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In the context of regular epidemic prevention and control, most primary and secondary schools in developing countries are naturally ventilated. They are unable to use measures such as air filters equipped with centralized mechanical ventilation systems and demand-controlled ventilation. Therefore, the feasibility of using automatic control of negative pressure ventilation (NPV) in conjunction with CO2 concentration detectors to reduce the rate of infection in the classroom was investigated. Firstly, the CO2 concentration threshold calculation for epidemic prevention was carried out, and then the measured data of the classroom was fitted with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation data to establish a simulation and analysis platform to comprehensively evaluate different NPV conditions. The results show that NPV can control the direction of airflow and CO2 concentration in the teaching room, which can significantly reduce the risk of infection, and that Upward Supply Upward Return NPV with automatic control of the CO2 concentration detector and the combination of windshields can protect the students from cross-infection. The study aims to optimize classroom ventilation strategies for epidemic proofing through low-cost building modifications, which could inform the retrofitting of hundreds of thousands of established primary and secondary schools in developing countries. Practical Application: Ventilation systems controlled by environmental parameters have the advantages of low cost, high automation, and ease of operation. This system makes designing classrooms to combat airborne epidemics easier by implementing simple retrofitting measures for developing countries where natural ventilation is predominantly used and where most classrooms are not equipped with fresh air ducts. Tests of the top inlet and top return ventilation system proposed in this paper found that the classroom's measured indoor carbon dioxide concentrations were reduced to below the theoretical limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small molecule donors (SMDs) play subtle roles in the signaling mechanism and disease treatments. While many excellent SMDs have been developed, dosage control, targeted delivery, spatiotemporal feedback, as well as the efficiency evaluation of small molecules are still key challenges. Accordingly, fluorescent small molecule donors (FSMDs) have emerged to meet these challenges. FSMDs enable controllable release and non-invasive real-time monitoring, providing significant advantages for drug development and clinical diagnosis. Integration of FSMDs with chemotherapeutic, photodynamic or photothermal properties can take full advantage of each mode to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Given the remarkable properties and the thriving development of FSMDs, we believe a review is needed to summarize the design, triggering strategies and tracking mechanisms of FSMDs. With this review, we compiled FSMDs for most small molecules (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, reactive oxygen species and formaldehyde), and discuss recent progress concerning their molecular design, structural classification, mechanisms of generation, triggered release, structure–activity relationships, and the fluorescence response mechanism. Firstly, from the large number of fluorescent small molecular donors available, we have organized the common structures for producing different types of small molecules, providing a general strategy for the development of FSMDs. Secondly, we have classified FSMDs in terms of the respective donor types and fluorophore structures. Thirdly, we discuss the mechanisms and factors associated with the controlled release of small molecules and the regulation of the fluorescence responses, from which universal guidelines for optical properties and structure rearrangement were established, mainly involving light-controlled, enzyme-activated, reactive oxygen species-triggered, biothiol-triggered, single-electron reduction, click chemistry, and other triggering mechanisms. Fourthly, representative applications of FSMDs for trackable release, and evaluation monitoring, as well as for visible in vivo treatment are outlined, to illustrate the potential of FSMDs in drug screening and precision medicine. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and remaining challenges for the development of FSMDs for practical and clinical applications, which we anticipate will stimulate the attention of researchers in the diverse fields of chemistry, pharmacology, chemical biology and clinical chemistry. With this review, we hope to impart new understanding thereby enabling the rapid development of the next generation of FSMDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel near-infrared (NIR) xanthene-chalcone fluorophores were constructed through a modular synthesis with the electron-donating xanthene moiety and the electron-withdrawing chalcone moiety. These fluorophores are convenient for fluorescence imaging in living cells, benefiting from their NIR emissions (650–710 nm), large Stokes shifts (>100 nm), moderate quantum yields and low cytotoxicity. The substituted hydroxyl group of the xanthene-chalcone fluorophore HCA-E facilitates the development of multifunctional fluorescent probes. As an example, a highly sensitive and selective probe N-HCA-E for glutathione (GSH) detection was developed based on the fluorophore HCA-E. A 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (4-Ns) group was introduced to cage the hydroxyl group of HCA-E, which was used