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ObjectiveTo observe the chronic toxicity of Deinococcus radiodurans R1 (DRR1) in SD rats.MethodsSD rats were divided randomly into 5 groups: 109/mL live DRR1 group (LDRH), 107/mL live DRR1 group (LDRL), 109/mL DRR1 broken products group (BDRH), 107/mL DRR1 broken products group (BDRL), and agar medium including 0.5% tryptone, 0.1% glucose and 0.3% yeast agar medium as control group (TGY), and 16 rats in each group with half males and half females. The rats were gavaged once a day for consecutive 30 days,and then 8 rats in each group were randomly selected, and anaesthetized intraperitoneally with 3% pentobarbital sodium 0.15 mL/100 g body weight, the blood and organ samples were collected to analyze blood routine, serum electrolyte, serum biochemical indexes and organ coefficients. The heart, liver, kidney and lung of LDRH and BDRH group rats were fixed with 10% neutral formaldehyde (V/V), stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and examined by optical microscope to analyze the toxicity of DRR1. The delayed toxicity effect of DRR1 was performed on the 14 th day after drug withdrawal, by the same way as above groups. The behavior, food intake and body weight of rats were observed after administration and recovery period.ResultsAfter 30 days of administration with different concentrations of DRR1 living bacteria and its fragments, at the point of drug withdrawal 0 d and 14 d, no abnormal movement and respiration were observed, no abnormal phenomena such as slow reaction, pupil change, eyeball protrusion and skin color change were observed; no abnormal secretion was found in mouth, ear, nose and eye corner; no abnormallities were found in urination and defecation and stool morphology. Compared with TGY group, the food intake, body weight and organ coefficient of the DRR1 groups had no significant changes. The number of white blood cells (WBC) in LDRH, decreased significantly on the 30 th day of administration (P < 0.05), and returned to the TGY group level after 14 days of drug withdrawal. The number of red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin had no significant changes, the number of lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and their percentages had no significant changes, and the number of platelets had no significant changes. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), uric acid (UA), urea (UREA), blood glucose (Glu), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) were not significantly changed after drug withdrawal. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in LDRH group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). After 14 days of recovery, AST and CK decreased to the level of TGY, CK-MB was still higher than that of TGY group (P < 0.05); LDH in the recovery period was significantly higher than that 0 h after drug withdrawal (P < 0.05), no significant change compared with recovery period TGY group. There was no significant change in serum ion concentration (P > 0.05) on the 30th day of administration. On the 14th day after drug withdrawal, Cl- and Ca2+ decreased, Na+ and pH increased (P < 0.05) in LDRH group. No significant pathological changes were found in heart, liver, lung and kidney of LDRH and BDRH group.ConclusionDRR1 live bacteria and its bacterial fragments are practically non-toxic on rats. This study provides experimental data for the application of DRR1.

Cancer is a severe condition characterized by uncontrolled cell division and increasing reported mortality and diagnostic cases. In 2040, an estimated 28.4 million cancer cases are expected to happen globally. In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) had been diagnosed worldwide, with around 10.0 million cancer deaths. Breast cancer cases have increased by 2.26 million, lung cancer by 2.21 million, stomach by 1.089 million, liver by 0.96 million, and colon cancer by 1.93 million. Cancer is becoming more prevalent in Pakistan, with 19 million new cancer cases recorded in 2020. Food adulteration, gutkha, paan, and nutritional deficiencies are major cancer risk factors that interplay with cancer pathogenesis in this country. Government policies and legislation, cancer treatment challenges, and prevention must be revised seriously. This review presents the current cancer epidemiology in Pakistan to better understand cancer basis. It summarizes current cancer risk factors, causes, and the strategies and policies of the country against cancer.

The process of extracting polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII by water-assisted extraction was established and optimized in this study. Response surface methodology was used to establish a prediction model to optimize the extraction conditions. Based on the one-way test, the Box–Behnken design with three factors and three levels was used for the experimental program, and the composition analysis was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimal extraction conditions for polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII were as follows: extraction time of 57 and 21 min, extraction temperature of 36 and 32 °C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 and 1:5 g/mL, respectively, and the yields of polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII were 1.895 and 5.010%, which was similar to the predicted value of 1.835 and 4.979%. The results of the ANOVA showed that the model fit was good, and the Box–Behnken response surface method could optimize the water-assisted extraction of saponins from the leaves of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII in pharmaceutical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) seeds produce abundant ricinoleic acid during seed maturation, which is important for plant development and human demands. Ricinoleic acid, as a unique hydroxy fatty acid (HFA), possesses a distinct bond structure that could be used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Here, we identified all homologous genes related to glycolysis, hydroxy fatty acid biosynthesis, and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in castor seeds. Furthermore, we investigated their expression patterns globally during five seed development stages. We characterized a total of 66 genes involved in the glycolysis pathway, with the majority exhibiting higher expression levels during the early stage of castor bean seed development. This metabolic process provided abundant acetyl-CoA for fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. Subsequently, we identified 82 genes involved in the processes of de novo FA biosynthesis and TAG assembly, with the majority exhibiting high expression levels during the middle or late stages. In addition, we examined the expression patterns of the transcription factors involved in carbohydrate and oil metabolism. For instance, RcMYB73 and RcERF72 exhibited high expression levels during the early stage, whereas RcWRI1, RcABI3, and RcbZIP67 showed relatively higher expression levels during the middle and late stages, indicating their crucial roles in seed development and oil accumulation. Our study suggests that the high HFA production in castor seeds is attributed to the interaction of multiple genes from sugar transportation to lipid droplet packaging. Therefore, this research comprehensively characterizes all the genes related to glycolysis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the castor and provides novel insight into exploring the genetic mechanisms underlying seed oil accumulation in the endosperm of castor beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]