among men from these continents.Objective and Rationale: The aim of this study was to examine trends in sperm count among men from all continents. The broader implications of a global decline in sperm count, the knowledge gaps left unfilled by our prior analysis and the controversies surrounding this issue warranted an up-to-date meta-analysis.Search Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify studies of human SC and TSC published during 2014-2019. After review of 2936 abstracts and 868 full articles, 44 estimates of SC and TSC from 38 studies met the protocol criteria. Data were extracted on semen parameters (SC, TSC, semen volume), collection year and covariates. Combining these new data with data from our previous meta-analysis, the current meta-analysis includes results from 223 studies, yielding 288 estimates based on semen samples collected 1973-2018. Slopes of SC and TSC were estimated as functions of sample collection year using simple linear regression as well as weighted meta-regression. The latter models were adjusted for predetermined covariates and examined for modification by fertility status (unselected by fertility versus fertile), and by two groups of continents: NEA and SAA. These analyses were repeated for data collected post-2000. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine assumptions, including linearity.Outcomes: Overall, SC declined appreciably between 1973 and 2018 (slope in the simple linear model: -0.87 million/ml/year, 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.86; P < 0.001). In an adjusted meta-regression model, which included two interaction terms [time × fertility group (P = 0.012) and time × continents (P = 0.058)], declines were seen among unselected men from NEA (-1.27; -1.78 to -0.77; P < 0.001) and unselected men from SAA (-0.65; -1.29 to -0.01; P = 0.045) and fertile men from NEA (-0.50; -1.00 to -0.01; P = 0.046). Among unselected men from all continents, the mean SC declined by 51.6% between 1973 and 2018 (-1.17: -1.66 to -0.68; P < 0.001). The slope for SC among unselected men was steeper in a model restricted to post-2000 data (-1.73: -3.23 to -0.24; P = 0.024) and the percent decline per year doubled, increasing from 1.16% post-1972 to 2.64% post-2000. Results were similar for TSC, with a 62.3% overall decline among unselected men (-4.70 million/year; -6.56 to -2.83; P < 0.001) in the adjusted meta-regression model. All results changed only minimally in multiple sensitivity analyses.Wider Implications: This analysis is the first to report a decline in sperm count among unselected men from South/Central America-Asia-Africa, in contrast to our previous meta-analysis that was underpowered to examine those continents. Furthermore, data suggest that this world-wide decline is continuing in the 21st century at an accelerated pace. Research on the causes of this continuing decline and actions to prevent further disruption of male reproductive health are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the recurrence following open surgical excision and Seton placement in treating symptomatic wrist ganglions in Military Hospitals in a six-month follow-up study. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, Combined Military Hospital, Dera Nawab Sahib Pakistan and Pakistan Airforce Force Hospital, Shorkot Pakistan, from Jun 2015 to Dec 2020. Methodology: The patients were divided into two groups after informed consent. A consultant general surgeon carried out every procedure. The findings were recorded on a uniform proforma, and recurrence was recorded at ten days, six weeks and six months for both groups. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.45±8.13 years in Group-A (Seton-Group) and 28.56±8.32 years in Group-B (Open-Surgery). There was no difference in the recurrence rates between the Seton-Group (n=7, 4.35%) and Open Surgery-Group (n=2, 4.65%, p=0.931). Conclusion: Seton insertion for treating Ganglions of the wrist is a simple, economical and cosmetic procedure which can be done in the outpatient department. It is a safe alternative to open resection for successful treatment of the wrist Ganglion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglion (DWG) cysts has recently become an alternative to open surgery, with the advantage of lower recurrence. However, in recurrent cases, whether re‐excision using an arthroscopic approach would achieve favorable outcomes has not been determined. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of function evaluation and recurrence rate after arthroscopic excision of recurrent DWG cysts. Methods: A total of 11 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed recurrent DWG cysts were retrospectively reviewed between November 2017 and March 2020. Extensive re‐excision of the ganglion cyst and its surrounding pathological capsule was performed using an arthroscopic approach. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was routinely performed before surgery to identify the location and limits of the cyst. