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Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum with an average prevalence of 75% in Nigeria, can be treated. Chemical-based medications, one of the methods used to treat it, frequently causes hematological abnormalities in the blood tissues. However, the ethnobotanical and scientific usage of Mangifera indica for the management of malaria in Nigeria necessitated this study on the antiplasmodial evaluation, the hematological profiling of Plasmodium berghei -infected mice treated with Mangifera indica's herbal formulation as well as the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from the plants. Method: The plant's coarse leaves (3 kg) and stem bark (3.2 g) were weighed, divided into groups of leaves (250.71 g), stem bark (509.34 g), leaves/stem bark (1:1) (101.24/101.24 g), leaves/stem bark (1:2) (164.39/328.78 g), and leaves/stem bark (2:1) (218.50/109.25 g), macerated in 3 L of ethanol for 72 h, filtered, and concentrated. For each extract, the following weights and yields were recorded: 31.3 g leaves (15.2%), 43.8 g stem bark (8.7%), 34.8 g leaves/stem bark (1:1) (17.2%), 29.2 g leaves/stem bark (1:2) (5.92%), and 26.1 g leaves/stem bark (2:1) (7.96%). According to established methods, the herbal formulation was employed for hematological testing, GC-MS analysis, and in vivo antiplasmodial evaluation based on standard protocols. Results: The leaves: Stem bark (1:2) extract (the best therapeutic response) of 98.92% was better than ACT (98.63%). GCMS analysis revealed predominantly mangiferin and esters of linoleic acids that could have enhanced erythropoiesis, mitigated infections, as well as boosted platelet aggregation in P berghei -infected mice as observed from the hematological assay. Conclusion: Therefore, the extract of leaves: stem bark (1:2) had the best antiplasmodial therapeutic response and hematoprotective activity in P berghei -infected mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oil crop with rich nutrients, and genetically engineered breeding has become an important way to improve its quality. In this study, five varieties of oilseed sunflower were analyzed for fatty acid (FA) content. The seed embryos of one of the high oleic acid (OA) varieties were transcriptome sequenced at different stages. The results showed that OA synthesis dominated the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) synthesis pathways in seed embryos. Substantially differentially expressed genes were detected at various post-flowering stages. Specifically, the up-regulated gene numbers were highest at 10 d after flowering, while most genes were down-regulated at 20 d after flowering. The enriched genes were rather consistent with almost all experimental groups exhibiting enrichment to the FAD2 gene. The expression of FAD2 was highly negatively correlated with the expressions of FAD6, FAD3, and FAD7. During seed embryo development, the expression level of FAD2 was highly negatively correlated with the final OA content and was highly positively correlated with the final linoleic acid (LA) content. This suggests that the FAD2 is a key enzyme catalyzing the OA to LA conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is linked to poor plant growth and a reduction in global food output. Therefore, there is an essential need for plant adaptation and mitigation of salinity stress conditions. Plants combat salinity stress influences by promoting a set of physiological, biochemical, and molecular actions. Tremendous mechanisms are being applied to induce plant stress tolerance, involving amino acid application. For evaluating the growth and productivity of Moringa oleifera trees grown under salt stress conditions, moringa has been cultivated under different levels of salinity and subjected to a foliar spray of proline (Pro) and phenylalanine (Phe) amino acids. Moringa plants positively responded to the lowest level of salinity as the leaves, inflorescences, seeds, and oil yields have been increased, but the growth and productivity slightly declined with increasing salinity levels after that. However, Pro and Phe applications significantly ameliorate these effects, particularly, Pro-treatments which decelerated chlorophyll and protein degradation and enhanced vitamin C, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity. A slight reduction in mineral content was observed under the high levels of salinity. Higher osmoprotectants (proline, protein, and total soluble sugars) content was given following Pro treatment in salted and unsalted plants. A significant reduction