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1. Research of aluminum nitride water load for the 4.6 GHz 500 kW LHCD system of the CFETR

Author

Dingzhen Li, Liyuan Zhang, Lianmin Zhao, Fukun Liu, Min Cheng, Huaichuan Hu, and Taian Zhou

Subjects
High-power, Water load, LHCD, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

To meet the increasing heating needs of the China Fusion Experimental Tokamak Reactor (CFETR), the output power in each Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) transmission line should be increased from 250 kW to 500 kW. Therefore, a new high-power water load must be developed for the 4.6 GHz 500 kW LHCD system. This paper aims to report the most recent research progress of the water load: aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic is used as the media material to isolate the water and vacuum, and the radio frequency (RF) simulation results show that the return loss of the water load is less than −25dB at 4.6 GHz over a wide temperature range. Under 500 kW continuous wave (CW) operation, the maximum temperatures of the ceramic and water are separately 67 °C and 62 °C, resulting in thermal deformation of the ceramic of approximately 0.003 mm. Moreover, the AlN water load was tested on the 4.6 GHz 250 kW high-power test bench and found to work well with low reflected power.

Published
2023
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2. Overview of recent experimental results on the EAST Tokamak

Author

X. Gong, on behalf of EAST Team and Collaborators, The EAST Team:, Yuntao Song, Baonian Wan, Jiangang Li, Yuanxi Wan, Xinchao Wu, Fukun Liu, Junling Chen, Jiansheng Hu, Guosheng Xu, Kun Lu, Xianzu Gong, Bingjia Xiao, Yu Wu, Xiang Gao, Damao Yao, Nong Xiang, Liqun Hu, Chundong Hu, Jiefeng Wu, Biao Shen, Ge Gao, Yiyun Huang, Liuwei Xu, Qiyong Zhang, Cheonho Bae, Bin Cao, Lei Cao, Jiafeng Chang, Dalong Chen, Ran Chen, Xiaojiao Chen, Yebin Chen, Yue Chen, Yunxin Cheng, Yong Cheng, Bojiang Ding, Fang Ding, Rui Ding, Shijun Du, Yanmin Duan, Jia Fu, Daming Gao, Wei Gao, Yongqi Gu, Bin Guo, Fei Guo, Yong Guo, Xiaofeng Han, Shiying He, Ailan Hu, Chang Hu, Guanghai Hu, Huaichuan Hu, Qingsheng Hu, Yanlan Hu, Zhenhua Hu, Juan Huang, Liansheng Huang, Ming Huang, Ronglin Huang, Xiang Ji, Hua Jia, Caichao Jiang, Yinxian Jie, Songqing Ju, Defeng Kong, Erzhong Li, Guoqiang Li, Jiahong Li, Junjun Li, Miaohui Li, Pan Li, Kedong Li, Shi Li, Yadong Li, Lizhen Liang, Yanchuan Liao, Shiyao Lin, Xin Lin, Bili Ling, Haiqing Liu, Huajun Liu, Jianwen Liu, Liang Liu, Shaocheng Liu, Sheng Liu, Wenbin Liu, Xiaoju Liu, Xiaoyan Liu, Yong Liu, Zhihong Liu, Zhimin Liu, Jianhua Lu, Zhengping Luo, Dengkui Ma, Huafeng Mao, Wendong Ma, Songtao Mao, Yuzhou Mao, Tingfeng Ming, Chao Pan, Chengkang Pan, Shengmin Pan, Jing Qian, Jinping Qian, Chengming Qin, Zhiyong Qiu, Qilong Ren, Zhicai Sheng, Shihua Song, Pengjun Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Youwen Sun, Tian Tang, Ling Tao, Ang Ti, Baoguo Wang, Feng Wang, Fudi Wang, Huihui Wang, Jian Wang, Liang Wang, Linsen Wang, Mao Wang, Ping Wang, Xiaojie Wang, Shouxin Wang, Yating Wang, Yuehang Wang, Yong Wang, Zhengchu Wang, Jianglong Wei, Jing Wei, Xuechao Wei, Bin Wu, Dajun Wu, Hao Wu, Jinhua Wu, Xiangming Wu, Yibing Wu, Zege Wu, Weibin Xi, Tianyang Xia, Yezheng Xiao, Yahong Xie, Yuanlai Xie, Handong Xu, Liqing Xu, Weiye Xu, Ning Yan, Rong Yan, Jianhua Yang, Lei Yang, Qingxi Yang, Yao Yang, Zhongshi Yang, Min Yu, Yaowei Yu, Qiping Yuan, Shuai Yuan, Qing Zang, Bin Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jizong Zhang, Liyuan Zhang, Ling Zhang, Ruirui Zhang, Shoubiao Zhang, Tao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Xinjun Zhang, Xiuqing Zhang, Yang Zhang, Zuchao