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. A second recurrence was recorded if a mass reappeared at the same site with a positive transillumination test. Pain during activity was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS). The active range of motion (ROM) of the wrist was measured using a goniometer, and the hand grip strength was measured using a digital dynamometer. Comparative analysis between the pre‐ and postoperative indexes was performed using Student's t‐test. Results: After a mean follow‐up period of 29.3 months (range, 24–34 months), no second recurrence of the cyst was recorded. The VAS score improved from 1.4 to 0.3 (t = 3.833, p = 0.003), and residual pain was reported by three patients (VAS score = 1 for each). Active wrist flexion increased from 73.6° to 78.2° (t = 2.887, p = 0.016). No significant changes were found in active wrist extension or hand grip strength (p > 0.05). No major complications occurred during the study. Conclusion: Arthroscopic excision of a recurrent DWG cyst yielded satisfactory results with no second recurrence, significant pain relief, and good wrist function at a minimum of 2‐year follow‐up. Clear identification of the location and limits of the ganglion based on preoperative MRI could be helpful to achieve complete excision and therefore prevent a second recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine (METH) can induce spermatogenesis impairment, testicular apoptosis, and abnormal sperm quality. It also promotes changes in the expression of receptors for sex hormones and neurotransmitters, including GABA receptors in the testis. Proteomic assessment focusing on proteins involved in the calcium signalling pathway in the testis can facilitate diagnostic factors contributing to testicular and sperm functions, especially those related to spermatogenesis and fertilisation. In this study, we proposed to determine the localisation and differential expression of GABA A receptor alpha 1 subunit (GABA A-α1) in the spermatozoa of METH-administered rats. The differential proteomic profile of the testis was also observed by focusing on proteins in the KEGG pathways belonging to the calcium signalling pathway. There were 212 differentially expressed proteins in the rat testis, based on the cut-off value of 1.2-fold change. Most of those proteins, 13 proteins, were classified in the calcium signalling pathway, including 4 down-regulated and 9 up-regulated proteins. An immunolocalisation study of the GABA A-α1 receptor and calbindin revealed their localisation in the equatorial segment of the head in the rat spermatozoa. The expression of calbindin is also found in the middle piece of sperm. An increase in GABA A-α1 receptor in rat spermatozoa was correlated with an increase in abnormal sperm motility and morphology after methamphetamine exposure. Moreover, calbindin expression in sperm decreased in METH-administered rats. All our findings demonstrate that METH influences intracellular calcium homeostasis by acting through the calcium signalling pathway-associated proteins. Moreover, it might disrupt ion homeostasis in sperm through the GABA A-α1 receptor and calbindin, triggering a change in intracellular calcium and chloride ions. These changes may cause abnormalities in spermatogenesis, testicular apoptosis, and sperm quality impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sr3Gd(PO4)3 phosphors activated with different concentrations of Dy3+ ions were prepared at 1250 °C/5 h by modified citrate sol-gel combustion technique and examined for lighting applications. The crystalline phase analysis was studied using powder X-ray diffraction and HR-TEM studies. The effect of Dy3+ concentration on morphology was studied through SEM and TEM. Optical band gap energy was estimated using diffused reflectance spectrum. The excitation, emission, luminescence decay and photometric characteristics were studied. The concentration of Dy3+ was optimized for strong and efficient emission through 4F9/2 → 6H15/2, 6H13/2, 6H11/2 transitions. The photometric analysis was done by evaluating the CIE chromaticity coordinates and they were found to be (0.314, 0.360). The generation of white light and transfer of energy among the excited Dy3+ ions were discussed. It was observed that the transfer of energy takes places through dipole-dipole interaction among the excited Dy3+ ions at higher concentrations. The experimental findings show that the 1.0 mol% of Dy3+ -doped Sr3Gd(PO4)3 phosphor has greater potentiality to be used for lighting devices working at 352 nm UV excitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With cancer incidence rates continuing to increase and occurrence of resistance in drug treatment, there is a pressing demand to find safer and more effective anticancer strategy for cancer patients. Natural products, have the advantage of low toxicity and multiple action targets, are always used in the treatment of cancer prevention in early stage and cancer supplement in late stage. Tumor microenvironment is necessary for cancer cells to survive and progression, and immune activation is a vital means for the tumor microenvironment to eliminate cancer cells. A number of studies have found that various natural products could target and regulate immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, mast cells as well as inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. Natural