in oil yield was obtained as affected by salinity stress. Additionally, salinity exhibited a reduction in oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acids, and an increase in stearic (C18:0), palmitic (C16:0), eicosenoic (C20:2), and behenic (C22:0) acids. Generally, Pro and Phe treatments overcome the harmful effects of salinity in moringa trees by stimulating the osmoprotectants, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity, causing higher dry matter accumulation and better defense against salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oil crop with rich nutrients, and genetically engineered breeding has become an important way to improve its quality. In this study, five varieties of oilseed sunflower were analyzed for fatty acid (FA) content. The seed embryos of one of the high oleic acid (OA) varieties were transcriptome sequenced at different stages. The results showed that OA synthesis dominated the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) synthesis pathways in seed embryos. Substantially differentially expressed genes were detected at various post-flowering stages. Specifically, the up-regulated gene numbers were highest at 10 d after flowering, while most genes were down-regulated at 20 d after flowering. The enriched genes were rather consistent with almost all experimental groups exhibiting enrichment to the FAD2 gene. The expression of FAD2 was highly negatively correlated with the expressions of FAD6, FAD3, and FAD7. During seed embryo development, the expression level of FAD2 was highly negatively correlated with the final OA content and was highly positively correlated with the final linoleic acid (LA) content. This suggests that the FAD2 is a key enzyme catalyzing the OA to LA conversion.

The aim of the research was to establish a qualitative composition and to determine the quantitative content of fatty acids of Crambe cordifolia Steven and Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch leaves. Materials and methods. Leaves of the Crambe cordifolia Steven and Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch were selected as the objects of the study. The raw materials were provided by the Department of cultural flora of M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The leaves were collected in summer 2018. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids were determined by the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry using chromatograph Agilent 6890N with mass detector 5973 inert (Agilent Technologies, USA). Results. Seven fatty acids were found in the Crambe cordifolia Steven leaves, among which four are saturated, two are polyunsaturated, and one is monounsaturated. Quantitatively dominated α-linolenic (9.68 mg/g, 47.87 % of the total content of all identified fatty acids), palmitic (4.88 mg/g, 24.14%), and linoleic (1.84 mg/g; 9.10 %) acids. The other fatty acids were 18.89 %. Among the twelve fatty acids identified in the Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch leaves, eight belong to saturated, two to polyunsaturated and two to monounsaturated. Quantitatively dominated α-linolenic (8.84 mg/g, 42.95 %), linoleic (2.36 mg/g, 11.47 %), and palmitic (4.53 mg/g, 22.01 %) acids. Conclusions. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids were determined in the Crambe cordifolia Steven and the Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch leaves by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the first time. Quantitative content of seven fatty acids was identified and determined in the Crambe cordifolia Steven while in the Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch were twelve fatty acids. Linoleic and α-linolenic acids dominate in the studied objects.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Celtis iguanaea (Canabaceae) is popularly known as esporão-de-galo, stands out among the medicinal plants used for treatment of gastric ulcers. In Brazil, the leaves they are used traditionally in infusion forms as an analgesic, antiasthmatic, digestive and diuretic. Aim of the study The present study was aimed to investigate the antiulcer mechanisms of hexane extract Celtis iguanaea leaves (HE) in several induced-gastric ulcer and characterize its chemical composition. Materials and methods The HE was obtained by exhaustive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus. The chemical characterization of HE was performed by Electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) analysis. Mice were used for the evaluation of the gastroprotective activity. HE was analyzed in the