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1. Dynamic Label Adversarial Training for Deep Learning Robustness Against Adversarial Attacks

Author

Liu, Zhenyu, Duan, Haoran, Liang, Huizhi, Long, Yang, Snasel, Vaclav, Nicosia, Guiseppe, Ranjan, Rajiv, and Ojha, Varun

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Adversarial training is one of the most effective methods for enhancing model robustness. Recent approaches incorporate adversarial distillation in adversarial training architectures. However, we notice two scenarios of defense methods that limit their performance: (1) Previous methods primarily use static ground truth for adversarial training, but this often causes robust overfitting; (2) The loss functions are either Mean Squared Error or KL-divergence leading to a sub-optimal performance on clean accuracy. To solve those problems, we propose a dynamic label adversarial training (DYNAT) algorithm that enables the target model to gradually and dynamically gain robustness from the guide model's decisions. Additionally, we found that a budgeted dimension of inner optimization for the target model may contribute to the trade-off between clean accuracy and robust accuracy. Therefore, we propose a novel inner optimization method to be incorporated into the adversarial training. This will enable the target model to adaptively search for adversarial examples based on dynamic labels from the guiding model, contributing to the robustness of the target model. Extensive experiments validate the superior performance of our approach.

Published
2024

2. Contextual Interaction via Primitive-based Adversarial Training For Compositional Zero-shot Learning

Author

Li, Suyi, Jiang, Chenyi, Wang, Shidong, Long, Yang, Zhang, Zheng, and Zhang, Haofeng

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Compositional Zero-shot Learning (CZSL) aims to identify novel compositions via known attribute-object pairs. The primary challenge in CZSL tasks lies in the significant discrepancies introduced by the complex interaction between the visual primitives of attribute and object, consequently decreasing the classification performance towards novel compositions. Previous remarkable works primarily addressed this issue by focusing on disentangling strategy or utilizing object-based conditional probabilities to constrain the selection space of attributes. Unfortunately, few studies have explored the problem from the perspective of modeling the mechanism of visual primitive interactions. Inspired by the success of vanilla adversarial learning in Cross-Domain Few-Shot Learning, we take a step further and devise a model-agnostic and Primitive-Based Adversarial training (PBadv) method to deal with this problem. Besides, the latest studies highlight the weakness of the perception of hard compositions even under data-balanced conditions. To this end, we propose a novel over-sampling strategy with object-similarity guidance to augment target compositional training data. We performed detailed quantitative analysis and retrieval experiments on well-established datasets, such as UT-Zappos50K, MIT-States, and C-GQA, to validate the effectiveness of our proposed method, and the state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance demonstrates the superiority of our approach. The code is available at https://github.com/lisuyi/PBadv_czsl.

Published
2024

3. Wearable-based behaviour interpolation for semi-supervised human activity recognition

Author

Duan, Haoran, Wang, Shidong, Ojha, Varun, Wang, Shizheng, Huang, Yawen, Long, Yang, Ranjan, Rajiv, and Zheng, Yefeng

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

While traditional feature engineering for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) involves a trial-anderror process, deep learning has emerged as a preferred method for high-level representations of sensor-based human activities. However, most deep learning-based HAR requires a large amount of labelled data and extracting HAR features from unlabelled data for effective deep learning training remains challenging. We, therefore, introduce a deep semi-supervised HAR approach, MixHAR, which concurrently uses labelled and unlabelled activities. Our MixHAR employs a linear interpolation mechanism to blend labelled and unlabelled activities while addressing both inter- and intra-activity variability. A unique challenge identified is the activityintrusion problem during mixing, for which we propose a mixing calibration mechanism to mitigate it in the feature embedding space. Additionally, we rigorously explored and evaluated the five conventional/popular deep semi-supervised technologies on HAR, acting as the benchmark of deep semi-supervised HAR. Our results demonstrate that MixHAR significantly improves performance, underscoring the potential of deep semi-supervised techniques in HAR.

Published
2024
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4. ExactDreamer: High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Content Creation via Exact Score Matching

Author

Zhang, Yumin, Miao, Xingyu, Duan, Haoran, Wei, Bo, Shah, Tejal, Long, Yang, and Ranjan, Rajiv

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Text-to-3D content creation is a rapidly evolving research area. Given the scarcity of 3D data, current approaches often adapt pre-trained 2D diffusion models for 3D synthesis. Among these approaches, Score Distillation Sampling (SDS) has been widely adopted. However, the issue of over-smoothing poses a significant limitation on the high-fidelity generation of 3D models. To address this challenge, LucidDreamer replaces the Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM) in SDS with the Denoising Diffusion Implicit Model (DDIM) to construct Interval Score Matching (ISM). However, ISM inevitably inherits inconsistencies from DDIM, causing reconstruction errors during the DDIM inversion process. This results in poor performance in the detailed generation of 3D objects and loss of content. To alleviate these problems, we propose a novel method named Exact Score Matching (ESM). Specifically, ESM leverages auxiliary variables to mathematically guarantee exact recovery in the DDIM reverse process. Furthermore, to effectively capture the dynamic changes of the original and auxiliary variables, the LoRA of a pre-trained diffusion model implements these exact paths. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of ESM in text-to-3D generation, particularly highlighting its superiority in detailed generation.

Published
2024

5. Dreamer XL: Towards High-Resolution Text-to-3D Generation via Trajectory Score Matching

Author

Miao, Xingyu, Duan, Haoran, Ojha, Varun, Song, Jun, Shah, Tejal, Long, Yang, and Ranjan, Rajiv

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

In this work, we propose a novel Trajectory Score Matching (TSM) method that aims to solve the pseudo ground truth inconsistency problem caused by the accumulated error in Interval Score Matching (ISM) when using the Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIM) inversion process. Unlike ISM which adopts the inversion process of DDIM to calculate on a single path, our TSM method leverages the inversion process of DDIM to generate two paths from the same starting point for calculation. Since both paths start from the same starting point, TSM can reduce the accumulated error compared to ISM, thus alleviating the problem of pseudo ground truth inconsistency. TSM enhances the stability and consistency of the model's generated paths during the distillation process. We demonstrate this experimentally and further show that ISM is a special case of TSM. Furthermore, to optimize the current multi-stage optimization process from high-resolution text to 3D generation, we adopt Stable Diffusion XL for guidance. In response to the issues of abnormal replication and splitting caused by unstable gradients during the 3D Gaussian splatting process when using Stable Diffusion XL, we propose a pixel-by-pixel gradient clipping method. Extensive experiments show that our model significantly surpasses the state-of-the-art models in terms of visual quality and performance. Code: \url{https://github.com/xingy038/Dreamer-XL}.

