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This study examines the role of passive project leadership in project success. The article deduces a theoretical model implying that passive project manager leadership behavior affects the success of information technology projects, directly and indirectly, via employees' creativity. Self-regulation is proposed as a mitigating factor to minimize the destructive effects of passive leadership on creativity. The current study is based on a quantitative research design. A time lag design was used to collect data from 347 respondents working on information technology projects in Pakistan. SmartPLS was used for data analysis. The findings demonstrated that although passive leadership appears in flat organizations, it can have a negative impact on project success via creativity. Additionally, if the person is self-regulatory, it will not alter the results. The study added to the project management body of knowledge by confirming that a strong leadership role, instead of a passive one, is essential to boosting the creativity of project personnel. A passive leader remains inactive during situations where a strong leader is needed; however, self-regulation on the part of employees proved insufficient to propel a project toward success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Phytomyxea are intracellular biotrophic parasites infecting plants and stramenopiles, including the agriculturally impactful Plasmodiophora brassicae and the brown seaweed pathogen Maullinia ectocarpii. They belong to the clade Rhizaria, where phagotrophy is the main mode of nutrition. Phagocytosis is a complex trait of eukaryotes, well documented for free‐living unicellular eukaryotes and specific cellular types of animals. Data on phagocytosis in intracellular, biotrophic parasites are scant. Phagocytosis, where parts of the host cell are consumed at once, is seemingly at odds with intracellular biotrophy.Here we provide evidence that phagotrophy is part of the nutritional strategy of Phytomyxea, using morphological and genetic data (including a novel transcriptome of M. ectocarpii). We document intracellular phagocytosis in P. brassicae and M. ectocarpii by transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization.Our investigations confirm molecular signatures of phagocytosis in Phytomyxea and hint at a small specialized subset of genes used for intracellular phagocytosis. Microscopic evidence confirms the existence of intracellular phagocytosis, which in Phytomyxea targets primarily host organelles.Phagocytosis seems to coexist with the manipulation of host physiology typical of biotrophic interactions. Our findings resolve long debated questions on the feeding behaviour of Phytomyxea, suggesting an unrecognized role for phagocytosis in biotrophic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to 2018 demographic data of the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, seismology is among the geoscience fields with the lowest representation of women. To understand whether this reflects seismology more generally, we investigate women's authorship of peer-reviewed publications, a key factor in career advancement. Building upon open-source tools for web-scraping, we create a database of bibliographic information for seismological articles published in 14 international journals from 2010 to 2020. We use the probabilities of author names being either male- or female-gendered to analyse the representation of women authors in terms of author position and subsequently per journal, year, and publication productivity. The results indicate that (1) the overall probability of the first (last) author being female is 0.28 (0.19); (2) with the calculated rate of increase from 2010 to 2020, equal probabilities of female and male authorship would be reached towards the end of the century; (3) compared to the overall probability of male authorship (0.76), single-authored papers in our database are disproportionately published by male authors (with a probability of 0.83); (4) female representation decreases among highly productive authors; and (5) rather than being random, the composition of authorship appears to be influenced by gender – firstly, all-male author teams are more common than what would be expected if teams were composed randomly; secondly, the probability that first or co-authors are female increases when the last author is female, but first female authors have a low probability of working with female co-authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For about the last ten years, the creative industries have been structuring themselves around projects; this is called projectification. With this research, we study the tension between artistic and project management values and compromises in projects in creative industries. Drawing on the Making Projects Critical approach, we used the Economies of Worth framework to analyze the results of an instrumental multiple case study of creative industries. We undertook semi-structured interviews with creative workers, art directors and project managers of small advertising agencies. This article highlights compromise between artistic and project management values as a condition for the viability of projects in creative industries. Our conclusion is that compromise is attainable if project managers focus not only on instrumental project management principles but also on the satisfaction and daily support of creative workers, and an educational-type relationship with customers. Given the tension between creative and project management values, achieving a compromise is a condition for the viability of projects in creative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnographers must balance the tensions between the emic and etic dimensions of research. For example, they must simultaneously become an emic insider of the group studied, while at the same time retain their analytical distance to remain an etic outsider. This article discusses how these tensions manifest in head-, field-, and text-work by reviewing 52 