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In August 2014,1 arrived in Ferguson, Missouri, to cover the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by police officer Darren Wilson. As a young photojournalist, I found myself at the epicenter [...]

An unpublished squeeze from the collection of the École biblique, recording a dedication to the ‘Olympian Gods’ for Hadrian's sōtēria, is here presented in conversation with two closely related inscriptions, recently identified as fakes. The authenticity and provenance of the new object are carefully analysed and discussed and a conclusion cautiously in favour of its genuine antiquity is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the relationship between war and European Qur'anic studies from the mediaeval period to the nineteenth century. It surveys manuscript sources that bear traces of wartime looting and the work of Muslim captives and converts. It argues that war played a recurring role in European oriental studies, helping to shape its practices, aims, and geography. In their early stages, war contributed to a broader shift in academic oriental studies toward the study of the Qur'an in its multilingual Islamic intellectual contexts. Later, as colonial expansion facilitated access to new sources, illicitly acquired manuscripts, especially early Qur'an fragments, were instrumental for historical scholarship on the Qur'an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the emergence of new forms of law violations in Latin America during the coronavirus pandemic. Based on data from online news articles, we construct a typology of "new" crimes: (1) hate or fear crimes against health workers and hospitals; (2) illegal denials of public mobility out of fear of infection; (3) looting and other traditional crimes justified by the pandemic; and (4) violations of pandemic regulations. Studies of crime during the pandemic have focused on traditional crime and have been based on rational choice theory and a routine activities approach. We argue that in order to understand the recent crime trends in Latin America, these must be accompanied by other theories of crime, together with a better understanding of the role of the State. Our typology can be a starting point for discussions and further research on the complex relationship between criminal behavior and policy responses in pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the significance of the so-called “lootings” (rabovačky) in Upper Hungary in the autumn of 1918, when receding soldiers and broad sections of the population attacked the representatives of state power and Jewish innkeepers stereotyped as “usurers.” In addition to their anti-Jewish character, their symbolic content, in which revolt against the old order was accompanied by carnivalesque violent mockery of it, is elaborated upon. The greatest attention, however, is paid to the political instrumentalization of the “lootings” on the part of the representatives of the new Czechoslovak state. This instrumentalization ranged from appropriation (albeit hesitant, given their violent nature) to condemnation: the former for the “Czechoslovak revolution” in the post-war years, the latter as a prelude to Bolshevization at the height of the economic crisis in the early 1930s.

The looting of cultural heritage sites has been a growing problem and threatens national economies, social identity, destroys research potential, and traumatizes communities. For many countries, the challenge in protecting heritage is that there are often too few resources, particularly paid site guards, while sites can also be in remote locations. Here, we develop a new approach that applies deep learning methods to detect the presence of looting at heritage sites using optical imagery from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We present results that demonstrate the accuracy, precision, and recall of our approach. Results show that optical UAV data can be an easy way for authorities to monitor heritage sites, demonstrating the utility of deep learning in aiding the protection of heritage sites by automating the detection of any new damage to sites. We discuss the impact and potential for deep learning to be used as a tool for the protection of heritage sites. How the approach could be improved with new data is also discussed. Additionally, the code and data used are provided as part of the outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maladaptive behaviors during a disaster refer to actions that do not benefit the individual or society. Quarantelli highlights several maladaptive behaviors myths associated with disasters: widespread antisocial behavior, passivity, role conflict or abandonment, and sudden widespread mental health breakdowns (1). Despite early work reporting these myths, the common perception is that maladaptive behaviors such as rioting, looting, panic, and criminal conduct are prevalent in the wake of disasters. This is despite research by de Ville de Goyet and Arnold which has called on public officials and the media to stop propagating false disaster myths (2, 3). The classic academic response has been that this is a misconception and that, in fact, such behaviors are a very small part of the overall disaster and are mostly non-existent. Misconceptions about the prevalence of maladaptive behaviors can lead to inappropriate resource allocation, such as allocating extra police officers to prevent looting when the overall crime rate for the most part, decreases during disasters (4). Furthermore, while there are several persistent maladaptive behaviors myths, this is confounded by the presence of actual negative behaviors post disaster: false damage claims, insurance fraud, illegally obtaining relief supplies, failure to provide contracted repair services, hoarding of essential items, psychological trauma (which can lead to intergenerational transmission of the disaster memory) and medications and price gouging (5).When reading lay-press articles about recent disasters, it appears that these behaviors are on the rise. This raises the question: Has there been a change in the basic human reaction to disasters and are maladaptive behaviors on the rise? This review article focuses on case studies from three natural disasters: Hurricanes Hugo and Katrina, and the Haiti Earthquake. The goal of this review article is to evaluate these three natural disasters for evidence of maladaptive behaviors.