Zhang, Hailin Zhao, Lianmin Zhao, Guoqiang Zhong, Ruijie Zhou, Haishan Zhou, Tianhu Zhou, Yue Zhou, Dahuan Zhu, Haisheng Zhu, Ping Zhu, Zeying Zhu, Huidong Zhuang, Zibo Zhou, Zhiyong Zhou, Zhiwei Zhou, Guizhong Zuo, International and Domestic Collaborators:, Huishan Cai, Weixing Ding, Tao Lan, Adi Liu, Wandong Liu, Shaojie Wang, Minyou Ye, Yi Yu, Ge Zhuang, Wei Chen, Guangjiu Lei, Lin Nie, Min Xu, Huang Yuan, Nanhua Yao, Zhe Gao, Long Zeng, Tieshuan Fan, Liu Chen, Guoyong Fu, Zhiwei Ma, Zengmao Sheng, Yong Xiao, Xiaogang Wang, Zhongyong Chen, Yonghua Ding, Xiwei Hu, Zijiang Wang, Fangchuan Zhong, Hongbin Ding, Dezhen Wang, Zhengxiong Wang, Chenggang Jin, Xuemei Wu, Xiaofei Yang, Jianhua Zhang, Qingyuan Hu, Xi Yuan, Changqi Chen, Shuyi Gan, Xudi Wang, Congzhong Wu, Chongwei Zhang, Ting Zhang, Wu Zhu, Erhua Kong, Kaisong Wang, Chuanli Wang, Hongtao Yang, Lixiang Zhang, Yuhong Xu, Paul Anderson, Gheni Abla, Vincent Chan, John L. Doane, Andrea Garofalo, Punit Gohil, Chung Lih Hsieh, Ruey Hong, David Humphreys, Alan Walter Hyatt, Gary Jackson, Lang Lao, Yueqiang Liu, James Leuer, John Lohr, Mohamad Ali Mahdavi, Robert Olstad, Ben Penaflor, Ron Prater, David Piglowski, Michael Schaffe, Tim Scoville, Wayne Solomon, Mike Walker, Anders Welander, Manfred Bitter, Robert Budny, Robert A. Ellis, Nat Fisch, Rich Hawryluk, Kenneth W. Hill, Joel Hosea, Michael A. Jaworski, Egemen Kolemen, Rajesh Maingi, Dennis Mansfield, Dana M. Mastrovito, Jonathan Menard, Dennis Mueller, Novmir Pablant, Lane Roquemore, Filippo Scotti, Gary Taylor, Kevin Tritz, Randy Wilson, Michael Zarnstorff, Seung Gyou Baek, Beck Bill, Paul T. Bonoli, Robert Granetz, Ron Parker, Shunichi Shiraiwa, Josh Stillerman, Greg Wallace, Stephen Wukitch, Lihua Zhou, He Huang, Kenneth Gentle, Ken Liao, Perry Philippe, William L. Rowan, Linjin Zheng, Patrick H. Diamond, George R. Tynan, Nicolas Fedorczak, Peter Manz, Lei Zhao, David Brower, William W. Heidbrink, Yubao Zhu, Calvin W. Domier, Neville C. Luhmann, Chris Holcomb, Xueqiao Xu, Eric Wang, Max E. Fenstermarcher, Mickey Wade, Donald L. Hillis, Steve Meitner, Igor V. Vinyar, Vladimir Davydenko, Igor Shikhovtsev, Naoko Ashikawa, Kasahara Hiroshi, Katsumi Ida, Shinichiro Kado, Tomita Kawamura, Saito Kenji, Ryuhei Kumazawa, Ogawa Kunihiro, Isobe Mitsutaka, Shigeru Morita, Haruhisa Nakano, Masaki Osakabe, Mizuki Sakamoto, Yasuhiko Takeiri, Kazuo Toi, Katsuyoshi Tsumori, Nobuta Yuji, Masaya Hanada, Mitsuru Kikuchi, Atsushi Kojima, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Jean-Francois Artaud, Vincent Basiuk, F. Bouquey, B. Bremond, Laurent Colas, Joan Decker, D. Douai, Annika Ekedahl, Christel Fenzi, Eric Gauthier, Gerardo Giruzzi, Marc Goniche, Dominique Guilhem, Walid Helou, Julien Hillairet, Tuong Hoang, Philippe Huynh, Frederic Imbeaux, Xavier Litaudon, Roland Magne, Yves Peysson, K. Vueillie, Xiaolan Zou, Alberto Loarte, Richard Pitts, Tom Wauters, Franz Braun, R. Bilato, Volodymyr Bobkov, J.M. Noterdaeme, Qingquan Yu, Yunfeng Liang, Jonny Pearson, Michael Rack, Joseph Banks, John Fessey, Charles Monroe, Damian King, Stefan Schmuck, Hongjuan Sun, Paul Trimble, Tom Todd, Jun-Gyo Bak, Suk-Ho Hong, Sangong Lee, Bae Young Soon, Oh Byung Hoon, Chang Doo Hee, Lee Kwang Won, Luca Amicucci, Giuseppe Calabro, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Roberto Cesario, Flavio Crisanti, Edmondo Giovannozzi, Giuseppe Ramogida, Gianmaria De Tommasi, Angelo Antonio Tuccillo, Bruno Viola, Raffaele Albanese, Roberto Ambrosino, Lucio Barbato, Stefano Mastrostefano, Alfredo Pironti, Vincenzo Pericoli Ridolfini, Rory Scannell, Fabio Villone, Volker Naulin, Anders H. Nielsen, Roman Zagorsky, Sandor Zoletnik, Chijin Xiao, B. Madsen, M. Salewski, and Eugenio Schuster