as a selective recognition site for the thiol of GSH and an effective fluorescence quencher. Probe N-HCA-E revealed NIR "turn-on" fluorescence (709 nm) for endogenous and exogenous GSH detection in lysosomes with a large Stokes shift (129 nm) and high anti-interference ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time monitoring of biocatalytic-based processes is significantly improved and simplified when they can be visualized. Visual monitoring can be achieved by integrating a fluorescent unit with the biocatalyst. Herein, we outline the design strategies of fluorescent probes for monitoring biocatalysis: (1) probes for monitoring biocatalytic transfer: γ-glutamine is linked to the fluorophore as both a recognition group and for intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) inhibition; the probe is initially in an off state and is activated via the transfer of the γ-glutamine group and the release of the free amino group, which results in restoration of the "Donor–π–Acceptor" (D–π–A) system and fluorescence recovery. (2) Probes for monitoring biocatalytic oxidation: a propylamine is connected to the fluorophore as a recognition group, which cages the hydroxyl group, leading to the inhibition of ICT; propylamine is oxidized and subsequently β-elimination occurs, resulting in exposure of the hydroxyl group and fluorescence recovery. (3) Probes for monitoring biocatalytic reduction: a nitro group attached to a fluorophore as a fluorescence quenching group, this is converted to an amino group by catalytic reduction, resulting in fluorescence recovery. (4) Probes for monitoring biocatalytic hydrolysis: β- D -galactopyranoside or phosphate acts as a recognition group attached to hydroxyl groups of the fluorophore; the subsequent biocatalytic hydrolysis reaction releases the hydroxyl group resulting in fluorescence recovery. Following these 4 mechanisms, fluorophores including cyanine, coumarin, rhodamine, and Nile-red, have been used to develop systems for monitoring biocatalytic reactions. We anticipate that these strategies will result in systems able to rapidly diagnose and facilitate the treatment of serious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) intervention in schools for improving independent task performance in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Methods: We screened relevant studies published up to December 2022 from Web of science, ERIC, PsycINFO and other databases using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria to identify suitable intervention studies for meta‐analysis. Tau‐U effect sizes were calculated for each A‐B comparison extracted from the included experiments. Moderated analyses were conducted to examine the type of intervention (independent variable), intervention target behaviours (dependent variable), participant characteristics, setting characteristics and intervener characteristics. Results: A total of 14 studies (38 participants) met the criteria and were included in the meta‐analysis. The analysis results showed that TEACCH had a significant intervention effect, and the overall intervention effect size was Tau‐U = 0.85[0.77, 0.91]. There were significant differences in the intervention target behaviour variables (p < 0.01), limited variation in the intervention type variables, but no differences in participant characteristics, setting characteristics and intervenor characteristics. Conclusion: The use of TEACCH is effective in improving independent task completion in children with ASD and provides evidence‐based recommendations for its extended use in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal ions play critical roles in numerous fundamental life processes. Hence, there is a great need to effectively monitor and image metal ions. Fluorescent probes are one of the most effective methods for measuring metal ions. In general, according to the different recognition mechanisms of fluorescent probes, they can be divided into two categories: reversible probes and irreversible probes. Among the various fluorophores, rhodamine and fluorescein, as the typical representatives of xanthene, have been paid much attention in biological imaging due to their high absorption coefficient, high fluorescence quantum yield, and water solubility. This review highlights the recent advances on chelation-based xanthene fluorescent probes that have been used for detecting metal ions. The focus has been on the design strategies to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of fluorescent probes by introducing different recognition moieties. Meanwhile, their recognition mechanism and applications are particularly highlighted.

In order to propose intervention methods that can effectively improve the vocational skills of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders, meta-analysis is conducted on 16 research articles in the past twenty years focusing on single-type subjects. The intervention Tau-U effect values of related studies are calculated, and adjustment analysis is made on the subjects' characteristics, intervention types, intervention methods, intervention environment, dependent variables and the degree of matching between intervention objectives and subject characteristics. The results show that the intervention effect of vocational skills of ASD adolescents is overall significant. In terms of participant characteristics, the intervention effect of high- or medium-functioning ASD adolescents was better than that of low-functioning ASD adolescents. The analysis of intervention types showed statistically significant differences, among which the audio cueing method had