The longstanding illicit trafficking of archaeological artefacts has persistently presented a global issue, posing a substantial threat to cultural heritage. This paper introduces an innovative automated system that utilises Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and Social Network Analysis (SNA) to construct a Knowledge Graph for antiquities. The objective is to offer insights into the provenance of artefacts and identify potential instances of illicit trafficking. The paper delineates a comprehensive methodology, from the ontology to the Knowledge Graph. The methodology comprises four distinct phases: the initial phase involves tailoring existing ontologies to match project-specific needs; the second phase centres on selecting appropriate technologies, and scraping and text-mining tools are designed to extract pertinent data from textual sources; the third phase centres in the creation of a robust and accurate Knowledge Graph that captures artefact provenance. The paper suggests employing NLP models, specifically utilising Named Entity Recognition (NER) techniques. These models automatically extract relevant information from the unstructured provenance texts, organising them as events to which both objects and actors participated with their locations and dates. The final phase is concerned with defining and building the Knowledge Graph. The authors explore a property graph model that distinctively represents nodes and relationships, each augmented by associated properties. Employing an SNA approach, the model is projected in multiple network levels of ownership histories (actor-object network) or actor relationships (actor-actor network). This approach reveals patterns within the antiquities market. When integrated with the authors’ recommended strategies such as crowdsourced ontology definition, collaboration with reputable organisations for quality sources, and the application of transfer learning techniques, the suggested approach holds promising implications for the protection of cultural heritage.

This article is an overview of some of the foreign policies implemented regarding cultural heritage protection during wartimes, with specific focus on the Gulf Wars in Iraq and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. This article follows historical examples prior and post-World War II, noting pertinent international laws such as the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The author also highlights current technological advances that are being implemented to help survey and better understand the destruction of cultural sites. This article argues for an increased focus on cultural heritage protection and preemptive measures that should be put in place by cultural institutions to protect their heritage. Information professionals are stewards of cultural heritage and part of their mission should be disaster-preparedness to best preserve artifacts and heritage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the significance of the so-called "lootings" (rabovačky) in Upper Hungary in the autumn of 1918, when receding soldiers and broad sections of the population attacked the representatives of state power and Jewish innkeepers stereotyped as "usurers." In addition to their anti-Jewish character, their symbolic content, in which revolt against the old order was accompanied by carnivalesque violent mockery of it, is elaborated upon. The greatest attention, however, is paid to the political instrumentalization of the "lootings" on the part of the representatives of the new Czechoslovak state. This instrumentalization ranged from appropriation (albeit hesitant, given their violent nature) to condemnation: the former for the "Czechoslovak revolution" in the post-war years, the latter as a prelude to Bolshevization at the height of the economic crisis in the early 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postwar months and years in Central and Eastern Europe were marked by mass migrations caused by border changes, the return of many refugees and former prisoners to their homes, and many peoples' search for new places to settle down in the wake of war. Population movements were often marked by a kind of social vacuum that was frequently characterized by lawlessness, plunder, and violence to which civilians were exposed. This article explores the historical and social processes at play in one case of postwar resettlement through an analysis of over one thousand memoirs written during the first three postwar decades in Poland. The memoirs were collected as part of three competitions held between 1956 and 1970. The analysis focuses on the experiences of migrants settling in western Poland in order to examine the phenomenon of mass robbery in its various forms. From both from an individual and institutional perspective, an exploration of the dynamics of looting reveals the complexity of settlement against the chaotic backdrop of the postwar period. As such, this analysis contributes to the postwar history of Poland and the scholarship on looting that accompanies armed conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to examine geographically the prisoners who were imprisoned for theft, looting and fraud in Turkey between 1990-2020. A multiple linear regression analysis was also conducted in the study, which used quantitative and qualitative research methods. During the specified period, 708,982 people were imprisoned in Turkey for the aforementioned crimes. Accordingly, 20.1% of those imprisoned in Turkey during the 31-year period are those convicted of the crimes stated. Especially after 2011, an increase is observed in the rate of those imprisoned for the crimes stated. As a matter of fact, the annual average of those who were imprisoned for the crimes mentioned in the 9-year period after 2011 (46,972) is almost as much as the population of the Faroe Islands in 2021. In the specified period, 95.38% of the convicts imprisoned for the aforementioned crimes were men and 4.62% were women. In addition, a regression analysis questioning the relationship between the rate of those who were imprisoned for the crimes stated in the study and three independent variables (unemployment rates by province, the ratio of the population of the province to the population of the country, the proportion of people registered in another province's population) was also included. According to the multiple regression analysis, a highly statistically significant relationship was found between the proportion of those registered in the population of another province and those who were imprisoned for the specified crimes. Accordingly, it is possible to say that the more the rate of those who are registered to the population of other provinces increases, the more the rate of those who are imprisoned for the crimes stated increases. This shows that theft, plunder and fraud crimes are most easily committed in cosmopolitan provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on identifying the legal implications of archaeological heritage in relation to the practices of looting, locally known as "huaquería", and collecting in the Sigsig canton, Ecuador; with emphasis on tenure, education, and the intention of constituting spaces for the