Published
2024

6. Non-Abelian Braiding of Topological Edge Bands

Author

Long, Yang, Wang, Zihao, Zhang, Chen, Xue, Haoran, Zhao, Yuxin, and Zhang, Baile

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

Braiding is a geometric concept that manifests itself in a variety of scientific contexts from biology to physics, and has been employed to classify bulk band topology in topological materials. Topological edge states can also form braiding structures, as demonstrated recently in a type of topological insulators known as M\"obius insulators, whose topological edge states form two braided bands exhibiting a M\"obius twist. While the formation of M\"obius twist is inspiring, it belongs to the simple Abelian braid group $\mathbb{B}_2$. The most fascinating features about topological braids rely on the non-Abelianness in the higher-order braid group $\mathbb{B}_N$ ($N \geq 3$), which necessitates multiple edge bands, but so far it has not been discussed. Here, based on the gauge enriched symmetry, we develop a scheme to realize non-Abelian braiding of multiple topological edge bands. We propose tight-binding models of topological insulators that are able to generate topological edge states forming non-Abelian braiding structures. Experimental demonstrations are conducted in two acoustic crystals, which carry three and four braided acoustic edge bands, respectively. The observed braiding structure can correspond to the topological winding in the complex eigenvalue space of projective translation operator, akin to the previously established point-gap winding topology in the bulk of the Hatano-Nelson model. Our work also constitutes the realization of non-Abelian braiding topology on an actual crystal platform, but not based on the "virtual" synthetic dimensions.

Published
2024
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7. Sentinel-Guided Zero-Shot Learning: A Collaborative Paradigm without Real Data Exposure

Author

Wan, Fan, Miao, Xingyu, Duan, Haoran, Deng, Jingjing, Gao, Rui, and Long, Yang

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

With increasing concerns over data privacy and model copyrights, especially in the context of collaborations between AI service providers and data owners, an innovative SG-ZSL paradigm is proposed in this work. SG-ZSL is designed to foster efficient collaboration without the need to exchange models or sensitive data. It consists of a teacher model, a student model and a generator that links both model entities. The teacher model serves as a sentinel on behalf of the data owner, replacing real data, to guide the student model at the AI service provider's end during training. Considering the disparity of knowledge space between the teacher and student, we introduce two variants of the teacher model: the omniscient and the quasi-omniscient teachers. Under these teachers' guidance, the student model seeks to match the teacher model's performance and explores domains that the teacher has not covered. To trade off between privacy and performance, we further introduce two distinct security-level training protocols: white-box and black-box, enhancing the paradigm's adaptability. Despite the inherent challenges of real data absence in the SG-ZSL paradigm, it consistently outperforms in ZSL and GZSL tasks, notably in the white-box protocol. Our comprehensive evaluation further attests to its robustness and efficiency across various setups, including stringent black-box training protocol.

Published
2024

8. ConRF: Zero-shot Stylization of 3D Scenes with Conditioned Radiation Fields

Author

Miao, Xingyu, Bai, Yang, Duan, Haoran, Wan, Fan, Huang, Yawen, Long, Yang, and Zheng, Yefeng

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Most of the existing works on arbitrary 3D NeRF style transfer required retraining on each single style condition. This work aims to achieve zero-shot controlled stylization in 3D scenes utilizing text or visual input as conditioning factors. We introduce ConRF, a novel method of zero-shot stylization. Specifically, due to the ambiguity of CLIP features, we employ a conversion process that maps the CLIP feature space to the style space of a pre-trained VGG network and then refine the CLIP multi-modal knowledge into a style transfer neural radiation field. Additionally, we use a 3D volumetric representation to perform local style transfer. By combining these operations, ConRF offers the capability to utilize either text or images as references, resulting in the generation of sequences with novel views enhanced by global or local stylization. Our experiment demonstrates that ConRF outperforms other existing methods for 3D scene and single-text stylization in terms of visual quality.

Published
2024

9. Unsupervised Learning of Topological Non-Abelian Braiding in Non-Hermitian Bands

Author

Long, Yang, Xue, Haoran, and Zhang, Baile

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability
Abstract

The topological classification of energy bands has laid the groundwork for the discovery of various topological phases of matter in recent decades. While this classification has traditionally focused on real-energy bands, recent studies have revealed the intriguing topology of complex-energy, or non-Hermitian bands. For example, the spectral winding of complex-energy bands can from unique topological structures like braids, holding promise for advancing quantum computing. However, discussions of complex-energy braids have been largely limited to the Abelian braid group $\mathbb{B}_2$ for its relative simplicity, while identifying topological non-Abelian braiding is still difficult since it has no universal topological invariant for characterization. Here, we present a machine learning algorithm for the unsupervised identification of non-Abelian braiding of multiple complex-energy bands. The consistency with Artin's well-known topological equivalence conditions in braiding is demonstrated. Inspired by the results from unsupervised learning, we also introduce a winding matrix as a topological invariant in charactering the braiding topology and unveiling the bulk-edge correspondence of non-Abelian braided non-Hermitian bands. Finally, we extend our approach to identify non-Abelian braiding topology in 2D/3D exceptional semimetals and successfully address the unknotting problem in an unsupervised manner.

Published
2024

10. CTNeRF: Cross-Time Transformer for Dynamic Neural Radiance Field from Monocular Video

Author

Miao, Xingyu, Bai, Yang, Duan, Haoran, Huang, Yawen, Wan, Fan, Long, Yang, and Zheng, Yefeng

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

The goal of our work is to generate high-quality novel views from monocular videos of complex and dynamic scenes. Prior methods, such as DynamicNeRF, have shown impressive performance by leveraging time-varying dynamic radiation fields. However, these methods have limitations when it comes to accurately modeling the motion of complex objects, which can lead to inaccurate and blurry renderings of details. To address this limitation, we propose a novel approach that builds upon a recent generalization NeRF, which aggregates nearby views onto new viewpoints. However, such methods are typically only effective for static scenes. To overcome this challenge, we introduce a module that operates in both the time and frequency domains to aggregate the features of object motion. This allows us to learn the relationship between frames and generate higher-quality images. Our experiments demonstrate significant improvements over state-of-the-art methods on dynamic scene datasets. Specifically, our approach outperforms existing methods in terms of both the accuracy and visual quality of the synthesized views. Our code is available on https://github.com/xingy038/CTNeRF., Comment: Accepted by Pattern Recognition

Published
2024
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12. Dual Feature Augmentation Network for Generalized Zero-shot Learning

Author

Xiang, Lei, Zhou, Yuan, Duan, Haoran, and Long, Yang

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Zero-shot learning (ZSL) aims to infer novel classes without training samples by transferring knowledge from seen classes. Existing embedding-based approaches for ZSL typically employ attention mechanisms to locate attributes on an image. However, these methods often ignore the complex entanglement among different attributes' visual features in the embedding space. Additionally, these methods employ a direct attribute prediction scheme for classification, which does not account for the diversity of attributes in images of the same category. To address these issues, we propose a novel Dual Feature Augmentation Network (DFAN), which comprises two feature augmentation modules, one for visual features and the other for semantic features. The visual feature augmentation module explicitly learns attribute features and employs cosine distance to separate them, thus enhancing attribute representation. In the semantic feature augmentation module, we propose a bias learner to capture the offset that bridges the gap between actual and predicted attribute values from a dataset's perspective. Furthermore, we introduce two predictors to reconcile the conflicts between local and global features. Experimental results on three benchmarks demonstrate the marked advancement of our method compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Our code is available at https://github.com/Sion1/DFAN., Comment: Accepted to BMVC2023

Published
2023

15. Three-dimensional flat Landau levels in an inhomogeneous acoustic crystal

Author

Cheng, Zheyu, Guan, Yi-jun, Xue, Haoran, Ge, Yong, Jia, Ding, Long, Yang, Yuan, Shou-qi, Sun, Hong-xiang, Chong, Yidong, and Zhang, Baile