products tuning the tumor microenvironment via various mechanisms to activate the immune response have immeasurable potential for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, it highlights the research findings related to natural products regulating immune responses against cancer, especially reveals the possibility of utilizing natural products to remodel the tumor microenvironment to overcome drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants varyingly serve as control agents for heavy metal loads in environmental compartments, including soils, by accumulating and partitioning most heavy metals in their organs. However, by doing this wonderful job, the plant health and productivity get affected because of the elevated cellular heavy metals. Therefore, exploration of approaches for strengthening plant's tolerance to cellular heavy metals is very imperative. As an indispensable macronutrient in plants, sulfur (S) is widely known to assist numerous plant functions and is also argued as vital element for various plant metabolic processes both in normal and stressed conditions. However, the discussion on the heavy metal-specific roles of S-containing compounds in plants have been considered least. In this paper, the aspects discussed included the following: (1) heavy metals and their relation with plants; and nutrient-management and S in control of metal stress-impacts in plants are introduced; (2) major insights into S-assimilation and -assimilatory products are overviewed; (3) important roles of assimilatory products in plant tolerance to common heavy metals are highlighted, and (4) metal-specific influence on assimilatory products in plants are discussed. Heavy-metal accumulation in plants is inevitable. Plant sustenance under elevated cellular heavy metals is decided by their inherent capacity of the potential in synthesising metal-chelating and/or -detoxifying compounds. Sulfur (S) is the most important element that is incorporated into cysteine (Cys), which acts as a precursor for several reduced S compounds. Thus, S contributes to resistance of plants to heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pilonidal sinus disease (PNSD) is considered as the challenging disease for surgeons since decades. The term pilo-nidal is derived from Latin meaning "nest of hair". It is a commonly occurring disease usually involved young male adults. It is considered as an acquired condition with unidentified aetiology and pathogenesis. The objective was to observe the results of Limberg's flap operation in patients with Pilonidal sinus disease. Methods: We performed an observational study at Hamdard University Hospital from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2019 on patients who came to the outpatient department for the treatment of pilonidal sinus diseases and underwent surgery (Limberg's flap) after consent. The patient's presentation varied from single sinus and dry, multiple sinuses and dry, single sinus with serous discharge, single sinus with pus discharge, and pilonidal abscess. Forty-six patients were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and operated by Limberg's flap technique. Result: Results were observed for postoperative seroma, hematoma, wound infection, persistent pain, and recurrence. Out of 46 patients, 30 (65.21%) were male and 16 (34.7%) were female. 28 patients (60.8%) were between 31-40 years of age and 12 patients (26.08%) were between 41-50 years of age. After performing Limberg's flap procedure, 35 patients (76%) had no complications at all. 2 patients (4.3%) had seroma formation. 4 patients had Hematoma formation (8.6%). Two patients (4.3%) patients developed superficial wound infection. 2 patients (4.3%) had persistent pain after 3 months of the procedure. One patient (2.1%) had recurrence during the follow-up period of 12 months. Conclusion: Limberg's flap operation is associated with low recurrence as well as a low rate of other complications such as seroma or hematoma formation, wound infection, and persistent pain irrespective of the presentation of the pilonidal sinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a Neotropical woody plant and the main source of the natural dyes bixin and norbixin. To study the bixin biosynthesis pathway and genetically improve the species, a suitable transformation protocol is required. Here, an efficient method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hypocotyl segments of annatto was developed. The effect of different factors on the efficiency of transformation was examined; these included three types of antibiotics (Timentin®, cefotaxime, and meropenem) and three Agrobacterium strains (AGL1, EHA105, and GV3101) at different concentrations. The strains contained the plasmid pCAMBIA2301 harboring the gus reporter gene and nptII as a selection marker under the constitutive 35 S promoter. Strain AGL1 achieved significantly higher gus expression compared to the other candidates. The highest transformation efficiency (8.2% ± 3.8%) was obtained for cefotaxime or meropenem with strain AGL1 at OD600 = 0.5, as revealed by a gus histochemical assay in hypocotyls and regenerated shoots. This is the highest transformation frequency ever reported for the target species. The optimized protocol was successfully validated by obtaining transgenic annatto plants containing the hptII gene under constitutive expression and overexpressing miR156. Successful miR156 overexpression was confirmed by histochemical gus staining in regenerated plantlets, as well as by PCR amplification of the hptII gene. Flow cytometry confirmed that all regenerated lines were diploid, guaranteeing the genetic stability of the transgenes. Key message: An improved method for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hypocotyl segments of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) was developed and successfully validated by producing transgenic plants overexpressing microRNA 156. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Moringa oleifera Lam. family Moringaceae is well known for a wide range of biological activities and a complex phytochemical composition. The current study investigates tissue culture protocols for Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds. For static culture initiation, Murashige and skooge (MS) as a basal medium with hormonal supply of (0–10 µM) of 2,4-dicholorophenoxy acetic acid and 6-benzyl aminopurine for Moringa oleifera seeds and leaves was employed. Suspension cultures with the optimum hormonal combination was initiated for both seeds and leaves calli. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) analysis performed, for the first time, on the methanolic extracts of plant parts and the produced calli revealed varying concentrations of nine major components (six flavonoids and three phenolic acids). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, against three cell lines, were evaluated for the obtained methanolic extracts. In general, superior biological activities were identified for the produced calli when compared to plant parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trace elements perform a vital role in all stages of human physiology, as well as reproduction. Objective: This study aimed to assess seminal calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in infertile men associated with varicocele (Vx). Materials and methods: Overall, 50 men were divided into two groups: fertile men (n = 20) and infertile men who were scheduled for Vx surgical repair (n = 30). Exclusion criteria were as follows: azoospermia, smoking, leukocytospermia, and consumption of Ca and/or Mg supplements. All cases were subjected to history taking and clinical examination. Semen analysis and assessment of seminal Ca and Mg by the colorimetric method were carried out for all cases at the base point and 3 months postvaricocelectomy. Results: Generally, the mean seminal Ca and Mg levels demonstrated significant decreases in infertile men with Vx compared with the healthy fertile men linked to higher Vx grade as well as Vx bilaterality. These seminal decreases demonstrated significant increases after Vx surgical repair. Collectively, seminal Ca and Mg levels showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.665, p= 0.001). Besides, seminal Ca, Mg levels, and Ca/Mg ratio showed significant positive correlation with sperm concentration (r = 0.479, p = 0.001; r = 0.541, p = 0.001; r = 0.282, p = 0.001, respectively), sperm motility percentage (r = 0.493, p = 0.001; r = 0.477, p = 0.001; r = 0.353, P = 0.001, respectively), and sperm normal forms percentage (r = 0.578, p = 0.001; r = 0.520, p = 0.001; r = 0.430, p = 0.001, respectively). Discussion and conclusion: Seminal Ca and Mg levels and Ca/Mg ratio are significantly decreased in infertile men associated with Vx compared with fertile men with significant increases after varicocelectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paediatric cancers are gradually on the rise in India. Its proportion among children aged < 15 years constitutes close to 5% of the total cancer affected population. A high proportion of this constitutes intra-abdominal tumours. This study was done to study the demographic profile, clinical features and management of intra-abdominal tumours among children. Data of all histopathologically confirmed patients aged < 15 years with various primary intra-abdominal tumours diagnosed from 2009 to 2019 were included in this study. The median age of the patients (n = 50) was 3 years (IQR 1.4, 6). The median age at diagnosis of cancer (n = 23) was 2.5 years (IQR 1, 4). Tumours were more common among males (70%). The most common tumour in this study was Wilm's tumour (17 (34%)). Forty-eight (96%) patients had malignant tumours. Fever was present among the majority (27 (54%)) of the patients. The most common anti-cancer drug used for management was Vincristine, used among 23 patients. Remission was more among infants with Wilm's tumour (P = 0.0221) and among patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) (P = 0.0444). Default with treatment was more among patients with stage 4 malignancy (P = 0.0186). Recovery following treatment was more among patients with germ cell tumour (P = 0.0082). Reasons for default with treatment in the late stages of malignancies need to be identified in future research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]