exhibition of objects. The inhabitants of this Andean region assign to the past and its materiality a series of links and imaginaries that are manifested in the discourse, which in turn is replicated in the localities as "official history." The problem is based on the contradictory relationship between the legal norm and the socio-cultural context of the people living in archaeological areas, which generates the destruction of sites and, therefore, makes it impossible to generate stories framed in disciplinary knowledge. The methodology used was based on social cartography, talking maps, and interviews with some local actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impetus for this study was a review of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) 86th Annual Meeting program in 2021. Finding that no single poster or presentation referenced looting or antiquities trafficking despite these issues being ethical considerations that all SAA members are expected to recognize, we sought to investigate whether this was an irregularity – perhaps due to the virtual format of the meeting – or whether it was more common than not. For a broader understanding of if, how, and where these topics are discussed by archaeologists outside of the SAA, we expanded the investigation and studied the archives of 14 other archaeological and anthropological conferences. The results of the study show that despite there being an overall increase in mentioning looting and antiquities trafficking at conferences, it remains a niche and infrequently discussed topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the formation of the international law principle of the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions in the context of an international armed conflict, given the relevance of the issue of damage and destruction of property as part of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The author examines the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions through the prism of international human rights law - as such, where the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions (property rights) has been enshrined in the international law system, and also through the prism of international humanitarian law and international criminal law - as such, which are special in relation to the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions in the context of international armed conflict. The article examines the principle of inviolability of property rights at the national level, in particular, in legislative and judicial sources, and its impact on the formation of the relevant international law principle. In particular, the author analyses the philosophical development of the concepts of "sacredness" of property rights and inviolability of property rights, as well as the natural essence of this right for a person. The author examines in detail the rules of conventional and customary international humanitarian law on the right to peaceful enjoyment of property/property rights depending on the type of acts that may be committed against property and the type of property against which certain acts are directed in the context of an international armed conflict or legal regime of occupation. The provisions on the protection of civilian objects, as well as the non-absolute nature of the protection of property rights in international armed conflict in cases of urgent military necessity, are carefully considered. Based on this analysis, the author identifies the key fundamental provisions on the basis of which the international legal principle of the right to peaceful enjoyment of property in the context o f international armed conflict is formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Palestinian digital archiving in the context of the Israeli regime's settler-colonial suppression and erasure of Palestinian knowledge. Looking closely at the efforts of three digital archives, the Palestinian Museum Digital Archive, the Palestinian Oral History Archive, and the Palestine Poster Project Archives, it argues that Palestinian digital archival projects, despite structural and technical limitations, serve to safeguard Palestinian knowledges and histories from Zionist violence. Noting examples of Israel's looting, destruction, and closure of physical Palestinian archives, the author posits that researchers should use digital archives in tandem with materials accessed in Israeli colonial archives to challenge dominant and distorted Zionist narratives, and to fill in the knowledge gaps in the long arc of the struggle for Palestinian liberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Etudes Americaines is the property of Editions Belin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Morally, South Africa is rapidly spiralling out of control, and the future is gloomy unless severe measures are taken to reverse this trend. South Africa's moral wrongness is likely best summed up by unsettling pathologies such as indiscipline, violence, rape, assault, fraud, and a refusal to assume personal responsibility for high levels of crime, corruption, xenophobic attacks, gender-based violence, and family disintegration. Recently, South Africa has experienced major looting, which began during protests and unrest in some of the country's parts. They are unable to distinguish between what is basically incorrect and what is fundamentally correct. The nation's conscience has become deafeningly silent, or at best, ambiguous. Through qualitative research method and using secondary data, this study aims to discuss the existing challenges in South Africa that have influenced moral decay. It also highlights underlying issues that triggered looting that was instigated by individuals who have been having challenges that have not been addressed. The looting, which was fuelled by protests, happened during COVID-19 national lockdown level 4. This study concludes that non-service delivery, corruption, and negligence, among others, have been the roots of moral decay in South Africa, and the situation will continue to worsen if such challenges within government are not urgently dealt with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The loss of archaeological heritage continues today, because of both natural disasters and human-made actions. Alarmingly, a significant amount of the destruction is perpetrated by looters and illegal excavations. This problem is not a new one. However, it has increased exponentially in recent years, especially in countries which witnessed internal turmoil (i.e., the Arab Spring) but also throughout Europe. Local authorities struggle to provide adequate controls because of a lack of human resources, budget constraints or technological know-how. This paper describes a multimodal documentation and monitoring workflow applied to an archaeological site for which, due to the sensitivity of the topic, no specific details can be publicly disclosed. The techniques used include UAV aerial surveys, image-based modelling, change detection, relief visualization and GIS mapping. Thanks to the analysis of the multitemporal datasets, it was possible to assess the extension and spatial progression of illegal excavation over a two-year period.