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

When electrons moving in two-dimensions (2D) are subjected to a strong uniform magnetic field, they form flat bands called Landau levels, which are the basis for the quantum Hall effect. Landau levels can also arise from pseudomagnetic fields (PMFs) induced by lattice distortions; for example, mechanically straining graphene causes its Dirac quasiparticles to form a characteristic set of unequally-spaced Landau levels, including a zeroth Landau level. In three-dimensional (3D) systems, there has thus far been no experimental demonstration of Landau levels or any other type of flat band. For instance, applying a uniform magnetic field to materials hosting Weyl quasiparticles, the 3D generalizations of Dirac quasiparticles, yields bands that are non-flat in the direction of the field. Here, we report on the experimental realization of a flat 3D Landau level in an acoustic crystal. Starting from a lattice whose bandstructure exhibits a nodal ring, we design an inhomogeneous distortion corresponding to a specific pseudomagnetic vector potential (PVP) that causes the nodal ring states to break up into Landau levels, with a zeroth Landau level that is flat along all three directions. These findings point to the possibility of using nodal ring materials to generate 3D flat bands, to access strong interactions and other interesting physical regimes in 3D.

Published
2023

16. DS-Depth: Dynamic and Static Depth Estimation via a Fusion Cost Volume

Author

Miao, Xingyu, Bai, Yang, Duan, Haoran, Huang, Yawen, Wan, Fan, Xu, Xinxing, Long, Yang, and Zheng, Yefeng

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Self-supervised monocular depth estimation methods typically rely on the reprojection error to capture geometric relationships between successive frames in static environments. However, this assumption does not hold in dynamic objects in scenarios, leading to errors during the view synthesis stage, such as feature mismatch and occlusion, which can significantly reduce the accuracy of the generated depth maps. To address this problem, we propose a novel dynamic cost volume that exploits residual optical flow to describe moving objects, improving incorrectly occluded regions in static cost volumes used in previous work. Nevertheless, the dynamic cost volume inevitably generates extra occlusions and noise, thus we alleviate this by designing a fusion module that makes static and dynamic cost volumes compensate for each other. In other words, occlusion from the static volume is refined by the dynamic volume, and incorrect information from the dynamic volume is eliminated by the static volume. Furthermore, we propose a pyramid distillation loss to reduce photometric error inaccuracy at low resolutions and an adaptive photometric error loss to alleviate the flow direction of the large gradient in the occlusion regions. We conducted extensive experiments on the KITTI and Cityscapes datasets, and the results demonstrate that our model outperforms previously published baselines for self-supervised monocular depth estimation.

Published
2023
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17. Hybrid Spin and Anomalous Spin-Momentum Locking in Surface Elastic Waves

Author

Yang, Chenwen, Zhang, Danmei, Zhao, Jinfeng, Gao, Wenting, Yuan, Weitao, Long, Yang, Pan, Yongdong, Chen, Hong, Nori, Franco, Bliokh, Konstantin Y., Zhong, Zheng, and Ren, Jie

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics, Physics - Classical Physics
Abstract

Transverse spin of surface waves is a universal phenomenon which has recently attracted significant attention in optics and acoustics. It appears in gravity water waves, surface plasmon-polaritons, surface acoustic waves, and exhibits remarkable intrinsic spin-momentum locking, which has found useful applications for efficient spin-direction couplers. Here we demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that the transverse spin of surface elastic (Rayleigh) waves has an anomalous sign near the surface, opposite to that in the case of electromagnetic, sound, or water surface waves. This anomalous sign appears due to the hybrid (neither transverse nor longitudinal) nature of elastic surface waves. Furthermore, we show that this sign anomaly can be employed for the selective spin-controlled excitation of symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb modes propagating in opposite directions in an elastic plate. Our results pave the way for spin-controlled manipulation of elastic waves and can be important for a variety of areas, from phononic spin-based devices to seismic waves., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Published
2023

18. Pseudomagnetic suppression of non-Hermitian skin effect

Author

Teo, Hau Tian, Mandal, Subhaskar, Long, Yang, Xue, Haoran, and Zhang, Baile

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract

It has recently been shown that the non-Hermitian skin effect can be suppressed by magnetic fields. In this work, using a two-dimensional tight-binding lattice, we demonstrate that a pseudomagnetic field can also lead to the suppression of the non-Hermitian skin effect. With an increasing pseudomagnetic field, the skin modes are found to be pushed into the bulk, accompanied by the reduction of skin topological area and the restoration of Landau level energies. Our results provide a time-reversal invariant route to localization control and could be useful in various classical wave devices that are able to host the non-Hermitian skin effect but inert to magnetic fields., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

Published
2023
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19. A new species of Cincticostella Allen, 1971 (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae) from Yunnan, China and establishment of a new species complex

Author

Ye-Kang Sun, Rong-Long Yang, Zhi-Wei Tan, Xian-Fu Li, and Luke M. Jacobus

Subjects
Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Cincticostella jianchuan sp. nov. from Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, is described based on chorionic structure, nymph, and winged stages. The new species is closely related to C. fusca (Kang & Yang, 1995), but it can be distinguished in the male imago stage by its mesonotum and penes morphology, coloration, and the forking point of the stem of MA+Rs on the forewing; in the nymph stage, it can be distinguished by the length of the posterolateral projections of abdominal segment IX and the setation of the abdominal terga. Compared to other congeners, nymphs and male imagoes of the new species and C. fusca share several morphological characteristics, such as a larger body, mesothorax with medially notched anterolateral projections, forefemur without a subapical band of transverse spines of the nymphs, the area between C, Sc and R1 of the forewings distinctly pigmented, and an apical sclerite on the ventral face of the penes of the male imagoes, supporting the proposition of a new species complex, the jianchuan complex. The systematics of Cincticostella and related genera are discussed briefly.

Published
2024
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20. Electrophysiological characteristics and catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the superior septal left ventricle

Author

Qifang Liu, Ye Tian, Zhi Jiang, Longhai Tian, Jing Huang, Ying Yang, and Long Yang

Subjects
Premature ventricular complex, Morphology, Spiky potential, Premature ventricular complex ablation, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract

Abstract Background and aims Electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from the superior septal left ventricle (SSLV) have not yet been fully characterized. Methods and results This study included 247 patients who underwent RFCA for PVCs arising from the ventricular outflow tract between February 2020 and August 2022. The successful ablation site was on the SSLV in 37 of the 247 patients. In 12 (32.4%) of those 37 patients, a low amplitude and high frequency spiky potential (SP) was recognized. Five patients showed a narrow QRS duration (86.8 ± 4.6 ms), with a discrete SP observed in PVCs and sinus rhythm, which showed an isoelectric line with the ventricular electrogram at the earliest activation site. Seven patients showed a wide QRS duration (131.6 ± 4.5 ms), with SP observed in PVCs without an isoelectric line with the ventricular electrogram. RFCA was successful at the site of the earliest SP in all 12 patients. The time from SP onset at the successful ablation site to the QRS onset (local activation time) was 30 ± 12 ms, which differed significantly from that for the remaining 25 patients withoutSP(22.1 ± 7.1 ms, P