self-declared management accounting ethnographies published between 1997 and 2017. The review shows that there is an (over-)emphasis on a realist tale-telling approach, in which the author's voice is almost always effaced as tale-tellers detach themselves from the tales being told. As alternatives, we highlight confessional and impressionist tale-telling approaches. Although all three approaches offer advantages for addressing the emic-etic balance, they also all involve sacrifices. Thus, we urge researchers to give deeper consideration to text-work choices in management accounting ethnographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to show the importance of creativity in the work of a project manager, in particular at the recruitment stage for this position, as well as to identify at which stage of the recruitment process and how this competence is verified. The authors of the publication argue that creativity is one of the key professional competences of a project manager, which is currently required by employers, although it is difficult to identify in the recruitment process. A literature analysis was carried out and case studies were presented for project organizations describing the requirements for creativity in the Project Manager’s future work. The data was collected on the basis of a form containing open questions and Individual In-depth Interview (IDI) with respondents. The questions concerned incorporating of the creativity in the publication of job advertisements, incorporating of the creativity during recruitment interviews, the level of the recruitment stage during which this competence is verified, the method of verifying competence during the job interview, a formal certification of creativity before starting work as a Project Manager. Research has shown that creativity is a competence required by modern organizations and verified during the recruitment process. The skills in the field of creativity are evidenced, among others, by unconventional approach to the project, i.e. the use of non-standard and sometimes even non-obvious solutions. During the recruitment process, organisations pay attention to references, successes and achievements that have been obtained so far, as well as the way of solving the recruitment tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the classical wave equation with time-dependent, spatially multiscale coefficients. We propose a fully discrete computational multiscale method in the spirit of the localized orthogonal decomposition in space with a backward Euler scheme in time. We show optimal convergence rates in space and time beyond the assumptions of spatial periodicity or scale separation of the coefficients. Further, we propose an adaptive update strategy for the timedependent multiscale basis. Numerical experiments illustrate the theoretical results and showcase the practicability of the adaptive update strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for audio description (AD) is growing rapidly due to the increasing number of people who suffer vision loss. Unfortunately, the producers of movie, shows and other TV programmes view AD as a costly service with no revenue potential. Since cost-effectiveness of AD was never argued, the producers hesitate to expand the service beyond mandatory requirements imposed by the regulatory agencies. This paper develops a cost model and a decision support system that can be used to examine the cost-effectiveness of AD production. AD expansion is examined using a case study, in which the three types of producers: a production studio, an independent film and a broadcaster audio, describe a 30-min TV show. The expansion is analysed under the following conditions: (1) the descriptions are produced by a full-time AD crew instead of being outsourced to a third party, (2) AD production is supported by technology to reduce the time required to record and synchronise narrations and (3) a rich programming mix that includes: shows, movies and other TV programmes is described. The results are promising. For example, if a rich programming mix is described by a broadcaster, AD expansion will become feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, conversations about the low representation of marginalized groups in most science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields are occurring more frequently. Multiple studies reported that members of these groups are underrepresented as conference attendees, as members of conference organizing committees, and as speakers at conferences, where presenting research is important for career advancement. Planetary science has benefited from two workforce studies, and as the number of women in planetary science is increasing, their conference participation should, too. Through analyses of conference abstract author data, and to interpret the data from the workforce studies in the context of meeting participation, we studied the representation of scientists perceived to be women at the annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference between 1999 and 2017. In the most recent five years, we find that the percentages of attendees with talks were nearly identical for men and women, and that, in general, women were represented as speakers in proportion to their numbers in the field of planetary science. This is in contrast to other professional conferences that draw from the same population of scientists and may be the result of the way the conference program is organized by a centralized committee rather than by separate session conveners. While representation of people perceived to be women has improved, we have limited data on members of other marginalized groups, including nonbinary scientists and scientists of color. In order to enable an understanding of challenges and barriers to success for members of all groups, especially those who identify along multiple axes, conferences should solicit self‐identified gender, race, career stage, and other information. Plain Language Summary: Multiple studies have shown that members of marginalized groups