Copyright of Cahiers d'Études Africaines is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the level 4 COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021, South Africa suffered rioting that resulted in business plundering, employment losses and arrest of 337 Black people from townships and rural communities who were affected by the high unemployment rate. This occurred due to the arrest of a political leader, which exacerbated underlying concerns of nearly three decades of democracy that the government has been unable to settle. Because the South African Police Service was unable to maintain order, the state president was forced to proclaim a state of emergency and release the military to restore order and at the same time, involve traditional leaders to restore order. This article applies a qualitative document analysis (QDA) to elicit meaning and uncover trends of the events during the stage 4 national lockdown. The data was analysed and reported as themes following a manual thematic analysis. An indigenous lens was applied to draw meaning from the themes to establish the role traditional leaders played in restoring peace and order during the unrest. The findings show that to restore law and order across the country, the government engaged traditional leaders to address communities and implement indigenous conflict resolution techniques. This approach proved effective because, as stated in the Constitution of South Africa Act 108 of 1996, traditional leaders are important figures with authority and access to the communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 30 years, Armenia has carried out ecological terrorist incidents against the Republic of Azerbaijan. In our territories under occupation, our natural resources were destroyed, burned, water resources were polluted by the Armenians, nearly 60 thousand hectares of forest area were burned and destroyed. In general, Armenia has caused great damage to the ecology of the region. As a result of these environmental terrorist incidents deliberately committed by the aggressor Armenia, serious consequences have arisen in the region, the natural vegetation, the top fertile layer of the soil formed over thousands of years has been completely burned, the rare and rapidly decreasing plants and animals included in the "Red Book" of Azerbaijan and the International Red List the animal world has been destroyed, the habitats of animals have been destroyed, the balance of the ecosystem has been disturbed, and environmental components have been seriously damaged. It is not even possible to talk about the ecological environment in the territories of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenia. Armenia's policy of aggression has endangered the natural ecological environment not only of the Republic of Azerbaijan, but of the region as a whole. The looting of Azerbaijani territories and the enemy's destruction of flora and fauna in these lands had a very negative impact on the ecological situation of the entire Caucasus. During the 44-day Patriotic War, Armenia again invaded the civilian population living outside the war zone, the ecological environment, natural resources, biological diversity of the region of global importance, and rich forest areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyses purposively chosen case studies from media coverage of the lootings in South Africa in July 2021. Our goals are to help make sense of a collectively traumatic event and to move beyond theories of looting as "deviant" consumption. We explain the context of the lootings, offering a long-view of crises building up to an intense eruption of social unrest during the pandemic. Then, we analyse four selected looting stories that captured significant, even spectacular, public attention. We present each story and explicate its meaning in relation to the South African polity and show how each allows for a departure from the concept of deviant consumption. We conclude by arguing that spectacularised mediated moments of looting from this event require theories of the carnivalesque and aspiration rather than those of deviant consumption. These have specific resonance in contexts of inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of incorrect understanding of such a relevant today phenomenon as looting, responsibility for which is provided for in Art. 432 of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine. An attempt has been made to show in detail the true content of the objective and subjective features of the legal composition of the considered socially dangerous phenomenon with a simultaneous comparative analysis of it with some criminal offenses against property, which, like looting, involve the taking of property, in particular in the form of theft. The relevance of the research is noted, due to the lack of adequate coverage of the content of looting. Certain opinions of other researchers regarding some signs of such a criminal act are highlighted, and arguments of both a supporting and refuting nature are given. Attention is drawn to the fact that looting, although it is a robbery in its content, is only a special manifestation of it, connected with a number of signs, only in the presence of which it will take on the appearance that will characterize it in essence. At the same time, the impossibility of a free, not related to the textually expressed form of looting in the norm of its criminal legal interpretation is indicated. At the same time certain comments of extended content are quite admissible, where it does not contradict the characteristics of the action under consideration (characteristics defined in Article 432 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). It has been noted that the question of the qualification of looting is a question of the need to determine the conformity of the signs of an act actually committed, potentially considered as looting, with the signs that characterize such an act normatively, taking into account the rules and approaches to understanding such a phenomenon as a war crime laid down in legislation. Moreover, cases of actions that resemble looting in appearance, but committed by civilians, as well as representatives of Russian units and persons supported by them from illegal armed formations fighting on the other side, have been differentiated.