Published
2024
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21. Bacterial c-di-GMP triggers metamorphosis of mussel larvae through a STING receptor

Author

Xiao-Meng Hu, Lihua Peng, Yuyi Wang, Fan Ma, Yu Tao, Xiao Liang, and Jin-Long Yang

Subjects
Microbial ecology, QR100-130
Abstract

Abstract Bacteria induced metamorphosis observed in nearly all marine invertebrates. However, the mechanism of bacteria regulating the larvae-juvenile metamorphosis remains unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that c-di-GMP, a ubiquitous bacterial second-messenger molecule, directly triggers the mollusc Mytilus coruscus larval metamorphosis via the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) receptor. We determined that the deletion of c-di-GMP synthesis genes resulted in reduced c-di-GMP levels and biofilm-inducing activity on larval metamorphosis, accompanied by alterations in extracellular polymeric substances. Additionally, c-di-GMP extracted from tested varying marine bacteria all exhibited inducing activity on larval metamorphosis. Simultaneously, through pharmacological and molecular experiments, we demonstrated that M. coruscus STING (McSTING) participates in larval metamorphosis by binding with c-di-GMP. Our findings reveal that new role of bacterial c-di-GMP that triggers mussel larval metamorphosis transition, and extend knowledge in the interaction of bacteria and host development in marine ecosystems.

Published
2024
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22. Stiefel-Whitney topological charges in a three-dimensional acoustic nodal-line crystal

Author

Xue, Haoran, Chen, Z. Y., Cheng, Zheyu, Dai, J. X., Long, Yang, Zhao, Y. X., and Zhang, Baile

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

Band topology of materials describes the extent Bloch wavefunctions are twisted in momentum space. Such descriptions rely on a set of topological invariants, generally referred to as topological charges, which form a characteristic class in the mathematical structure of fiber bundles associated with the Bloch wavefunctions. For example, the celebrated Chern number and its variants belong to the Chern class, characterizing topological charges for complex Bloch wavefunctions. Nevertheless, under the space-time inversion symmetry, Bloch wavefunctions can be purely real in the entire momentum space; consequently, their topological classification does not fall into the Chern class, but requires another characteristic class known as the Stiefel-Whitney class. Here, in a three-dimensional acoustic crystal, we demonstrate a topological nodal-line semimetal that is characterized by a doublet of topological charges, the first and second Stiefel-Whitney numbers, simultaneously. Such a doubly charged nodal line gives rise to a doubled bulk-boundary correspondence: while the first Stiefel-Whitney number induces ordinary drumhead states of the nodal line, the second Stiefel-Whitney number supports hinge Fermi arc states at odd inversion-related pairs of hinges. These results establish the Stiefel-Whitney topological charges as intrinsic topological invariants for topological materials, with their unique bulk-boundary correspondence beyond the conventional framework of topological band theory., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

Published
2023
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23. Graph-based Representation for Image based on Granular-ball

Author

Shuyin, Xia, Dawei, Dai, Long, Yang, Li, Zhany, Danf, Lan, hao, Zhu, and Guoy, Wang

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing
Abstract

Current image processing methods usually operate on the finest-granularity unit; that is, the pixel, which leads to challenges in terms of efficiency, robustness, and understandability in deep learning models. We present an improved granular-ball computing method to represent the image as a graph, in which each node expresses a structural block in the image and each edge represents the association between two nodes. Specifically:(1) We design a gradient-based strategy for the adaptive reorganization of all pixels in the image into numerous rectangular regions, each of which can be regarded as one node. (2) Each node has a connection edge with the nodes with which it shares regions. (3) We design a low-dimensional vector as the attribute of each node. All nodes and their corresponding edges form a graphical representation of a digital image. In the experiments, our proposed graph representation is applied to benchmark datasets for image classification tasks, and the efficiency and good understandability demonstrate that our proposed method offers significant potential in artificial intelligence theory and application., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

Published
2023

24. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine (2023)

Author

WEI Xu, XU Weiguo, LI Luguang, QIN Xiaokuan, GE Long, YANG Kexin, GAO Jinghua, ZHU Liguo

Subjects
spinal stenosis, lumbar spinal stenosis, integrated traditional chinese medicine & western medicine, diagnostic and treatment guideline, Medicine
Abstract

Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the most common causes of low back and leg pain. However, there is a lack of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. To standardize the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with a combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, this guideline strictly followed the relevant guiding principles for the development of guidelines both domestically and internationally. A multidisciplinary working group was established. We adopted the GRADE approach to grade the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendation. Finally recommendations on the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine were formed, aiming to standardize clinical practice. This guideline is for patients with all degrees of lumbar spinal stenosis.

Published
2024
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28. On Isotropy, Contextualization and Learning Dynamics of Contrastive-based Sentence Representation Learning

Author

Xiao, Chenghao, Long, Yang, and Moubayed, Noura Al

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Incorporating contrastive learning objectives in sentence representation learning (SRL) has yielded significant improvements on many sentence-level NLP tasks. However, it is not well understood why contrastive learning works for learning sentence-level semantics. In this paper, we aim to help guide future designs of sentence representation learning methods by taking a closer look at contrastive SRL through the lens of isotropy, contextualization and learning dynamics. We interpret its successes through the geometry of the representation shifts and show that contrastive learning brings isotropy, and drives high intra-sentence similarity: when in the same sentence, tokens converge to similar positions in the semantic space. We also find that what we formalize as "spurious contextualization" is mitigated for semantically meaningful tokens, while augmented for functional ones. We find that the embedding space is directed towards the origin during training, with more areas now better defined. We ablate these findings by observing the learning dynamics with different training temperatures, batch sizes and pooling methods., Comment: Accepted by ACL 2023 (Findings, long paper)

Published
2022

29. Formation and evolution mechanism of the ancient landslide and stability evaluation of the accumulation body in Jiangdingya, Zhouqu County, Guansu Province

Author

Tao LIU, Ming ZHANG, Lichao WANG, Long YANG, and Baoguo YIN

Subjects
jiangdingya ancient landslide, resurrection, evolutionary mechanism, stability of the accumulation body, seismic load, fault fracture zone, Geology, QE1-996.5, Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction, TA703-712
Abstract

Objective The resurrections of ancient landslide deposits are one of the primary geological hazards in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas of China and pose significant safety threats to major transportation and water conservancy projects under construction in western China. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the formation and evolution mechanism of ancient landslides and evaluate the stability of their deposits. This research can provide theoretical support for the early recognition and prevention of the resurrection of ancient landslide deposits. Methods The ancient landslide deposits in Jiangdingya, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, have experienced local resurrection several times in the past decade, creating severe threats to the lives and property of local people by blocking the Bailong River. To determine the morphology and structural characteristics of the ancient Jiangdingya landslide deposits, this study utilized field investigations and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt photography. Based on this, the evolution mechanism and dynamic process of the landslide were analysed, and the stability of the deposits was qualitatively evaluated using InSAR deformation data. Results The results show that the ancient landslide at Jiangdingya is a typical large-scale earthquake landslide, with its sliding body located in a downslope position in three directions, forming a multilevel stepped deposit shape. The dynamic process of an ancient landslide under seismic loads can be divided into several stages, including vibration and cracking in the upper-middle part, shearing and landslide initiation in the front edge locking segment, tearing and landslide acceleration in the rear edge, obstruction and landslide deceleration in the front edge, and stabilization. Conclusion Due to the overall downwards movement of the ancient landslide under seismic loads, there are a large number of intact rock masses in the upper deposits, which are relatively stable. However, the middle and lower deposits are mostly composed of weak structures such as fault fracture zones and fragmented rock masses, which have poor stability and are highly likely to resurrect in the future. This study provides important insights into the formation and evolution of ancient landslides and the evaluation of their stability, which can help prevent future landslides and protect local communities.

