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In the present paper, we report new anuran remains recovered from strata referred to the Adamantina Formation (Upper Cretaceous) cropping out near Catanduva city, São Paulo, Brazil. The remains represent two individuals, one of which bears a set of peculiar characteristics, both cranial and postcranial, that allows us to assign them to the already known genus Baurubatrachus. To date, the genus was only represented by the holotype of Baurubatrachus pricei, recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Serra da Galga Formation (which is younger than the Adamantina Formation), near Peirópolis (Minas Gerais, Brazil), 200 km north of Catanduva City. The lesser ossification as well as the slender configuration of the scapula and ilia of the new remains, relative to B. pricei, points to the identification of a new species, Baurubatrachus santosdoroi sp. nov. The detailed study of the peculiar anatomy of these specimens provides new osteological features for the genus, such as the presence of a subtympanic foramen, as well as new character states for other traits to be considered in future systematic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available fossil record of Bombina suggests that the genus appeared at the beginning of the Miocene. An isolated occurrence of early Miocene Bombina in Siberia, together with the relatively common occurrence of Bombina in the Miocene of Europe, suggest a possible continuous distribution to East Asia, as is the case with some other Miocene amphibian taxa. The determinable fossil record of B. bombina from the Pliocene precedes that of B. variegata from the Early Pleistocene by about 1 Mya. This also implies that B. variegata differentiated from B. bombina before the Middle Pleistocene continental glaciations. The younger geochronological age of B. variegata compared with that of B. bombina, is reflected in the development of its skeleton. Although both pass through morphologically the same stages of skeletal development, B. variegata is slightly retarded. The developmental retardation of the skeleton of B. variegata culminates in the adult stage, which may last several years after reaching sexual maturity. During this period, the different rates of ossification and growth in both species result in hypo-ossification and underdevelopment and thus in the emergence of differential characteristics. These are less distinguishable in juveniles, but more pronounced in fully grown adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fossil gastric pellet from the Danian 'Banco Negro Inferior' of the Salamanca Formation at Punta Peligro Locality (Chubut, Argentina) and its 3D preserved fossil content is studied herein. The structure of the pellet and the condition of the enclosed bones suggest that it was produced by a bird of prey, although birds of any kind are as yet unknown from osteological remains in the Banco Negro ecosystem. The content of the pellet originated from a single anuran individual, representing a new species of the genus Calyptocephalella, is described herein as C. sabrosa sp. nov. The new find highlights the broad temporal, geographical and taxonomic diversity of this frog genus in Patagonia's geological past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]