HCl/ethanol, hypothermic restraint stress ulcer and acetic acid. In the investigation of the gastroprotective mechanisms of HE, were performed the amount of adhered gastric mucus, participation of the α 2 -adrenoceptor, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs) using the HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosa lesion model. Results ESI FT-ICR MS analysis of HE suggest the presence of compounds as lipids, sterol lipids, steroids glycosides and polyphenol glycosides. The oral administration of HE at doses of 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg was able to protect the gastric mucosa against HCl/ethanol (10 mL/kg p.o.), and HE at dose of 100 mg/kg protected against hypothermic-restraint stress and acetic -induced gastric lesions. The pretreatment with Yoimbine (2 mg/kg, s.c.), an antagonist α 2 -adrenergic, L -NAME (20 mg/kg, s.c.), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis or indomethacin (10 mg/kg, s.c.), an inhibitor of prostaglandin production, reversed the gastroprotective activity of HE (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Conclusions Our results suggest that the Celtis iguanaea HE exhibits gastroprotective activity in different gastric ulcer models. The mechanism of gastroprotective effect of Celtis iguanaea HE suggests the participation of mucus as well as the involvement of α 2 -adrenergic receptors, NO and prostaglandins. The hydroxyl-linolenic acid, linoleic acids and conjugated oxo-linoleic acids are among the phytoconstituents that were identified in the Celtis iguanaea HE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk fat is usually considered to be proatherogenic, although its fatty acid composition can vary, due mainly to farming conditions. No study has evaluated whether such variation can modify the atherogenic properties of dairy fat. Aortic lipid deposition and related risk factors were examined in Syrian hamsters fed diets for 12 wk containing 200 g/kg of 2 commercial milk fats [high content of saturated fatty acids (HSF) and low content of saturated fatty acids (LSF)] contrasting, respectively, in total saturated fatty acids (72 vs. 67 g/100 g), 18:1, trans (4.24 vs. 7.26 g/100g), and conjugated linoleic acid (mainly cis-9,trans-11 or rumenic acid; 0.39 vs. 2.59 g/100 g). Hamsters fed the LSF-diet had 25% less aortic cholesteryl-ester deposition than those fed the HSF-diet; this was accompanied by an improved plasma cholesterol profile (lower LDL cholesterol and LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio), a lower local inflammatory status (aortic gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2), and lower aortic gene expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (all P < 0.05). Supplementation of the LSF-diet with rumenic acid (up to 9 g/kg) amplified the antiatherogenic effect of the original LSF-diet compared with the HSF-diet, i.e., less aortic cholesterol loading, increased reverse cholesterol transport potential (higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, transporter 1 gene expression in aorta), and decreased LDL-peroxidability index and gene expression of proinflammatory IL-1[beta] in the aorta (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that the atherogenic potential of milk fat can be greatly reduced in products with a naturally high abundance of rumenic acid, and argue for increasing this fatty acid in milk. KEY WORDS: * milk fat * trans-fatty acid * rumenic acid * hamsters * atherosclerosis

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixtures demonstrated antiatherogenic properties in several animal models, including hamsters, but the mechanism of action of the main food-derived CLA isomer is unknown in this species. This study thus focused on cis-9,trans-11-CLA (rumenic acid), and its effect was compared with that of fish oil, which is known to influence several aspects of atherogenesis. Syrian hamsters were fed (for 12 wk) diets containing 20% (wt/wt) butter fat (B diet) or the same diet augmented with either 1% (wt/wt) of a cis-9,trans-11-CLA-rich oil (BR diet) or 1% (wt/wt) fish oil (BF diet). The BR diet induced the lowest aortic lipid deposition (from -30% to -45%) among the butter oil-fed hamsters. In this group, plasma also displayed a reduced non-HDL-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (21% less than in the butter oil group) and inflammatory serum amyloid A levels (70-80%) and an improvement of anti-oxidized LDL paraoxonase activity (all P < 0.05). Compared with the B group, the beneficial effects of the BR diet could be further explained in part by preventing the high VCAM-1 expression rate, increasing (30%) ATP-binding cassette subfamily A I expression in the aorta, and downregulating expression of inflammatory-related genes (TNF-[alpha], IL-1[beta], and cyclooxygenase 2, 2- to 2.8-fold, P < 0.05). This effect was partly associated with an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor (PPAR)/liver X receptor (LXR)-[alpha] signaling cascade. Interestingly, activation of PPAR/LXR-[alpha] signaling was not observed in hamsters fed the BF diet, in which the early signs of atherogenesis were increased. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that milk fat-rich cis-9,trans-11-CLA reduces the atherogenic process in hyperlipidemic hamsters. fish oil; rumenic acid; atherosclerosis; risk factors

Decreased body fat mass and liver steatosis have been reported in mice fed diets containing the conjugated linoleic acid trans-10,cis-12-C18:2 (CLA2), but not in those fed diets containing cis-9,trans-11-C18:2 (CLA1). Because the decrease in fatty acid (FA) oxidation may cause fat accumulation, we questioned whether the effects of both CLAs on enzyme activities and mRNA expression were related to liver FA oxidation. To address this question, 7-wk-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 4 wk a diet supplemented with 1% CLA1, CLA2, or cis-9-C18:1 (control) esterified as triacylglycerols. In CLA2-fed mice, the proportions of CLA2 in the total FA of liver lipids were substantially lower than those of CLA1 in mice fed CLA1. The mitochondrial protein content per total liver was about 56% greater in CLA2-fed mice than in CLA1-fed mice and controls. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and carnitine-dependent palmitate oxidation activities were also significantly greater in CLA2-fed mice than in the two other groups. The amounts of malonyl-CoA per gram of liver and the sensitivity of CPT I to malonyl-CoA inhibition were greater in both groups of CLA-fed mice than in the controls. L-CPT I mRNA expression doubled in CLA2-fed mice and was 3 and 2 times greater for M-CPT I in the CLA1 and CLA2 groups, respectively, compared with controls. Peroxisomal FA oxidation-related activities and acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA expression were increased in CLA1-fed mice, and to a larger extent in CLA2-fed mice, relative to controls. These data indicate that FA oxidation capacities were increased in mice fed CLA2, but were likely depressed in vivo through malonyl-CoA inhibition. KEY WORDS: * acetyl-CoA carboxylase * acyl-CoA oxidase * carnitine palmitoyltransferase I * malonyl-CoA * regulation

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) exerts anticarcinogenic and antiatherosclerotic effects in animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of CLA on LDL receptor (LDLr) expression in HepG2 cells, and to evaluate whether the sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) were involved in the regulation of LDLr expression by CLA. When HepG2 cells were cultured with serum-free DMEM for 48 h, there was a three- to fivefold (P < 0.05) increase in LDLr protein and mRNA levels. Incubation of HepG2 cells in serum-free medium supplemented with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OH, 5 mg/L) for 24 h decreased LDLr protein and mRNA by 50-70% (P < 0.05) and mature SREBP-1 by 20-40% (P < 0.05). CLA, but not linoleic acid, antagonized the depressive effects of 25OH and increased both LDLr protein and mRNA abundance twofold (P < 0.05). LDLr protein and mRNA abundance were not different when HepG2 cells were cultured with CLA (0.4 mmol/L) plus 25OH in the presence or absence of an ACAT inhibitor (58-035, 1 mg/L). Furthermore, CLA had no effect on SREBP-1 abundance. These results suggest that CLA upregulates LDLr expression via a mechanism that is independent of ACAT and SREBP-1. KEY WORDS: * cholesterol * conjugated linoleic acid * LDL * LDL receptor mRNA * LDL receptor protein