Published
2024
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30. Urban development pattern’s influence on extreme rainfall occurrences

Author

Long Yang, Yixin Yang, Ye Shen, Jiachuan Yang, Guang Zheng, James Smith, and Dev Niyogi

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Growing urban population and the distinct strategies to accommodate them lead to diverse urban development patterns worldwide. While local evidence suggests the presence of urban signatures in rainfall anomalies, there is limited understanding of how rainfall responds to divergent urban development patterns worldwide. Here we unveil a divergence in the exposure to extreme rainfall for 1790 inland cities globally, attributable to their respective urban development patterns. Cities that experience compact development tend to witness larger increases in extreme rainfall frequency over downtown than their rural surroundings, while the anomalies in extreme rainfall frequency diminish for cities with dispersed development. Convection-permitting simulations further suggest compact urban footprints lead to more pronounced urban-rural thermal contrasts and aerodynamic disturbances. This is directly responsible for the divergent rainfall responses to urban development patterns. Our analyses offer significant insights pertaining to the priorities and potential of city-level efforts to mitigate the emerging climate-related hazards, particularly for countries experiencing rapid urbanization.

Published
2024
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31. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma of different etiologies: a retrospective study

Author

Da-Long Yang, Shao-Ping Liu, Hong-Liang Wang, Jian-Rong Li, Jia-Yong Su, Min-Jun Li, Yu-Xian Teng, Zhu-Jian Deng, Zhong-Hai Li, Jian-Li Huang, Ping-Ping Guo, Liang Ma, Zhen-Zhen Li, and Jian-Hong Zhong

Subjects
Metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease, Chronic hepatitis B, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Metabolic syndrome, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Aims This study compared the prevalences of metabolic syndrome and of cardiac or kidney comorbidities among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic infection with hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV), or the combination of MAFLD and chronic HBV infection. Methods Medical records were retrospectively analyzed for patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy between March 2013 and March 2023. Patients with HCC of different etiologies were compared in terms of their clinicodemographic characteristics and laboratory data before surgery. Results Of the 2422 patients, 1,822 (75.2%) were chronically infected with HBV without MAFLD and HCV, 415 (17.2%) had concurrent MAFLD and chronic HBV infection but no HCV infection, 121 (5.0%) had MAFLD without hepatitis virus infection, and 64 (2.6%) were chronically infected with HCV in the presence or absence of MAFLD and HBV infection. Compared to patients chronically infected with HBV without MAFLD and HCV, those with MAFLD but no hepatitis virus infection showed significantly lower prevalence of cirrhosis, ascites, portal hypertension, alpha-fetoprotein concentration ≥ 400 ng/mL, tumor size > 5 cm, multinodular tumors and microvascular invasion. Conversely, they showed significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity, history of cardiovascular disease, T-wave alterations, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia, as well as higher risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Compared to patients with MAFLD but no hepatitis virus infection, those with concurrent MAFLD and chronic infection with HBV showed significantly higher prevalence of cirrhosis, ascites and portal hypertension, but significantly lower prevalence of hypertension and history of cardiovascular disease. Compared to patients with other etiologies, those chronically infected with HCV in the presence or absence of MAFLD and HBV infection, showed significantly higher prevalence of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites, and esophagogastric varices. Conclusion Patients with HCC associated with MAFLD tend to have a background of less severe liver disease than those with HCC of other etiologies, but they may be more likely to suffer metabolic syndrome or comorbidities affecting the heart or kidneys.

Published
2024
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32. Pushing the high-k scalability limit with a superparaelectric gate layer

Author

Kun Wang, Chao Liu, Yuan Zhang, Fuyu Lv, Jun Ouyang, Houbing Huang, Rui-long Yang, Yu-Yao Zhao, Hongbo Cheng, Hanfei Zhu, Xiaoming Shi, and Yun Tian

Subjects
high-k, transistors, moore’s law, superparaelectric, insulation robustness, Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, TP785-869
Abstract

To meet the expectation set by Moore’s law on transistors, the search for thickness-scalable high dielectric constant (k) gate layers has become an emergent research frontier. Previous investigations have failed to solve the “polarizability–scalability–insulation robustness” trilemma. In this work, we show that this trilemma can be solved by using a gate layer of a high k ferroelectric oxide in its superparaelectric (SPE) state. In the SPE, its polar order becomes local and is dispersed in an amorphous matrix with a crystalline size down to a few nanometers, leading to an excellent dimensional scalability and a good field-stability of the k value. As an example, a stable high k value (37±3) is shown in ultrathin SPE films of (Ba0.95,Sr0.05)(Zr0.2,Ti0.8)O3 deposited on LaNiO3-buffered Pt/Ti/SiO2/(100)Si down to a 4 nm thickness, leading to a small equivalent oxide thickness of ~0.46 nm. The aforementioned characteristic microstructure endows the SPE film a high breakdown strength (~10.5 MV·cm−1 for the 4 nm film), and hence ensures a low leakage current for the operation of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) gate. Lastly, a high electrical fatigue resistance is displayed by the SPE films. These results reveal a great potential of superparaelectric materials as gate dielectrics in the next-generation microelectronics.

Published
2024
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33. Increased miR-3074-5p expression promotes M1 polarization and pyroptosis of macrophages via ERα/NLRP3 pathway and induces adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice

Author

Long Yang, Hao-Ran Xu, Xuan Zhang, Yan Shi, Jia-Xin Shi, Qian-Qian Chen, Xiao-Rong Shen, Ya-Ping He, Jia-Nan Tang, Wen-Wen Gu, and Jian Wang

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282, Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract

Abstract Decidual macrophages (dMϕs) play critical roles in regulation of immune-microhomeostasis at maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, it was found that litter size and fetal weight were significantly reduced, whereas the rate of embryo resorption was increased in miR-3074-5p knock-in (3074-KI) pregnant mice, compared to that of wild-type (WT) pregnant mice. Plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in 3074-KI pregnant mice were also significantly elevated compared to WT pregnant mice at GD7.5. The quantity of M1-Mϕs in uterine tissues of 3074-KI pregnant mice was significantly increased compared to WT pregnant mice at GD13.5. Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) was validated to be a target of miR-3074-5p. Either miR-3074-5p overexpression or ERα knockdown promoted transcriptional activity of NF-κB/p65, induced M1-polarization and pyroptosis of THP1-derived Mϕs, accompanied with increased intracellular levels of cleaved Caspase-1, cleaved IL-1β, NLRP3, cleaved GSDMD and ASC aggregation. Furthermore, ERα could not only bind to NLRP3 or ASC directly, but also inhibit the interaction between NLRP3 and ASC. The endometrial miR-3074-5p expression level at the middle secretory stage of repeated implantation failure (RIF) patients was significantly decreased compared to that of control fertile women. These data indicated that miR-3074-5p could promote M1 polarization and pyroptosis of Mϕs via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting ERα, and the dysregulation of miR-3074-5p expression in dMϕs might damage the embryo implantation and placentation by interfering with inflammatory microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface during early pregnancy.