the strongest intervention effect, and the frequency of mobile device teaching and behavioral skills training increased significantly. The effect of multi-component interventions is the same as that of single interventions, and it shows a good trend in the past five years and has been widely employed. Vocational skill interventions promote the employment of over 10 million persons with ASD in China, which not only helps achieve their economic independence but also is an important means to improve the social happiness index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting cancer cells with high specificity is one of the most essential yet challenging goals of tumor therapy. Because different surface receptors, transporters, and integrins are overexpressed specifically on tumor cells, using these tumor cell‐specific properties to improve drug targeting efficacy holds particular promise. Targeted fluorescent prodrugs not only improve intracellular accumulation and bioavailability but also report their own localization and activation through real‐time changes in fluorescence. In this review, efforts are highlighted to develop innovative targeted fluorescent prodrugs that efficiently accumulate in tumor cells in different organs, including lung cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, glioma, and colorectal cancer. The latest progress and advances in chemical design and synthetic considerations in fluorescence prodrug conjugates and how their therapeutic efficacy and fluorescence can be activated by tumor‐specific stimuli are reviewed. Additionally, novel perspectives are provided on strategies behind engineered nanoparticle platforms self‐assembled from targeted fluorescence prodrugs, and how fluorescence readouts can be used to monitor the position and action of the nanoparticle‐mediated delivery of therapeutic agents in preclinical models. Finally, future opportunities for fluorescent prodrug‐based strategies and solutions to the challenges of accelerating clinical translation for the treatment of organ‐specific tumors are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic modulation of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and the inner filter effect (IFE) was constructed within a molecule to control the stable fluorescence intensity as the internal standard, providing a new strategy for the accurate monitoring of photoactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidazole alkaloids, a common class of five-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds, exist widely in plants, animals and marine organisms. Because of imidazole's extensive and excellent biological and pharmacological activities, it has always been a topic of major interest for researchers and has been widely used as an active moiety in search of bioactive molecules. To find more efficient antibacterial compounds, a series of novel imidazole-fragment-decorated 2-(pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were designed and synthesized based on our previous works via the active substructure splicing principle, and their bioactivities were systematically evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The bioassays showed that some of the target compounds displayed excellent in vitro antibacterial activity toward three virulent phytopathogenic bacteria, including Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), affording the lowest EC50 values of 7.40 (7c), 5.44 (9a) and 12.85 (9a) μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, compound 7c possessed good in vivo protective and curative activities to manage rice bacterial leaf blight at 200 μg/mL, with control efficacies of 47.34% and 41.18%, respectively. Furthermore, compound 9a showed commendable in vivo protective and curative activities to manage kiwifruit bacterial canker at 200 μg/mL, with control efficacies of 46.05% and 32.89%, respectively, which were much better than those of the commercial bactericide TC (31.58% and 17.11%, respectively). In addition, the antibacterial mechanism suggested that these new types of title compounds could negatively impact the cell membranes of phytopathogenic bacteria cells and cause the leakage of the intracellular component, thereby leading to the killing of bacteria. All these findings confirm that novel 2-(pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles containing an imidazole fragment are promising lead compounds for discovering new bactericidal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 infection can cause psychological distress and profoundly impact patients' lives, but it can also lead to positive changes and post-traumatic growth (PTG), or positive psychological change in response to challenging life circumstances. Current research on the influence of COVID-19 infection has mainly focused on its negative effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with COVID-19 in China experienced PTG and, if so, what changed for them during the process of PTG. We used a qualitative descriptive approach to conduct this study. Using the purposive sampling recruitment method, patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis were recruited from a COVID-19 designated hospital in Shanghai, China, from April to July 2020. Data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted via cell phone or in person while social distancing to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Forty confirmed COVID-19 patients (19–68 years old) were recruited. Several prominent themes and subthemes were extracted from the interview responses regarding participants' experiences of PTG. The following