Six Hereford steers (295 kg) cannulated in the proximal duodenum were used to evaluate the effects of forage and sunflower oil level on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) outflow. Steers were fed one of six treatment diets in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (grass hay level: 12, 24, or 36% of DM; and sunflower oil level: 2 or 4% of DM) in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. The remainder of the diet was made up of steam rolled corn and protein/mineral supplement. Duodenal samples were collected for 4 d following 10-d diet adaptation periods. Data were analyzed with animal, period, forage level, sunflower oil level, and two-way interaction between forage and sunflower oil level in the model. Dry matter intake showed a quadratic response (P < 0.04), with an increase in DMI as forage level increased from 12 to 24% followed by a decrease in DMI when 36% forage was fed. Flow of fatty acids at the duodenum was higher (P < 0.03) for 4 vs. 2% sunflower oil diets, and similar among forage levels. Apparent ruminal digestibility of NDF increased in a linear manner (P < 0.04) as dietary forage level increased. Ruminal BH of dietary unsaturated 18-C fatty acids, oleic acid, and linoleic acid increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary forage level increased. Linoleic acid BH tended (P < 0.07) to be greater for 4 than 2% sunflower oil level. Duodenal flow of pentadecyclic, stearic, linolenic, and arachidic acids increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary forage level increased from 12 to 36%. Duodenal flow of linoleic acid decreased in a linear manner (P < 0.03) with increasing dietary forage level. Flow of trans-10 octadecenoate decreased linearly (P < 0.03) as dietary forage level increased, whereas trans-11 vaccenic acid flow to the duodenum increased (P < 0.01) linearly with increased dietary forage. Dietary forage or sunflower oil levels did not alter the outflow of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Flows of cis-11, trans-13, and cis-9, cis-11 CLA increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased dietary forage. Flows of cis-11, cis-13, and trans-11, trans-13 CLA decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased dietary forage. Increasing dietary forage levels from 12 to 36% in beef cattle finishing diets increased BH of unsaturated 18-C fatty acid and outflow of trans-11 vaccenic acid to duodenum without altering cis-9, trans-11 CLA outflow. Key Words: Beef, Biohydrogenation, Conjugated Linoleic Acid

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as triacylglycerols (TAG) or free fatty acids (FFA) on body composition and energy balance in mice. We fed four groups of 5-wk-old Balb-C mice (n = 9) semipurified diets containing either CLA (0.5 g CLA/100 g of diet) or high oleic sunflower oil (HOSF) in the form of FFA or TAG for 42 d. Body composition was determined and the energy in the carcasses, excreta and food was measured in a bomb calorimeter. The amount of body fat was 4.72 [+ or -] 0.95 g (17.9 [+ or -] 2.8%) in the HOSF-FFA group, 2.36 [+ or -] 0.29 g (9.4 [+ or -] 1.0%) in the CLA-FFA mice (mean [+ or -] SD, P < 0.05), 4.76 [+ or -] 0.74 g (18.2 [+ or -] 2.2%) in the HOSF-TAG group and 2.32 [+ or -] 0.38 g (9.3 [+ or -] 1.1%) in the CLA-TAG mice (P < 0.05). The percentage of energy intake that was stored in the body was 3.5 [+ or -] 1.2% in the HOSF-FFA group, 0.6 [+ or -] 0.3% in the CLA-FFA group (P < 0.05), 3.5 [+ or -] 1.1 % in the HOSF-TAG group and 0.5 [+ or -] 0.4 in the CLA-TAG mice (P 0.05). Conversely, the percentage of energy intake that was expended as heat was 89.4 [+ or -] 1.2% in the HOSF-FFA group, 92.4 [+ or -] 0.8% in the CLA-FFA mice (P < 0.05), 89.47 [+ or -] 1.23% in the HOSF-TAG group and 92.2 [+ or -] 0.4% in the CLA-TAG group (P < 0.05). Thus, CLA in the form of FFA or TAG had similar effects on body composition and energy balance. J. Nutr. 133: 3181-3186, 2003. KEY WORDS: * conjugated linoleic acid * mice * body composition

Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CIA) are found in beef, lamb and dairy products. Diets containing CLA reduce adipose mass in various depots of experimental animals. In addition, CLA delays the onset of diabetes in the ZDF rat model for obesity-linked type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesize that there would be an inverse association of CLA with body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this double-blind study, subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized into one of two groups receiving either a supplement containing mixed CIA isomers (CLA-mix; 8.0 g daily, 76% pure CIA; n = 12) or a supplement containing safflower oil (placebo; 8.0 g daily safflower oil, n = 9) for 8 wk. The isomers of CLA in the CLA-mix supplement were primarily c9t11-CLA (~37%) and t10c12-CLA (~39%) in free fatty acid form. Plasma levels of CIA were inversely associated with body weight (P < 0.05) and serum leptin levels (P < 0.05). When levels of plasma t10c12-CLA isomer were correlated with changes in body weight or serum leptin, t10c12-CLA, but not c9tl 1 -CIA, was inversely associated with body weights (P < 0.05) and serum leptin (P < 0.02). These findings