Published
2024
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34. Bacterial c-di-GMP signaling gene affects mussel larval metamorphosis through outer membrane vesicles and lipopolysaccharides

Author

Xiao-Meng Hu, Lihua Peng, Jingxian Wu, Guanju Wu, Xiao Liang, and Jin-Long Yang

Subjects
Microbial ecology, QR100-130
Abstract

Abstract Biofilms serve as crucial cues for settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. Within bacterial systems, c-di-GMP functions as a pivotal signaling molecule regulating both biofilm formation and dispersion. However, the molecular mechanism of how c-di-GMP modulates biofilm-induced larval metamorphosis remains elusive. Our study reveals that the deletion of a c-di-GMP related gene in Pseudoalteromonas marina led to an increase in the level of bacterial c-di-GMP by knockout technique, and the mutant strain had an enhanced ability to produce more outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The mutant biofilms had higher induction activity for larval metamorphosis in mussels Mytilus coruscus, and OMVs play a major role in the induction activity. We further explored the function of LPS in OMVs. Extracted LPS induced high larval metamorphosis rate, and LPS content were subject to c-di-GMP and LPS-biosynthesis gene. Thus, we postulate that the impact of c-di-GMP on biofilm-induced metamorphosis is mediated through OMVs and LPS.

Published
2024
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35. Accelerometer-measured sedentary volume and bouts during the segmented school day among Chinese school students

Author

Zhen-wen Xie, Li-juan Wang, Huan Chen, Guo Liang, and Xing-long Yang

Subjects
Sedentary behaviour, Bouts, School students, Segments, Sports, GV557-1198.995
Abstract

Background/Objective: This study examined sedentary volume and bouts of Chinese primary and middle school students during different segments of a school day and determined whether gender and school level are associated with their sedentary volume and bouts. Methods: A total of 472 students participated in this study. Accelerometers were used to measure the sedentary volume and sedentary bouts of different durations (i.e., 1–4 min, 5–9 min and ≥10 min) during all segments. Results: The participants spent the majority of their time in sitting (61.7%) and sitting bouts of ≥10 min (37.3%). They spent higher percentages of time in sitting during regular classes (76.7%) and out-of-school time (54.5%), and lower during physical education (PE) classes (32.2%), lunch break (35.4%) and recess (38.0%). The highest proportions of time were in sedentary bouts of ≥10 min during regular classes (50.2%), out-of-school time (28.0%) and lunch break (18.8%), while the greatest percentages occurred in sitting bouts of 1–4 min during PE class (16.4%) and recess (18.6%). Girls and middle school students had higher percentages of sedentary volume than boys and primary school students during most segments. They spent greater proportions of time in sitting bouts of ≥10 min during regular classes, lunch break, and out-of-school time, and higher proportions in sedentary bouts of 1–4 min than boys and primary students during PE classes. Conclusion: Regular class and out-of-school time were identified as key segments for reducing sedentary volume and breaking up prolonged sitting. Interventions on interrupting prolonged sitting during lunch break should also be explored. Girls and middle school students should receive more attention in future interventions.

Published
2024
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36. Quantitative assessment of the erosion and deposition effects of landslide-dam outburst flood, Eastern Himalaya

Author

Xiaolu Dong, Xianyan Wang, Long Yang, Zhijun Zhao, Ronald Van Balen, Xiaodong Miao, Tao Liu, Jef Vandenberghe, Baotian Pan, Martin Gibling, and Huayu Lu

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Both regular flow and infrequent outburst floods shape the mountain landscape, but their relative contributions have been widely debated, in part due to the paucity of quantitative data on historical outburst floods. In June 2000, an outburst flood was triggered by a landslide-dam failure in a rapidly exhumed region of the Eastern Himalaya. To investigate the role of this kind outburst flood on landscape evolution, we employ topographic differencing, satellite imagery, and 2D hydraulic simulations to quantify the equivalent erosion and deposition within ~ 80 km flood route downstream of the breach. The flood lasted for ~ 10 h, with a peak discharge of 105 m3/s, leading to average erosion of 10 m, and contributed ~ 1–2 × 103 times more sediment than over long-term mean fluvial processes. The flood produced extensive lateral erosion, which triggered a threefold widening of the valley floor and abundant subsequent landslides. The ubiquitous boulder bars deposited in the channel inhibited incision, and facilitated lateral erosion after the flood. The resulting channel configuration and extensive bank erosion continue to affect fluvial dynamics until the next catastrophic flood that remobilizes the boulders. Our quantitative findings highlight the profound importance of recurrent outburst floods for gorge development and landscape evolution in Eastern Himalaya.

Published
2024
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37. Association of prognostic nutritional index with mortalities in American adult cancer survivors: A cohort study based on NHANES, 1999–2018

Author

Li Zhao, Xia Shen, Long Yang, Pengfei Wang, Jianfeng Zhang, Ning Liu, and Yan Xie

Subjects
adult, all‐cause mortality, cancer survivors, cardiovascular mortality, malignant tumor mortality, prognostic nutritional index, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract

Abstract The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) has been associated with disease progression and overall survival among cancer patients. Nonetheless, the association between PNI and mortality risk in adult cancer patients within the United States remains unexplored. This study aims to elucidate the connection between PNI and prognostic outcomes in American adult cancer patients. This cohort study derived data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination database, involving 4366 American adults diagnosed with cancer between 1999 and 2018. The nutritional status was assessed using the PNI, with higher PNI scores indicating a more favorable nutritional status. The study employed Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression to investigate the impact of PNI on various outcomes, including all‐cause mortality (ACM), cardiovascular mortality (CAM), and malignancy tumor mortality (MTM) among adult cancer patients. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the potential nonlinear relationship between the variables by creating hazard ratio (HR) curves at four specific points. The median follow‐up duration was 84 months, during which 1530 (35.04%) cases of ACM occurred, including 331 (13.67%) CAM and 449 (10.45%) MTM. COX regression analysis revealed a significant inverse association between PNI and patient prognosis, with HRs of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93–0.96, p

Published
2024
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38. Identification and virulence test of a new pathogen that causes verticillium striping on rapeseed in northwestern China

Author

We Si, Ruisheng Wang, Mingde Wu, Long Yang, Guoqing Li, and Jing Zhang

Subjects
Verticillium longisporum lineage A1/D3, Virulence, Rapeseed, China, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Five stems of rapeseed with abundant black microsclerotia were collected from Huangyuan County of Qinghai Province, China, and fungal isolates were obtained from the stems. They were identified based on morphology, molecular features and specific PCR detection. The results showed that the 10 fungal isolates belonged to Verticillium longisporum lineage A1/D3. One of the 10 isolates (HW7-1) was tested for virulence on three species of rapeseed, including B. napus Zhongshuang 9, B. rapa Qingyou 9 and B. juncea Tayou 2 by conidia inoculation of HW7-1 on roots of young seedlings. Control seedlings were inoculated with V. dahliae conidia or water alone. The seedlings of these treatments were transplanted in culture mix and incubated in a growth chamber (20 ​°C). Results suggested that the control seedlings of three cultivars appeared quite healthy, while the seedlings inoculated with HW7-1 turned yellowing leaves, seedling stunting or even death after 22 days post-inoculation. V. longisporum was re-isolated from he yellow leaves, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Moreover, compared to the control treatments, inoculation with HW7-1 caused flowering delay and seed yield reduction on Tayou 2 with production of microsclerotia on the stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. longisporum lineage A1/D3 on rapeseed in northwestern China.