The loss of archaeological heritage continues today, because of both natural disasters and human-made actions. Alarmingly, a significant amount of the destruction is perpetrated by looters and illegal excavations. This problem is not a new one. However, it has increased exponentially in recent years, especially in countries which witnessed internal turmoil (i.e., the Arab Spring) but also throughout Europe. Local authorities struggle to provide adequate controls because of a lack of human resources, budget constraints or technological know-how. This paper describes a multimodal documentation and monitoring workflow applied to an archaeological site for which, due to the sensitivity of the topic, no specific details can be publicly disclosed. The techniques used include UAV aerial surveys, image-based modelling, change detection, relief visualization and GIS mapping. Thanks to the analysis of the multitemporal datasets, it was possible to assess the extension and spatial progression of illegal excavation over a two-year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peaceful environment of South African communities witnessed sudden civil unrest that led to the wanton destruction of public and private properties between 9-17 July 2021. The civil unrest which aggravated on daily basis within this period also culminated in massive looting in both KwaZulu-Natal Province and Gauteng Province. During the disturbances, the protestors looted and set ablaze many stores and warehouses. The turmoil was also extended to some schools, with some private and public schools looted and vandalized. Hence, this article aimed to explore the impact of this unrest on schools and to establish how teaching and learning had been affected in these South African institutions. Therefore, in this systematic review, we analysed the impact of political unrest on the education system in South Africa. A total of 139 schools were affected in Kwazulu-Natal, with six schools razed by fire, 30 damaged, and 95 schools looted. Thus, a total of 139 schools were affected. However, at the time of this article, the degree of damage in 8 other Schools was unknown. It was noted that, of the six schools set ablaze, four were only slightly damaged and two were fully destroyed. Furniture and other items such as food items the Schools Nutrition Program and offices were destroyed. Doors, windows, and others were also broken. This indicated that learners would be temporarily relocated from the burnt schools to locations where the government provided temporary classrooms for these schools. Conversely, rebuilding the damaged buildings and replacement of stolen school supplies will cost the Department of Basic Education millions of rands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-mortem manipulation of human bodies is documented in many regions of the world, including South America. Recent archaeological fieldwork in the Chincha Valley, Peru, adds to this catalogue nearly 200 examples of the threading of human vertebrae onto reed posts. Here, the authors report on the distribution and composition of these 'vertebrae-on-posts', which are radiocarbon-dated to the Late Horizon (AD 1400-1532) and Colonial (AD 1532-1825) periods. The authors argue that these modified remains represent a social process that reconstructed the dead in response to Colonial-period looting. This manipulation of human remains reflects protracted relationships between the living and the dead, and the enduring social lives of human remains. Keywords: Peru, Colonial period, Chincha, Inca, mortuary practice, grave looting, Introduction The post-mortem treatment of bodies is a critical aspect of human behaviour worldwide. The dead body is an influential entity that can be 'appropriated' (Sofaer 2006: 20) through physical [...]