Subjects
steady state long pulse, EAST tokamak, ITPA, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Since the last IAEA-FEC in 2021, significant progress on the development of long pulse steady state scenario and its related key physics and technologies have been achieved, including the reproducible 403 s long-pulse steady-state H-mode plasma with pure radio frequency (RF) power heating. A thousand-second time scale (∼1056 s) fully non-inductive plasma with high injected energy up to 1.73 GJ has also been achieved. The EAST operational regime of high β _P has been significantly extended ( H _98y2 > 1.3, β _P ∼ 4.0, β _N ∼ 2.4 and n _e / n _GW ∼ 1.0) using RF and neutral beam injection (NBI). The full edge localized mode suppression using the n = 4 resonant magnetic perturbations has been achieved in ITER-like standard type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas with q _95 ≈ 3.1 on EAST, extrapolating favorably to the ITER baseline scenario. The sustained large ELM control and stable partial detachment have been achieved with Ne seeding. The underlying physics of plasma-beta effect for error field penetration, where toroidal effect dominates, is disclosed by comparing the results in cylindrical theory and MARS-Q simulation in EAST. Breakdown and plasma initiation at low toroidal electric fields (

Published
2024
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3. Design of an edge tapered 915 MHz/TM021 microwave plasma reactor by numerical analysis

Author

Xinsheng Yan, Lianmin Zhao, Weiye Xu, Longwei Chen, Hua Jia, and Fukun Liu

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Microwave plasma reactor is often of particular interest due to their wide range of industrial applications, especially in high-end manufacturing. However, there exist problems of unstable plasma and small discharge area in conventional microwave reactors at 2.45 GHz. An edge tapered 915 MHz/TM021 microwave reactor evolved from reactors at 2.45 GHz is presented to improve the strength, area, and uniformity of microwave field for plasma applications. An electromagnetic model of a microwave reactor with the new coupling antenna composed of a tapered platform and a coaxial inner conductor is simulated. The simulation results show that the electric field strength in the new reactor with a size optimized coupling structure is more concentrated compared to similar reactors. A 2D axisymmetric hydrogen plasma discharge model based on self-consistent fluid simulation of this new reactor is presented. The obtained results show that this kind of model can lead to a better understanding of the physical processes occurring in these kinds of microwave reactors.