strongly suggest that the t10c12-CLA isomer may be the bioactive isomer of CIA to influence the body weight changes observed in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Future studies are needed to determine a causal relationship, if any, of t10c12-CLA or c9t11-CIA to modulate body weight and composition in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, determining the ability of CLA isomers to influence glucose and lipid metabolism as well as markers of insulin sensitivity is imperative to understanding the role of CIA to aid in the management of type 2 diabetes and other related conditions of insulin resistance. KEY WORDS: * conjugated linoleic acid * body weight * leptin * type 2 diabetes mellitus

Golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) in the laboratory are most likely to enter torpor when the linoleic acid content of their diet is 33-62 mg/g diet. Diets of free-ranging ground squirrels vary in linoleic acid content throughout summer; however, they often do not have constant linoleic acid content for more than a month. The influence of natural short-term (62 mg/g) levels during early-summer feeding. But increasing diet linoleic acid levels for 19 days did not increase torpor of squirrels fed diets with low-linoleic acid ( Key words: diet, fat, ground squirrel, hibernation, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), temperature, winter

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is composed of positional and stereoisomers of octadecadienoate (18:2); it is found in foods derived from ruminants (beef and lamb as well as dairy products from these sources). When a mixture of isomers is fed to experimental animals, chemically induced tumorigenesis of mammary, skin and colon is reduced. Importantly, many isomers of CLA are readily metabolized to desaturated/elongated products as well as [beta]-oxidized products, suggesting that these metabolites may be important anticancer compounds. Mechanisms of inhibition of carcinogenesis may include reduction of cell proliferation, alterations in the components of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. In addition, CLA modulates markers of immunity and eicosanoid formation in numerous species as well as lipid metabolism and gene expression. It is likely that CLA exerts inhibitory properties in carcinogenesis via one or more of these pathways with some tissue specificity. This review will explore recent advances in putative mechanisms of reduction of carcinogenesis by CLA. KEY WORDS: * conjugated linoleic acid * carcinogenesis * CLA isomers * anticarcinogenic

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains are purportedly beneficial to human health and are called probiotics. The medium composition and fermentation parameters solely control the production of bioactive molecules and beneficial activities of probiotics. We have evaluated MRS and four different milk media with or without linoleic acid to assess the growth and survival of five Bifidobacterium and five Lactobacillus strains. In the presence of linoleic acid, the number of CFU/mL of Lactobacillus strains declined faster compared with MRS broth. These findings indicate that selection of strains and compositions of milk media play an important role in delivery of probiotics specifically Lacotobacillus strains in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Studies have shown linoleate could not only promote cell viability but also affect lipid metabolism in mammals. However, to what degree these effects are mediated by steatosis in goose primary hepatocytes is unknown. In this study, the effect of linoleate on the lipid metabolic homeostasis pathway was determined. We measured the mRNA levels of genes involved in triglyceride synthesis, lipid deposition, β-oxidation, and assembly and secretion of VLDL-TGs in goose (Anser cygnoides) primary hepatocytes. Linoleate significantly increased goose hepatocyte viability, and linoleate at 0.125mM, 0.25mM, 0.5mM and 1.0mM all showed a significant effect on TG accumulation. However, with increasing linoleate concentrations, the extracellular TG concentration and extracellular VLDL gradually decreased. DGAT1, DGAT2, PPARα, PPARγ, FoxO1, MTP, PLIN and CPT-1 mRNA was detected by real-time PCR. With increasing linoleate concentrations, the changes in DGAT1, DGAT2, PPARα and CPT-1 gene expression, which regulates hepatic TG synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, first increased and then decreased. Additionally, FoxO1 and MTP gene expression was reduced with increasing linoleate concentrations, and the change in