Published
2024
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39. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of NF-Y gene family in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Author

Yue Tian, Kangkang Song, Bin Li, Yanru Song, Xiaohua Zhang, Haozhen Li, and Long Yang

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) gene family is an important transcription factor composed of three subfamilies of NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC, which is involved in plant growth, development and stress response. In this study, 63 tobacco NF-Y genes (NtNF-Ys) were identified in Nicotiana tabacum L., including 17 NtNF-YAs, 30 NtNF-YBs and 16 NtNF-YCs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed ten pairs of orthologues from tomato and tobacco and 25 pairs of paralogues from tobacco. The gene structure of NtNF-YAs exhibited similarities, whereas the gene structure of NtNF-YBs and NtNF-YCs displayed significant differences. The NtNF-Ys of the same subfamily exhibited a consistent distribution of motifs and protein 3D structure. The protein interaction network revealed that NtNF-YC12 and NtNF-YC5 exhibited the highest connectivity. Many cis-acting elements related to light, stress and hormone response were found in the promoter of NtNF-Ys. Transcriptome analysis showed that more than half of the NtNF-Y genes were expressed in all tissues, and NtNF-YB9/B14/B15/B16/B17/B29 were specifically expressed in roots. A total of 15, 12, 5, and 6 NtNF-Y genes were found to respond to cold, drought, salt, and alkali stresses, respectively. The results of this study will lay a foundation for further study of NF-Y genes in tobacco and other Solanaceae plants.

Published
2024
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40. Universal Relations of Energy Flow, Acoustic Spin and Torque for Near-Field Acoustic Tweezers

Author

Long, Yang, Yang, Chenwen, Chen, Hong, and Ren, Jie

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract

Acoustic spin, radiation torque, energy flow, and reactive power are of significant importance from both fundamental and practical aspects, responsible for flexible tweezer manipulations and near-field sound directionality. Nevertheless, the intrinsic relations among these physical quantities are far from clear. Here, we prove the universal geometric relations among them in acoustics, independent on wave structure details. Particularly, we connect acoustic spin and torque to the cross product of time-averaged energy flow and reactive power, as well as to the local vorticity of energy flow. These relations are universally valid, verified in a variety of different acoustic systems. We also demonstrate the multipole mechanical torques and forces generated in three acoustic near-field sources: Janus, Huygens and Spin sources, applying on small lossy particles. These universal geometric relations uncover hidden locking relations beyond simple spin-momentum locking of near-field waves, and show the basic principles between the acoustic spin, radiation torque, and energy flow, reactive power., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; was submitted to PNAS/Nature Comm/Sci Adv, since early 2021. Now transfer to other Journal. References need to be updated

Published
2022

41. Elastic Valley Spin Controlled Chiral Coupling in Topological Valley Phononic Crystals

Author

Zhao, Jinfeng, Yang, Chenwen, Yuan, Weitao, Zhang, Danmei, Long, Yang, Pan, Yongdong, Chen, Hong, Zhong, Zheng, and Ren, Jie

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Distinct from the phononic valley pseudo-spin, the real physical spin of elastic waves adds a novel tool-kit capable of envisaging the valley-spin physics of topological valley phononic crystals from a local viewpoint. Here, we report the observation of local elastic valley spin as well as the hidden elastic spin-valley locking mechanism overlooked before. We demonstrate that the selective one-way routing of valley phonon states along the topological interface can be reversed by imposing the elastic spin meta-source at different interface locations with opposite valley-spin correspondence. We unveil the physical mechanism of selective directionality as the elastic spin controlled chiral coupling of valley phonon states, through both analytical theory and experimental measurement of the opposite local elastic spin density at different interface locations for different transport directions. The elastic spin of valley topological edge phonons can be extended to other topological states and offers new tool to explore topological metamaterials., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, of main text + supplementary 10 figures. To be published in Phys. Rev. Lett

Published
2022
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42. Knowing the Past to Predict the Future: Reinforcement Virtual Learning

Author

Zhang, Peng, Huang, Yawen, Hu, Bingzhang, Wang, Shizheng, Duan, Haoran, Moubayed, Noura Al, Zheng, Yefeng, and Long, Yang

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Abstract

Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based control system has received considerable attention in recent decades. However, in many real-world problems, such as Batch Process Control, the environment is uncertain, which requires expensive interaction to acquire the state and reward values. In this paper, we present a cost-efficient framework, such that the RL model can evolve for itself in a Virtual Space using the predictive models with only historical data. The proposed framework enables a step-by-step RL model to predict the future state and select optimal actions for long-sight decisions. The main focuses are summarized as: 1) how to balance the long-sight and short-sight rewards with an optimal strategy; 2) how to make the virtual model interacting with real environment to converge to a final learning policy. Under the experimental settings of Fed-Batch Process, our method consistently outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods.

Published
2022

43. UBXN3B is crucial for B lymphopoiesisResearch in context

Author

Tingting Geng, Duomeng Yang, Tao Lin, Andrew G. Harrison, Binsheng Wang, Ziming Cao, Blake Torrance, Zhichao Fan, Kepeng Wang, Yanlin Wang, Long Yang, Laura Haynes, Gong Cheng, Anthony T. Vella, Richard A. Flavell, Joao P. Pereira, Erol Fikrig, and Penghua Wang

Subjects
UBXN, Haematopoiesis, Lymphopoiesis, B cell, COVID-19, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Summary: Background: The ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing proteins (UBXNs) are putative adaptors for ubiquitin ligases and valosin-containing protein; however, their in vivo physiological functions remain poorly characterised. We recently showed that UBXN3B is essential for activating innate immunity to DNA viruses and controlling DNA/RNA virus infection. Herein, we investigate its role in adaptive immunity. Methods: We evaluated the antibody responses to multiple viruses and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza in tamoxifen-inducible global and constitutive B cell-specific Ubxn3b knockout mice; quantified various immune populations, B lineage progenitors/precursors, B cell receptor (BCR) signalling and apoptosis by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. We also performed bone marrow transfer, single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing. Findings: Both global and B cell-specific Ubxn3b knockout mice present a marked reduction in small precursor B-II (>60%), immature (>70%) and mature B (>95%) cell numbers. Transfer of wildtype bone marrow to irradiated global Ubxn3b knockouts restores normal B lymphopoiesis, while reverse transplantation does not. The mature B population shrinks rapidly with apoptosis and higher pro and activated caspase-3 protein levels were observed following induction of Ubxn3b knockout. Mechanistically, Ubxn3b deficiency leads to impaired pre-BCR signalling and cell cycle arrest. Ubxn3b knockout mice are highly vulnerable to respiratory viruses, with increased viral loads and prolonged immunopathology in the lung, and reduced production of virus-specific IgM/IgG. Interpretation: UBXN3B is essential for B lymphopoiesis by maintaining constitutive pre-BCR signalling and cell survival in a cell-intrinsic manner. Funding: United States National Institutes of Health grants, R01AI132526 and R21AI155820.