in most science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields are underrepresented as conference attendees, as members of conference organizing committees, and as speakers at conferences, which can be harmful to career advancement. We used author information on conference abstracts to study the representation of scientists perceived to be women at the annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) between 1999 and 2017. In the most recent five years, the percentages of attendees with talks were nearly identical for men and women, and in general, women were represented as speakers in proportion to their number in the field of planetary science. This may be the result of the way the LPSC science program is organized by a centralized committee rather than by a collection of individual session conveners, which is typical of other conferences. While it is possible to study people who identify along the gender binary, we recommend that conference organizers collect demographic information in order to understand challenges and barriers to success for members of all groups, including nonbinary scientists and scientists of color. Key Points: We conducted a study to understand who is giving talks at the annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) between 1999 and 2017At the most recent LPSCs, people perceived to be women gave talks in proportion to their representation in the field of Planetary ScienceTo better understand barriers, challenges, successes, and career trajectories of all attendees, demographic data should be collected [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationships between online therapeutic shopping motivation, crisis-coping shopping, and therapeutic shopping purchases in disruptive situations. It explicitly addresses the research question of how online shopping motivation and crisis-coping shopping affect therapeutic shopping purchases. Empirical evidence was obtained in Europe and Latin America. We used partial least squares modeling and multigroup analysis to compare consumers' culture-driven responses to crisis. The effect of crisis-coping shopping is almost three times stronger than the effect of online therapeutic shopping motivation on therapeutic shopping purchases. This study investigates the concepts of hedonic shopping and retail therapy in the online environment and disruptive situations by examining therapeutic shopping purchases. Cultural differences are highlighted in relation to purchases made to regulate mood during a crisis. Finally, this study examines the roles of retail therapeutic motivation and crisis-coping online shopping and discusses the implications for consumers, managers, and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movie industry is typically characterized by high production risk and unpredictable returns. Innovating in this kind of environment is very risky and calls for smart strategies of risk diversification. Hollywood is a recognized content innovation leader in the global movie industry, but the recent tendency for major production companies in the industry is to reduce risk by imitating previously successful productions rather than maintaining an innovation drive. We analyse here an alternative possible strategy based on risk diversification, and show how such strategy is viable for the Hollywood system whereas it is less viable for alternative, less market oriented movie production systems. We study cost/return data for 909 films from the US movie market 1988–99 by the five major US studios, and 118 films from the Italian market 1995–2003 by the three major Italian producers. Three different strategies of portfolio composition are tested, in a comparative perspective, in the US and Italy production and market environments. We find that portfolio diversification strategies are always successful in reducing operating risk in the US, but only partially so in Italy due to major differences in market size and players' characteristics, and ultimately to differences in entrepreneurial culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary fiction TV series production in North America is characterized by the showrunner figure's importance. This paper aims to study the concept of "showrunner" as executive-creative producer, analyze the competencies and responsibilities carried out by them during the production process of TV shows according to personal and professional factors, and examine their position within the current television market. For this purpose, a literature review on fiction TV series production and television authorship has been conducted. After this, adopting the focus of media production studies, a qualitative methodology based on in-depth personal interviews has been used, which was carried out with a selection of thirty-six significant executive producers and writers of contemporary American TV series. The findings indicate the relevance of this profile from a historical perspective, and particularly in recent years. Although there is a basic scheme of tasks developed by the showrunner in each phase of the production process, we find differences in this actuation due to personal -sex and nationality- and professional -format/gender and channel-characteristics in this industrial context. The showrunner develops an executive-creative dual profile to maintain the project's coherence according to the established vision. Their influence over the TV series' creative features contributes to reflection on television authorship and its attribution to this figure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study project management performance measures by analyzing how training utility affects the relationships between mutual trust, social interaction and creativity as well as mutual trust, social interaction and flexibility in projects. Design/methodology/approach: Using training utility and organizational support theory, eight hypotheses were developed. Responses from 279 project management professionals in the USA were collected. The hypotheses were then tested using partial least squares (PLS) and regression with the PROCESS macro approach. Findings: The results suggests that the communication environment indeed has an important role in fostering creative and flexible project managers. Additionally, the study shows that organizations can actively improve the influence of the communication environment on project management creativity through training efforts. Interestingly, these findings may not hold for project manager flexibility. Practical implications: In today's project management world, organizations need project managers who quickly adapt to changing project management scenarios. To do this, project managers need to be creative, generating new and novel ideas, as well as flexible when converting ideas into action. Organizations often possess large amounts of knowledge, and project managers rely on good communication practices to access this knowledge in response to the required changes in the project domain. Originality/value: The study includes contributions to theory and empirical research in project management by analyzing the critical role training utility has on the firm communication environments and its outcomes. The study shows that organizations can take an active role by investing in resources to promote flexibility and creativity in projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid construction of emergency hospitals in areas with a severe COVID-19 outbreak was one of the effective ways to contain and fight the pandemic. However, such rapid construction megaprojects need more than a formal management system to drive the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of participants in order to compensate for the lack of formal rules and regulations. Two emergency hospitals especially built for COVID-19 are taken as case studies in this paper to establish a mechanism model and examine the impact of the perceived strength of the COVID-19 event on the emergency megaproject citizenship behavior (EMCB) based on affective events theory (AET). Data from 340 project participants in the two hospitals were collected and tested using structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate that first, the positive affect induced by the COVID-19 event is the direct antecedent that promotes EMCB. Participants' cognition of event criticality and event novelty was seen to have a positive driving effect on the positive affect. However, their cognition of event urgency and event disruption only triggers negative affect. Second, the positive affect induced by the COVID-19 event was seen to have a strong positive and direct promoting effect on the six dimensions of EMCB. Contrary to expectations, the negative affect induced by the COVID-19 event does not significantly influence the six dimensions of EMCB. This study provides empirical suggestions for project managers on how to motivate EMCB through public emergency management to help achieve project objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poetic is the possibility of the language to say what is always apparently vague and that continually needs to be constructed, as an alternative way of accessing knowledge. In this possible "elsewhere", the poems of Gilda Vălcan (Romanian poetess, little known in Italy) challenge the reader, imposing the experience of a new universe that shakes the principles of what is considered firm, safe, ordinary, and trivial. This universe, in itself obscure and original - that is, founded on something that has nothing to do with the known, with the defined and with the representable -, witnesses a dialogue that is always in progress and in conflict with an interlocutor present / absent in the poetess's verses. By naming the surrounding world, Gilda Vălcan enters in its dimension, trying to give a space and a voice to her being in a continuous research of her own identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Festivals are an important part of popular culture and have increased in popularity in recent decades. However, they remain relatively unexplored in the accounting literature, and understanding of the use of management control tools in this context is low. This study aims to investigate the use of budgets in festivals. Informed by upper echelons theory, it investigates how individual and observable characteristics of festival managers are associated with variations in the use of budgets. The study is based on a survey of 61 festival managers from 40 festivals. The findings suggest that festival budgets are particularly important in the planning and coordination process but used less frequently for ex post evaluations. The findings also indicate a positive association between a business educational background and the use of budgets for most purposes, with the exceptions of performance evaluation and reward. This paper contributes to the literature on accounting in popular culture in general and in festivals specifically. Through its application of upper echelons theory, it also contributes to the management accounting and control literature, showing how individual characteristics of managers influence the use of budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses the following question: what happens when people pool their resources in a project but also compete for market share? This question is at the heart of project management in the cultural industries. To be viable, these projects must find a compromise between competition and collaboration. To conceptualize this compromise, we used the theoretical framework On Justification by Boltanski and Thévenot (2006). These authors represented society with six independent worlds, and they explored compromises between the various worlds. We associate competition with the market world and collaborate with the civic world. Boltanski and Thévenot (2006) did not find a figure of compromise between these two worlds, but we suggest that a coopetition is a viable form of compromise. We undertook 50 semi-structured interviews with professional visual artists to empirically support our assumptions that (1) coopetition is the answer