Published
2021
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4. Design and Test of 4.6 GHz 500 kW Continuous Wave 3 dB High Power Divider

Author

Dingzhen Li, Lianmin Zhao, Fukun Liu, Hua Jia, Min Cheng, Xinsheng Yan, and Taian Zhou

Subjects
High power, multi-stepped, power capacity, steady-state thermal analysis, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971
Abstract

A 500-kW continuous-wave (CW) high-power 3-dB divider is designed for the 4.6-GHz lower hybrid current drive system in the Experimental and Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). A multistepped structure is used to increase the power capacity, and a water cooling structure is introduced to reduce the thermal deformation and gas breakdown, which keeps the maximum steady-state temperature of the divider below 60 °C under full-power (500 kW) operation. The result of the simulations of the electric field shows that the power capacity of the multi-stepped structure is more than twice compared with the traditional design. Moreover, the divider shows excellent performance in the low-power test, with low return loss (-35 dB) and similar division ratio (S21 = -3.004 dB and S31 = -3.035 dB) at 4.6 GHz. Both the division ratio test and the full reflection test were carried out successfully under 250-kW CW, which suggests that the development of the 3-dB divider satisfies the design requirements.

Published
2019
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5. Power Modulation System and Experiments of Lower Hybrid Wave on EAST

Author

Mao Wang, Zege Wu, Wendong Ma, Huaichuan Hu, Jianqiang Feng, Yong Yang, Liang Liu, Lianmin Zhao, Hua Jia, Liang Zhu, Miaohui Li, Taian Zhou, Min Cheng, Li Xu, Qingquan Yang, Guosheng Xu, Bojiang Ding, Jiafang Shan, and Fukun Liu

Subjects
LHCD, EAST, power modulation, ELM, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971
Abstract

To satisfy various requirements of different physics experiments, a new power modulation method of the lower hybrid wave (LHW) has been developed in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), including the development of a control source combining software and hardware. Such modulation system is realized by the main positive-intrinsic-negative diode switch located at the oscillator. The LHW modulation system has been installed and tested, demonstrating that the modulation parameters can be controlled flexibly. The maximal modulation frequency is about 10 kHz, which is limited by the hardware circuit speed. The system has been successfully used to study the influence of LHW on the performances of plasma. Under the modulation of LHW, strong mitigation of edge-localized modes (ELMs) has been observed, and ELM pace-making technique has been demonstrated. Further experimental studies with the modulation system will be continued in EAST.

Published
2018
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6. Design of a 324 MHz 200 kW CW Waveguide-to-Coaxial Adaptor for Radio Frequency Quadrupole Microwave System

Author

Xinsheng Yan, Lianmin Zhao, Bojiang Ding, Weiye Xu, Hua Jia, Zege Wu, and Fukun Liu

Subjects
Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Cellular telephone services industry. Wireless telephone industry, HE9713-9715
Abstract

A 324 MHz 200 kW waveguide-to-coaxial adaptor has been designed and fabricated for a microwave coupler in a radio frequency quadrupole system. Optimization of the adaptor is performed by the numerical study and experimental test. High-power measurements show that the reflection coefficient of the adaptor is less than −30 dB at the RFQ operating frequency, and there is no breakdown in the 228 kW pulse test. The measurement results are consistent with the simulation results, indicating that the adaptor has good high-power transmission performance. This work provides theoretical and experimental bases for a rectangular-to-coaxial adaptor design, especially in high-power steady-state operation.

Published
2020
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