In South Africa, the politicisation of COVID-19 widened structural fissures, unearthed underlying inequalities, and exposed the 'rainbow nation' fallacy. The pandemic highlighted the struggles faced by marginalised households whose income streams were wiped out during lockdown. Public unrest emerged in townships and manifested as food protests, which undermined the perception of South Africa as a food secure country. Whilst the state and mainstream media dismissed these protests as criminal incidences, a contextualised analysis exposes the desperation of certain groups' experiences of hunger and disillusionment in Black South African townships. Framing 'food as political', this paper interrogates the weaponisation of food by the government, which violently used state security forces to subdue marginalised populations. The paper draws on Dambudzo Marechera's 1978 novella House of Hunger to condemn the gendered and militarised state response to 'starving black bodies.' It exposes the ruthlessness of how the state worked with mainstream media to protect corporate capital and foreign investments in the name of 'security' and 'wellbeing,' and explores the ultimate 'logic' of food protests in South African urban areas. In conclusion, the paper argues that the mainstream media hyper-visualised Black bodies as unruly, criminal, and therefore disposable, in order to dismiss their human right to food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviewing the literature in the humanities and social sciences which analyse riots, this article proposes a new theoretical avenue for understanding this particular form of insurrection: a processual approach. Grounded in organizational studies research which mobilizes this approach, the article analyzes the riot that led to the fire of the 3rd District Police Station in Minneapolis in May 2020. The processual approach allows us to unfold the riot and explore how it is embodied not by criminals and madmen, but by strategists who communicate intensely while distributing tasks over a particular territory. Ultimately, the article invites us to take a different look at riots in order to consider them as a moving organization, made up of co-affected bodies and producer of new forms of social life.

Much of human history can be written as a story of theft, whatever terms were originally used to describe it: looting, war booty, forced sale, confiscation, dissolution, enclosure. In his [...]

Ancient Šuruppak, today Fara, was one of the major Sumerian cities in Mesopotamia. It was situated along one of the ancient watercourses of the Euphrates River. Findings date it back to the Jemdet Nasr period around 3000 bc with a continuous occupation until the end of the Ur III period around 2000 bc. Fara was first explored and excavated by the Deutsche Orient‐Gesellschaft in the years 1902 and 1903 under the direction of Walter Andrae. Multiple excavation trenches with lengths up to 900 m transect the 1 km2 wide mound and are still visible today which enables us to georeference the excavation maps. Today, the 2.2 km2 wide archaeological area is dry and without any vegetation. Thousands of deep looting pits are covering the majority of mound which not only destroyed its upper metres but also challenge the application of geophysical prospection methods and their interpretation. The magnetometer prospecting of selected areas on and around the mound was carried out with three devices, two total field magnetometers and one gradiometer. The individual survey areas were combined in post‐processing by applying a high‐pass filter on the total field data sets and multiplying the vertical gradiometer data sets by a factor of two. This approach provides visually uniform magnetograms, despite being obtained by different devices, which simplifies subsequent visual interpretation. These magnetograms enable us to review, and to extend the results of the old excavations. The comparison show a good correlation in accuracy to the old drawings and positive identification of the already excavated features with magnetometry. Highlights of the survey are the discovery of the city wall confirming its existence, the layout of a unique building complex in the centre of the mound, likely a temple, traces of canals inside the city and an evaluation of magnetometer prospection over a looted area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late nineteenth-century France, church bells were an integral part of society, sounding the quotidian rhythms of life. During WWI, a shortage of metals for the war effort resulted in German authorities requisitioning church bells in Germany and occupied territories. While the sequestration of the only bell from the church L'Eglise Sainte-Geneviève in the village of Marquillies (France) occurred under this guise, this was an invented cover story in order to remove the bell as a war trophy to Berlin. Contravening the revised Hague Convention of 1907, the removal the bell occurred because, owing to texts inscribed onto the bell by both parties, it was a propaganda tool by the French community and German forces alike. As a unique political symbol of the tension in the Alsace-Lorraine region in the early twentieth-century, the bell serves as a case highlighting the political power of a communal religious icon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the relevance of the Society for American Archaeology's 2018 "Statement on Collaboration with Responsible and Responsive Stewards of the Past" for imported antiquities (specifically, "classical" ones—that is, from Mediterranean regions). Various practical, legal, and ethical differences between collecting imported versus domestic objects make it difficult to identify "responsive and responsible stewards" of the former. An obstacle to responsible stewardship of privately owned classical collections—and to collaboration between classical archaeologists and collectors—is the 2008 acquisition guidelines issued by the two leading professional organizations in the museum field. I argue that the best home for unprovenienced and poorly provenienced antiquities collections is in university museums, where their complicated object biographies can be fully researched, taught, and displayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hispania Sacra is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the study is to analyze the origins, causes and consequences of mass looting among servicemen of the Russian army and other power structures of the Russian Federation that invaded the territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. To investigate and determine the main features of looting, which are characteristic of servicemen of the armed forces and other power structures of the Russian Federation. The research methodology is determined by the general procedures of scientific knowledge, the theoretical work of military historians, psychologists, and legal experts in the field of studying the deviant behavior of combatants. The investigation was carried out using multidisciplinary approaches using the methods of oral history, military anthropology and social psychology. The authors use the terminological apparatus established in the modern scientific and information space. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to analyze the causes of the emergence of such a type of crimes as looting, committed in the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine by servicemen of the armed forces and other power structures of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. Russia’s war against Ukraine 2014–2022 revealed chronic problems of moral order in Russian society and the Armed Forces. Thanks to propaganda operations, the mass consciousness of the citizens of this country has led to a dangerous slide towards legal nihilism, immorality, devaluation of human life and democratic values. These tendencies are fully inherent in the Russian army. In the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, looting is an additional motivator for Russian servicemen to participate in hostilities and a way of material enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for a compre-hensive and objective analysis of the relationship between state leaders in the struggle for power. The purpose of the study is to reflect the activities of the state security agencies un-der the leadership of Minister V.S. Abakumov in compromising G.K. Zhukov. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved through the use of docu-ments from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation and pre-viously published materials on the research topic. The methodological potential includes the philosophical principles of dialectics, namely, objectivity, scientific character, compre-hensiveness, unity of the historical, logical, etc. Results. Based on the documents, the mechanism of falsifying the testimony of those arrested from the marshalʼs close circle in order to compromise him is considered. At the same time, it should be noted that the facts of Zhukov’s looting in Germany, his moral character and the facts of his exaltation really took place. Conclusions. The compromise of G.K. Zhukov was carried out on the initiative of G.M. Malenkov and L.P. Beria and quite obviously with the consent of A.A. Zhdanov, who, thanks to their influence on I.V. Stalin, removed competitors from the political Olym-pus, clearing their way to power. The executor of their will was the Minister of State Secu-rity V.S. Abakumov, who, in addition to Stalin, was guided in his work by his protégé, Beria.

The countless number of drawings of the Parthenon made during the last five centuries constitutes a bursting memory of the history of its constructions, destructions and reconstructions. It allows a partial and fragmentary interpretation of the multiple physical and narrative qualities of this architecture both in space and time. The analysis of these series of images as isolated objects implies the risk of their idealization as works of art and also a chronological freezing that would obstruct their power beyond their nature as documents. By contrast, bringing them into dialogue gives way to their vibration reflected either by the dynamism or the flexibility inherent to the architectural ensemble they signify. This text involves a critical perspective and enables a debate focused on the rights and practices adopted by the politics over a planet that is built through transversal approaches between art, culture, and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Illegal archaeological excavations, generally denoted as looting, is one of the most important damage factors to cultural heritage, as it upsets the human occupation stratigraphy of sites of archaeological interest. Looting identification and monitoring are not an easy task. A consolidated instrument used for the detection of archaeological features in general, and more specifically for the study of looting is remote sensing. Nevertheless, passive optical remote sensing is quite ineffective in dense vegetated areas. For these type of areas, in recent decades, LiDAR data and its derivatives have become an essential tool as they provide fundamental information that can be critical not only for the identification of unknown archaeological remains, but also for monitoring issues. Actually, LiDAR can suitably reveal grave robber devastation, even if, surprisingly, up today LiDAR has been generally unused for the identification of looting phenomenon. Consequently, this paper deals with an approach devised ad hoc for LiDAR data to detect looting. With this aim, some spatial visualization techniques and the geomorphon automatic landform extraction were exploited to enhance and extract features linked to the grave robber devastation. For this paper, the Etruscan site of San Giovenale (Northern Lazio, Italy) was selected as a test area as it is densely vegetated and was deeply plundered throughout the 20th century. Exploiting the LiDAR penetration capability, the prediction ability of the devised approach is highly satisfactory with a high rate of success, varying from 85–95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs on a study that employed a digital ethnographic approach to analyse a network of human relationships and connections based on the physical and social phenomena of political protest and xenophobia, accompanied by looting and the destruction of property in South Africa. It examines how social media have been used to fuel violence, protest, xenophobic attacks, and the looting of shops, and for ordinary citizens to post videos or images of protest actions on the internet. This article uses the tenets of propaganda (the propaganda model) as a social media theory to analyse online activism in various forms, such as journalism and political protest for citizen mobilisation and participation. The article finds that participation in groups (reflected by hashtags) is determined by shared interests or grievances (mob psychology) and shaped by propaganda. It concludes that social media are tools or platforms that can be used for good or bad, echoing realities on the ground, such as poverty and social inequalities, as causes of political protest, xenophobia, and looting in South Africa. Political players and activists drive their own agendas by exploiting or emphasising the causes of poverty and social inequalities, thereby attracting followers who reaffirm their messages by tweeting and retweeting. The article concludes that social media are weaponised for protest, causing panic, anxiety, and discomfort that linger for an unspecified period until another outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the phenomenon of social protests that swept the United States in 2020. The article considers the evolution of the concepts of sacrifice and redemption in the modern public consciousness of the USA and Europe. The author analyzes the cause-and-effect relationships of what is happening, the phenomena accompanying the protests, in particular, looting, which is perceived by the protesters not as a marginal phenomenon, but as a necessary condition for restoring social justice.