to our initial question, and (2) it is the figure of compromise between the market and civic worlds. Our findings contribute to the literature on coopetition in project management by presenting three typical cases of coopetition in projects in cultural industries: artwork creation projects, art exhibition projects in private galleries, and art exhibition projects in cooperative galleries. We also contribute to the literature on Boltanski and Thévenot (2006) theoretical framework by exploring a new figure of compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly globalized sector such as the naval construction sector, the search for reduction in execution terms and production costs becomes essential. With this aim, the vessel project should be analyzed globally and in conjunction with the installations in which it will be built. The present research includes a series of improvement proposals for the construction of a 78-m-long ferry, designed for the transport of 700 passengers and 590 lineal meters of cargo space. These improvements are focused on the standardization of equipment and components in the accommodation area and engine room, as well as in the general arrangement of these spaces, by orienting their design toward manufacturing. All this will lead to a series of results, which demonstrate that the correct application of these changes considerably reduces production time and, consequently, the costs associated with it. In parallel, this study analyzes the facilities of the shipyard, proposing changes in its workshops and identifying new business lines to improve the strategic situation of the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brisk building boom of megaprojects leads to a wide range of environmental problems, particularly in developing countries such as China. To prevent environmental problems effectively, megaprojects require proactive environmental initiatives based on individual, voluntary, and discretionary behaviors, which are also known as organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment (OCBEs). The OCBEs (e.g., sharing knowledge to prevent pollution, making suggestions to minimize waste) play an important role in improving megaproject environmental performance. However, this line of research is still in its infancy and the institutional-psychological mechanism leading megaproject practitioners to engage in OCBEs is largely unexplored. To fill this gap, this paper presents an individual-level analysis that investigates how institutional pressures impact project practitioners' OCBEs according to the survey data collected from China's megaprojects. The results obtained by partial least-squares analysis indicate that both mimetic and normative pressures have a significant impact on OCBEs, and such relationships are partially mediated by organizational support. Nevertheless, this paper did not find evidence for a significant impact from coercive pressures. These findings provide a new insight into making use of institutional forces to stimulate the emergence of OCBEs, improving the environmental performance in megaprojects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Megaproject stakeholders sometimes go beyond the requirements of their contract and perform actions that benefit others, despite conflicting with their own interests. This type of organizational citizen behavior (OCB) is frequently seen in the context of construction megaprojects, but its characteristics and drivers are largely unknown and little studied. Using a quantitative cross-case study, this paper presents an overview of OCB practices in construction megaprojects, which will be referred to as megaproject citizenship behavior (MCB). The paper proposes a framework for MCB based on structured interviews with megaproject participants. This framework is composed of five types of behaviors: compliance, contingent collaboration, harmonious relationship maintenance, conscientiousness, and initiative. Furthermore, MCB demonstrates three distinct features beyond the aforementioned behaviors: actions based in MCB extend beyond the megaproject organization's boundaries toward all stakeholders, they occur at an interorganizational level, and they promote harmony among participating organizations. This study's findings are discussed based on their implications for theory and future research in megaprojects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The property of projection poses a challenge to formal semantic theories, due to its apparent non-compositional nature. Projected content is therefore typically analyzed as being different from and independent of asserted content. Recent evidence, however, suggests that these types of content in fact closely interact, thereby calling for a more integrated analysis that captures their similarities, while respecting their differences. Here, we propose such a unified, compositional semantic analysis of asserted and projected content. Our analysis captures the similarities and differences between presuppositions, anaphora, conventional implicatures and assertions on the basis of their information structure, that is, on basis of how their content is contributed to the unfolding discourse context. We formalize our analysis in an extension of the dynamic semantic framework of Discourse Representation Theory (DRT)--called Projective DRT (PDRT)--that employs projection variables to capture the information-structural aspects of semantic content; different constellations of such variables capture the differences between the different types of projected and asserted content within a single dimension of meaning. We formally derive the structural and compositional properties of PDRT, as well as its semantic interpretation. By instantiating PDRT as a mature semantic formalism, we argue that it paves way for a more focused investigation of the information-structural aspects of meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using laboratory cultures, we have documented the life cycle ofAnisolpidium ectocarpii, a pathogen ofEctocarpusand other filamentous