PLIN gene expression was increased at all concentrations, similar to the regulation of intracellular TG accumulation. In conclusion, linoleate regulated TG accumulation and increased hepatocyte viability. The data suggest that linoleate does promote goose hepatocyte viability and steatosis, which may up-regulate TG synthesis-relevant gene expression, suppress assembly and secretion of VLDL-TGs, and increase fatty acid oxidation properly to function of goose primary hepatocytes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Atherosclerosis and thrombosis may lead to cognitive Impairment through cerebral infarcts or white matter hyperintensities. Oxidative stress is now seen as a major contributor to the process of atherogenesis. High intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, e.g., linoleic acid, or low intake of antioxidants can increase oxidative stress. High intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and its main source, fish, may reduce the risk of thrombosis. Little is known, however, about the relation between these dietary factors and cognitive function. The authors investigated this relation with data derived from a cohort of men, aged 69–89 years, who were participants in the Zutphen Elderly Study. The 30-point Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess cognitive impairment in 1990 (score ≪25 in 153/476 men, 15%) and cognitive decline from 1990 to 1993 (drop >2 points in 51/342 men, 15%). Food intake was estimated in 1985 and 1990 by the cross-check dietary history method. High linoleic acid intake was associated with cognitive impairment after adjustment for age, education, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and energy intake (odds ratio (OR) for highest vs. lowest tertile = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.04–3.01). Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was not associated with cognitive impairment, whereas high fish consumption tended to be inversely associated with cognitive impairment (OR = 0.63, 95% Cl 0.33–1.21) and cognitive decline (OR = 0.45, 95% Cl 0.17–1.16). Intakes of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and flavonoids were not inversely associated with cognitive impairment or decline. This study raises the possibility that high linoleic acid intake is positively associated with cognitive impairment and high fish consumption inversely associated with cognitive impairment. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 33–41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effect that different dietary fatty acids would have on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. Thirty adult rabbits were starved 3-4 wk to deplete adipose tissue stores. They were then refed five different fats (linseed, rapeseed, cocoa butter, palm, and safflower oils) to regain initial body weights. The fatty acids of the adipose tissue, in general, reflected the diet. Positive correlations between the amount of the five commonly consumed fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) in the diet and their deposition into the adipose tissue were observed. All polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were well incorporated into the adipose tissue, even linolenic acid. The deposition of dietary saturated fatty acids (ie stearic acid) was limited. Our data showed that the fatty acids of dietary fats may greatly affect adipose fatty acid composition. Thus, adipose stores of essential fatty acids can be greatly augmented by diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dietary linoleic acid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease because its metabolite arachidonic acid may be converted to cytoprotective prostaglandins. In addition, it has been suggested that the falling incidence and virulence of duodenal ulcer disease is related to increased dietary polyunsaturated essential fatty acid intake. In the present study the percentage content of linoleic acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue microbiopsies were used to see whether changes in percentage of fatty acids correlate with the presence or absence of an ulcer in individual patients. No significant difference in the adipose tissue content of linoleic acid was found, ie, 1 1.2 ± 0.7% (n = 15) vs 10.9 ± 0.5% (n = 15) in patients with peptic ulcer disease and matched control subjects, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and soybean oil. The results indicate that the conjugated Linoleic Acid(CLA) occurs in meat and dairy products, possibly due to linoleic acid bioconversion by rumen microorganisms.