are among the positive changesthat occurred for these participants after their diagnosis of COVID-19: (1) Reevaluation of their life priorities, which included a greater appreciation of being alive and re-evaluating their values and goals, (2) Improved relationships within their social circles, which included establishing or maintaining closer relationships with family and friends and a greater willingness to help others, and (3) Perceived changes regarding themselves, which included personal growth and increased awareness of the importance of their health. The study identified potential positive impacts of COVID-19 on patients, which could be helpful in the implementation of interventions to facilitate PTG among COVID-19 survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To understand COVID patients' experiences of and perspectives on disclosure of their illness and to explore and describe the factors affecting disclosure decisions among COVID patients in China. Background: Disease disclosure is a critical component of prevention and control of a virus outbreak, and this is especially true during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Understanding COVID patients' experiences and perspectives on disclosure could play a vital role in COVID management. Design: A qualitative study. Methods: A semi‐structured interview guide was used to conduct qualitative in‐depth interviews from April to June 2020. All the interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed, and then, a thematic analysis was conducted. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) were applied to this study. Results: A total of 26 COVID‐confirmed patients were recruited for the in‐depth interviews. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis on disclosure: persons disclosed to, reasons for disclosure, reasons for nondisclosure and impact of disclosure. The participants disclosed their COVID diagnosis to different groups, including family, close friends, community members and workplace contacts. The main reasons for disclosure included the following: government policy, social responsibility, gaining support and fear of being blamed for nondisclosure. However, some participants decided not to disclose to some groups for fear of facing stigma and discrimination or to protect family members from discrimination. Despite the potential benefits of obtaining support after disclosure, many participants did experience stigma and discrimination, privacy exposure, psychological distress and social isolation. Conclusions: An individual's decision as to whether to disclose their COVID‐positive status is affected by many factors. To prevent the spread of COVID‐19 and reduce the potential risks of disclosure, such as discrimination and privacy exposure, a balanced intervention should be designed to protect COVID patients and to secure any contact tracing. Therefore, the chances of discrimination could be decreased and patients' confidentiality could be protected. Relevance to Clinical Practice: As the number of COVID patients increases, disclosure of an individual's infectious status is encouraged by health departments. Despite the potential benefits of disclosure, discrimination and privacy exposure should not be ignored. A disclosure protocol is necessary to ensure patients' privacy regarding their COVID status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A versatile method for the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling of amides using highly active, well‐defined, and air‐stable Pd−phosphine precatalysts is reported. Most notably, the method represents the first example of using practical and operationally‐simple Pd(II)−phosphine precatalysts in the emerging amide bond cross‐coupling manifold. The reactions are efficient at 0.10 mol% loading, furnishing biaryl ketones with high chemoselectivity for N−C(O) bond cleavage. This versatile method enables for the first time to achieve Pd−phosphine‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of amides at ppm loading. This C−N cross‐coupling can be used to efficiently furnish pharmaceutical intermediates by orthogonal Pd‐catalyzed cross‐couplings. We fully expect that operationally‐simple [(PR3)2Pd(II)X2] precatalysts as effective triggers for N−C(O) cross‐coupling will be of broad synthetic and catalytic interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which can lead to the complete loss of cognition. Cu2+ and H2S are both correlated with the physiological and pathological events of AD. Therefore, suitable methods to continuously monitor Cu2+ and H2S are in great demand for a better understanding of the detailed mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Based on the heteroatom (N, O, and S) competitive effect, a series of reversible “off–on–off” fluorescent probes, S1–S3, for the detection of Cu2+ and H2S was designed and synthesized, which contain different alkaloids as acceptors. Their mechanism is demonstrated via IR spectroscopy, Job plot analysis and DFT calculation. These three compounds exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity (limit of detection = 1.95 nM, 1.51 nM, and 6.62 nM, respectively) for Cu2+ with a fast response rate. In addition, S1 exhibited extremely low cytotoxicity and superb membrane permeability, which could be applied in living MCF-7 cells and living mice to monitor Cu2+ under physiological conditions. Importantly, the excellent chelation of the S1 probe for Cu2+ was effectively utilized to capture Cu2+ from the aggregation of Aβ, which was observed experimentally via ThT fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two