Published
2024
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44. Dynamic convergent shock compression initiated by return current in high-intensity laser–solid interactions

Author

Long Yang, Martin Rehwald, Thomas Kluge, Alejandro Laso Garcia, Toma Toncian, Karl Zeil, Ulrich Schramm, Thomas E. Cowan, and Lingen Huang

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

We investigate the dynamics of convergent shock compression in solid cylindrical targets irradiated by an ultrafast relativistic laser pulse. Our particle-in-cell simulations and coupled hydrodynamic simulations reveal that the compression process is initiated by both magnetic pressure and surface ablation associated with a strong transient surface return current with density of the order of 1017 A/m2 and lifetime of 100 fs. The results show that the dominant compression mechanism is governed by the plasma β, i.e., the ratio of thermal pressure to magnetic pressure. For targets with small radius and low atomic number Z, the magnetic pressure is the dominant shock compression mechanism. According to a scaling law, as the target radius and Z increase, the surface ablation pressure becomes the main mechanism generating convergent shocks. Furthermore, an indirect experimental indication of shocked hydrogen compression is provided by optical shadowgraphy measurements of the evolution of the plasma expansion diameter. The results presented here provide a novel basis for the generation of extremely high pressures exceeding Gbar (100 TPa) to enable the investigation of high-pressure physics using femtosecond J-level laser pulses, offering an alternative to nanosecond kJ-laser pulse-driven and pulsed power Z-pinch compression methods.

Published
2024
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45. Multi-omics reveals the phyllosphere microbial community and material transformations in cigars

Author

Xiaoyu Wang, Shuai Yang, Qiang Gao, Youqing Dai, Lei Tian, Liang Wen, Honghao Yan, Long Yang, Xin Hou, Peng Liu, and Li Zhang

Subjects
cigar tobacco leaf, fermentation, phyllosphere microbial community, chemical composition, multi-omics, metabolomics, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

The quality of fermented plant leaves is closely related to the interleaf microorganisms and their metabolic activities. In this experiment, a multi-omics analysis was applied to investigate the link between the structural composition of the phyllosphere microbial community and the main metabolites during the fermentation process. It was found that the whole fermentation process of cigar leaves could be divided into three stages, in which the Mid-Stage was the most active period of microbial metabolic activities and occupied an important position. Staphylococcus, Brevundimonas, Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Pantoea, Aspergillus, Wallemia, Meyerozyma, Sampaiozyma, Adosporium and Trichomonascus played important roles in this fermentation. Staphylococcus and Aspergillus are the microorganisms that play an important role in the fermentation process. Staphylococcus were strongly correlated with lipids and amino acids, despite its low abundance, Stenotrophomonas is importantly associated with terpene and plays a significant role throughout the process. It is worth noting that Wapper exists more characteristic fungal genera than Filler and is more rapid in fermentation progress, which implies that the details of the fermentation process should be adjusted appropriately to ensure stable quality when faced with plant leaves of different genotypes. This experiment explored the relationship between metabolites and microorganisms, and provided a theoretical basis for further optimizing the fermentation process of plant leaves and developing techniques to improve product quality. Biomarker is mostly present in the pre-fermentation phase, but the mid-fermentation phase is the most important part of the process.

Published
2024
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46. Fasciculoventricular accessory pathway masked extensive atrioventricular conduction system disease in a patient with PRKAG2 syndrome

Author

Fuhan Gong, Long Yang, and Qifang Liu

Subjects
12‐lead ECG, atrial flutter, conduction block, fasciculoventricular pathway, preexcitation, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract

Abstract A 23‐year‐old male with a history of ventricular pre‐excitation and atrial flutter presented for evaluation after recurrent syncope. The possible mechanism of syncope erroneously attributed to pre‐excited atrial flutter with fast heart rates in the first hospitalization. The patient was found to have advanced heart block and PRKAG2 genetic mutation in the second hospitalization. The genetic findings and clinical features are consistent with PRKAG2 syndrome (PS). PS is a rare, autosomal dominant inherited disease, characterized by ventricular pre‐excitation, supraventricular tachycardia, and cardiac hypertrophy. It is frequently followed by atrial–fibrillation‐induced ventricular fibrillation and advanced heart blocks. An accurate differential diagnosis of syncope is important because of the different arrhythmic features and clinical course of PS.

Published
2024
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47. The application value of 24 h Holter monitoring indices in predicting MACEs outside the hospital within three years after PCI in patients with STEMI

Author

Bingxin Chen, Li Men, Hongli Wang, Long Yang, Mingxi Li, Jingcheng Hu, and Ping Fan

Subjects
STEMI, MACEs, Holter, heart rate variability, deceleration capacity, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract

BackgroundEvaluating cardiovascular risk in patients experiencing acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is crucial for early intervention and improving long-term outcomes. 24 h Holter monitoring provides continuous cardiac electrophysiological data, enabling the detection of arrhythmias and autonomic dysfunction that are not captured during routine examinations. This study aimed to examine the relationship between Holter monitoring metrics and the occurrence of out-of-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) following PCI in patients with STEMI, offering insights into cardiovascular risk evaluation.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included STEMI patients undergoing PCI. 24 h Holter monitoring data were recorded, including heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) metrics such as SDNN and SDANN index, heart rate deceleration capacity (DC) at different time scales (DC2, DC4, DC8), and the frequency of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Independent correlations between these indices and MACEs, as well as cardiovascular deaths, were investigated using multifactorial logistic regression. Predictive capacities were assessed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsA total of 172 participants were enrolled in this study. Over the 3-year follow-up period, MACEs were observed in 57 patients, including 20 cases of cardiac death. In logistic regression models adjusted for confounding variables, SDNN [OR: 0.980; 95% CI: (0.967, 0.994); p = 0.005] and SDANN index [OR: 0.982; 95% CI: (0.969, 0.996); p = 0.009] were negatively associated with the incidence of MACEs. Conversely, the slowest heart rate [OR: 1.075; 95% CI: (1.022, 1.131); p = 0.005] and frequent PVCs [OR: 2.685; 95% CI: (1.204, 5.987); p = 0.016] demonstrated a positive association with MACEs. Furthermore, SDNN [OR: 0.957; 95% CI: (0.933, 0.981); p = 0.001], DC [OR: 0. 702; 95% CI: (0.526, 0.938); p = 0.017]) and DC4 [OR: 0.020; 95% CI: (0.001, 0.664); p = 0.029] were negatively associated with cardiac death. The ROC analysis results indicated that SDNN was an effective predictor of both MACEs [AUC: 0.688 (95% CI: 0.601–0.776)] and cardiac death [AUC: 0.752 (95% CI: 0.625–0.879)].ConclusionHRV, DC metrics, and frequent PVCs obtained by 24 h Holter monitoring were associated with the risk of MACEs in STEMI patients. These metrics can help clinicians identify at-risk patients early so that timely interventions.

Published
2024
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