The authoress presents the history of creation and individual departments of the Kalisz Lan District Museum in Kalisz, with particular emphasis on their oldest parts, i.e. artefacts collected in the pre-war Kalisz Land Museum. She proves that the basis of the institution’s collection is the old (pre-war) legacy – lost, but partially recovered after World War II. The researcher presents the topic on examples, outlining possible directions for provenance research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As stated in the 2001 Siracusa Declaration on the Submarine Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Sea, this sea is unique in that it embodies the common historical and cultural roots of many civilizations. Most Mediterranean States are parties to the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, which provides a remedy to the dubious regime established by Article 303, paragraph 3, of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. According to the English official text, this provision, which gives priority to admiralty law, could be understood as an invitation to the looting of underwater cultural heritage. However, Mediterranean States seem rather slow in addressing the matter in a constructive way, despite the existing dangers, as demonstrated by the four expeditions undertaken by Mr Ballard in the area between Italy and Tunisia; the removal of the Victorious Youth statue; and the dispute over the shipwreck of the liner Ancona. The Mediterranean States have not yet negotiated a regional treaty and only recently have they resorted to the cooperation mechanism provided by the 2001 Convention in order to create a coordination committee composed of eight States that will manage the protection of underwater cultural heritage on the Skerki Bank site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Police Special Branch intelligence reports, amidst the chaos of Partition, over 60,000 ounces of gold were stolen from fleeing Hindus and Sikhs in 1947. Alongside political identity and religious organisation and territorialisation, desire for wealth or property was a key trigger for the continuation of the Partition violence. This article documents organised communal violence which erupted in the NWFP and Punjab during 1946–47 using largely underutilised police and intelligence reports from the period. The empirical focus of the article is two-fold. First, to show that the intercommunity violence triggered in these provinces was organised and funded by the Muslim League through its volunteer wings, even if specific perpetrators were locals. Second, that looting was a feature of locally-rooted violence to acquire property owned by non-Muslim minorities. As well, individual motives for revenge or a desire to best one's business rival fuelled the violence alongside ideological imperatives such as the commitment to the idea of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeology and heritage management in the Maya area have developed differently in the various modern-day countries that make up ancient Mesoamerica. In the country of Belize, heritage management has been conjoined with archaeology since at least the late 1970s. Long-term projects, such as the 1985-to-present archaeological investigations at the ancient ruins that comprise the immense city of Caracol, Belize, demonstrate the evolution of heritage management. This abandoned metropolis has also been the location of concerted stabilization and conservation efforts. Research and heritage management efforts at this urban center have been coordinated and intertwined since the project’s inception. This article contextualizes the long-standing relationships between archaeology and cultural heritage as it has been practiced at Caracol, Belize within the broader field of Maya Studies.

The aim of the article is to reflect the necessity of introducing objective criteria in articulating monetary value of the damage caused to archaeological sites (immovable cultural monuments) as a result of illegal activities. The research focuses on the damage assessment criteria and resulting diminishment of economic value that are used in several countries, as well as examines the key interests and stakeholders in damage assessment process and outcome. It further describes the corresponding situation in Latvia, determines the existing challenges and proposes the basis for improvement in administrative and legal procedures. Methods applied in the research are literature review, legal framework and documentary analysis, statistical analysis and elements of qualitative content analysis. International intercomparisons have been made consulting with foreign experts. The assay is mostly done from legal and socioeconomic point of view. The results of the research could be used for the purposes of amending legal regulation and damage assessment mechanisms.