functionalized rhodamine based probes have been rational designed and synthesized. The probes have sufficiently high selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of Fe 3+ ion both by fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy with strong ability of anti-interference performance. The detection process has been shown to be reversible and involves the fluoran ring-opening upon complexation with Fe 3+ . The obvious fluorescence image obtained from confocal laser scanning microscopy of the detection of Fe 3+ in living L929 cells demonstrate that the probes could contribute to significant breakthroughs in understanding the critically important functions of Fe 3+ in related cells and biological organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In vivo fluorescence imaging is important for disease diagnosis and evaluation. • Strategies for developing fluorescent probes using cyanine dyes are summarized. • Cyanine-based probes and materials provide appropriate tools for biomedical visualization. In vivo fluorescence imaging provides vital information required for biomedical research in living animals, and as such plays an essential role in disease assessment. Unfortunately, due to the lack of coherent approaches, in vivo fluorescence visualization is challenging, wasting not only time but the animals used. In recent years, cyanine-based systems have been found to exhibit attractive optical properties with appropriate bio-functionality and therefore have become go-to probes for in vivo research. Herein, we collected the recent breakthroughs using cyanine-based systems associated with use in living mammals, to provide researchers with the required information to develop appropriate strategies able to meet the increasing stringent requirements for practical applications. We concentrate on 6 sites within the cyanine skeleton, including the: meso -position (1), N -indole (2), phenyl-indole (2), cyclohexane (1), which have been used to design symmetric or asymmetric cyanine structures. Substitutions at the meso -position provide fluorescence probes featuring a switch of EWG and EDG, PET, spiro-cyclization, ICT within the cyanine skeleton, or FRET, for visualizing analytes in vivo. Substitution at the N -indole forms a positively charged system with long wavelength emission suitable for in vivo imaging. While, modification of the phenyl-indole contributes to the functional properties, including photoacoustic, photothermal and photodynamic behavior, which can be used for multimodal imaging as well as functional imaging in vivo. With a specific trigger at the N -indole or meso -position, NIR fluorescence pro-drugs could be developed for in vivo tracing of the efficiency of drug delivery. While modification of the cyclohexane can introduce a targeting moiety for the accurate monitoring of tumors or organs. Using these strategies appropriate design platforms can be developed to provide the next generation of optical systems for living animal research. Moreover, we hope this review will enable researchers to design systems with high efficiency for in vivo research, which will reduce both the development time and number of animals required to progress the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel rhodamine based 2-guanidinobenzimidazole functionalized probe RhoG was rationally designed and synthesized for the detection of tetravalent tin in environmental, geological, and biological samples with excellent selectivity, sensitivity, photostability and anti-interference performance. The mechanism investigation confirmed that guanidinobenzimidazole provided binding sites for Sn 4+ and facilitate the formation of the complex. Successfully fluorescent imaging experiments in living L929 cells and MG-63 cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy presented a promising candidate for tracking tetravalent tin in biological organisms and processes thus contribute to significant breakthroughs in understanding the critically important functions of tetravalent tin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), the third gaseous transmitter after CO and NO, is a double-edged sword in the human body. A specific concentration of H 2 S can attenuate myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by preserving mitochondrial function, in contrast, cause illness, including inflammation and stroke. There are already some probes for the real-time monitoring of the level of H 2 S in the biological environment. However, they have some disadvantages, such as phototoxicity, low sensitivity, and low quantum yield. In this research, by linking 4-dinitrophenyl-ether (DNP), a specific recognition group for H 2 S, with a chemiluminophore 1,2-dioxetane, we designed and synthesized the probe SCL-1. To tackle the barrier that the traditional chemiluminescent group has a short emission wavelength and is not easy to penetrate deep tissues, an acrylonitrile electron-withdrawing substituent was installed to the ortho -position of the 1,2-dioxanol hydroxy group. According to the same design strategy as SCL-1, the probe SCL-2 was designed with the modified chemiluminescent group. Studies have shown that SCL-2 with electron-withdrawing acrylonitrile has higher luminescence quantum yield and high sensitivity than SCL-1, realizing real-time detection of H 2 S in vitro and in vivo. The LOD of SCL-2 was 0.185 μM, which was the best among the currently available luminescent probes for detecting H 2 S. We envisage that SCL-2 may be a practical toolbox for studying the biological functions of H 2 S and H 2 S-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]