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9. Maternal antibodies in breast milk protect the child from enterovirus infections

Author

Sadeharju, Karita, Knip, Mikael, Virtanen, Suvi M., Savilahti, Erkki, Tauriainen, Sisko, Koskela, Pentti, Akerblom, Hans K., and Hyoty, Heikki

Subjects
Breast milk -- Nutritional aspects, Enterovirus diseases -- Prevention
Abstract

OBJECTIVE. Enterovirus infections are frequent in infants and may cause severe complications. We set out to assess whether breastfeeding can protect against these infections and whether such an effect is related to maternal antibodies in breast milk or in the peripheral circulation of the infant. METHODS. One hundred fifty infants who were prospectively followed up from birth were monitored for enterovirus infections. The duration of breastfeeding was recorded, and maternal breast milk and blood samples were regularly taken at 3-month intervals for the detection of enterovirus antibodies and RNA. Maternal serum was available from early pregnancy, delivery, and 3 months postpartum. RESULTS. Enterovirus infections were frequent and were diagnosed in 43% of infants before the age of 1 year and in 15% of the mothers during pregnancy. Infants exclusively breastfed for >2 weeks had fewer enterovirus infections by the age of 1 year compared with those exclusively breastfed for [less than or equal to] 2 weeks (0.38 vs 0.59 infections per child). High maternal antibody levels in serum and in breast milk were associated with a reduced frequency of infections. This effect was seen only in those infants breastfed >2 weeks, indicating that breast milk antibodies mediate this effect. Enterovirus RNA was not found in any of the breast milk samples. CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that breastfeeding has a protective effect against enterovirus infections in infancy. This effect seems to be mediated primarily by maternal antibodies in breast milk. www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2006-0780 doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0780 Key Words enterovirus infections, maternal antibodies, autoantibodies, breastfeeding Abbreviations RT-PCR--reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction IgG--immunoglobulin G IgA--immunoglobulin A CBV4--coxsackievirus 134 EV11--echovirus 11 EIA--enzyme immunoassay EIU--enzyme immunoassay unit, EARLIER STUDIES HAVE suggested that breastfeeding may protect the infant against infections. Breast milk contains several compounds that may have antimicrobial effects. Maternal antibodies in breast milk were proposed to [...]

Published
2007

11. Epidemiology of HPV 16 and cervical cancer in Finland and the potential impact of vaccination: mathematical modelling analyses

Author

Barnabas, Ruanne V., Laukkanen, Paivi, Koskela, Pentti, Kontula, Osmo, Lehtinen, Matti, and Garnett, Geoff P.

Subjects
Papillomavirus infections -- Care and treatment, Papillomavirus infections -- Prevention, Papillomavirus infections -- Models, Vaccines -- Evaluation
Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Candidate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have demonstrated almost 90%-100% efficacy in preventing persistent, type-specific HPV infection over 18 mo in clinical trials. If these vaccines go on to [...]

Published
2006

15. Human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Author

Mork, Jon, Lie, A. Kathrine, Glattre, Eystein, Hallmans, Goran, Jellum, Egil, Koskela, Pentti, Moller, Bjorn, Pukkala, Eero, Schiller, John T., Youngman, Linda, Lehtinen, Matti, and Dillner, Joakim

Subjects
Papillomavirus infections -- Health aspects, Head and neck cancer -- Risk factors, Squamous cell carcinoma -- Risk factors
Abstract

Infection with human papillomavirus 16 appears to be a risk factor for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. This was the conclusion of a study of 292 people with squamous cell head and neck cancer and 1,568 healthy volunteers. This virus has also been linked to cervical cancer.

Published
2001

21. Atopy and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Author

Melbye, Mads, Smedby, Karin Ekström, Lehtinen, Tuula, Rostgaard, Klaus, Glimelius, Bengt, Munksgaard, Lars, Schöllkopf, Claudia, Sundström, Christer, Chang, Ellen T., Koskela, Pentti, Adami, Hans-Olov, and Hjalgrim, Henrik

Published
2007

41. A discrepancy of Chlamydia trachomatis incidence and prevalence trends in Finland 1983–2003

Author

Lehtinen Matti, Hiltunen-Back Eija, Kaasila Marjo, Lyytikäinen Erika, Tasanen Kaisa, Surcel Heljä-Marja, Koskela Pentti, and Paavonen Jorma

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Reported rates of Chlamydia trachomatis are on the rise contradicting the declining rates of C. trachomatis associated reproductive sequelae in Western countries. Population based evaluation of the real trend of C. trachomatis infection is important to contemplate prevention efforts. We studied C. trachomatis occurrence during the past 20 years in Finland comparing incidence rate data based on serology and reported C. trachomatis laboratory notifications. Methods A random sample of 7999 women with two consecutive pregnancies within five years was selected from the population of the Finnish Maternity Cohort (FMC) serum bank stratified by calendar year and age. C. trachomatis IgG antibodies were determined by a standard peptide-ELISA. The reported incidence rates of C. trachomatis infections based on case notifications were obtained from the National Registry of Infectious Diseases (NIDR). Results C. trachomatis seroprevalence rates decreased significantly from 1983 to 2003 both in women under 23 years of age (23.3% to 9.2%) and in women between 23–28-years of age (22.2% to 12.6%). However, seroconversion rates increased from 31 per 10000 person years in 1983–85 to 97 per 10000 person years in 2001–2003 (incidence rate ratio 3.2, 95% CI, 1.1–8.7) among the older age group. Seroconversion rate was highest (264) in 1983–1985 in the younger age-group, then declined and subsequently increased again (188) in 2001–2003. The incidence based on seroconversions was in agreement with the reported incidence rates in both age groups. Conclusion C. trachomatis seroprevalence rate decreased during 1983–2003 among fertile-aged women in Finland. During the same time period incidence rates based both on seroconversions and reported laboratory notifications of diagnosed C. trachomatis infections increased. The discrepancy between the C. trachomatis incidence and seroprevalence trends warrants further studies.

Published
2008
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