brown algae, and presented preliminary observations onAnisolpidium rosenvingei, a pathogen ofPylaiella littoralis. Consistent with earlier reports, the zoospores of both species have a single anterior flagellum, which justified the placement ofAnisolpidiumamongst the Hyphochytriales (Hyphochytridiomycota). We have also shown thatA. ectocarpiican complete its infection cycle in a broad selection of species from various brown algal orders, whereasA. rosenvingeiseemingly exhibits a strict specificity for unilocular sporangia ofP. littoralis. Unexpectedly, nuclear (18S rRNA) and mitochondrial (cox1,cox2) markers regroupA. ectocarpiiandA. rosenvingei, into a hitherto unrecognized monophyletic clade within the oomycetes (Oomycota), most closely related to the Olpidiopsidales. TheAnisolpidiumgenus is therefore entirely distinct from the Hyphochytridiomycota and represents the first confirmed instance of an anteriorly uniciliate oomycete. Finally, we suggest that a valid morphological criterion to separate true hyphochytrids from oomycetes is the timing of zoospore cleavage. Given the evidence, we propose to transfer the Anisolpidiales from the Hyphochytriales to the Oomycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite decades of monitoring global reef decline, we are still largely unable to explain patterns of reef deterioration at local scales, which precludes the development of effective management strategies. Offshore reefs of the Florida Keys, USA, experience milder temperatures and lower nutrient loads in comparison to inshore reefs yet remain considerably more degraded than nearshore patch reefs. A year-long reciprocal transplant experiment of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) involving four source and eight transplant locations reveals that corals adapt and/or acclimatize to their local habitat on a ,10-km scale. Surprisingly, transplantation to putatively similar environmental types (e.g., offshore corals moved to a novel offshore site, or along-shore transplantation) resulted in greater reductions in fitness proxies, such as coral growth, than cross-channel transplantation between inshore and offshore reefs. The only abiotic factor showing significantly greater differences between along-shore sites was daily temperature range extremes (rather than the absolute high or low temperatures reached), providing a possible explanation for this pattern. Offshore-origin corals exhibited significant growth reductions at sites with greater daily temperature ranges, which explained up to 39% of the variation in their mass gain. In contrast, daily temperature range explained at most 9% of growth variation in inshore-origin corals, suggesting that inshore corals are more tolerant of high-frequency temperature fluctuations. Finally, corals incur trade-offs when specializing to their native reef. Across reef locations the coefficient of selection against coral transplants was 0.07 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE). This selection against immigrants could hinder the ability of corals to recolonize devastated reefs, whether through assisted migration efforts or natural recruitment events, providing a unifying explanation for observed patterns of coral decline in this reef system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational stress in higher education institutions (HEIs) needs to be taken into due consideration since it can affect the professional efficacy of academicians. This paper surveys the occupational stress faced by the academic staff in a HEI in Mauritius. A total of 245 questionnaires were distributed to five faculties and a total of 163 (66.5 % response rate) questionnaires were returned and analyzed. Exploratory factor analysis with an oblimin (Promax) rotation was employed and the two-factor structure of the JSS which consisted of job pressure and Lack of organizational support was supported. The JSS sub-factors namely Pressure, Severity and Index were found to have good internal consistencies. A confirmatory factor analysis was employed to confirm the factor structure. Adequate construct validity and discriminant validity was present for the two constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Phytomyxea (‘‘plasmodiophorids’’) including both Plasmodiophorida and Phagomyxida is a monophyletic group of Eukaryotes composed of obligate biotrophic parasites of green plants, brown algae, diatoms and stramenopiles commonly found in many freshwater, soil and marine environments. However, most research on Phytomyxea has been restricted to plant pathogenic species with agricultural importance, thereby missing the huge ecological potential of this enigmatic group of parasites. Members of the Phytomyxea can induce changes in biomass in their hosts (e.g. hypertrophies of the host tissue) under suitable environmental conditions. Upon infection they alter the metabolism of their hosts, consequently changing the metabolic status of their host. This results in an altered chemical composition of the host tissue, which impacts the diversity of species which feed on the tissues of the infected host and on the zoospores produced by the parasites. Furthermore, significant amounts of nutrients derived from the hosts, both primary producers (plants and algae) and primary consumers (litter decomposers and plant parasites [Oomycetes]), can enter the food web at different trophic levels in form of zoospores and resting spores. Large numbers of zoospores and resting spores are produced which can be eaten by secondary and tertiary consumers, such as grazing zooplankton and metazoan filter-feeders. Therefore, these microbes can act as energy-rich nutrient resources which may significantly alter the trophic relationships in fresh water, soil and marine habitats. Based on the presented data, Phytomyxea can significantly contribute to the complexity and energy transfer within food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assesses and evaluates the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Job Stress Survey (JSS; Spielberger, 1991 ; Spielberger & Vagg, 1999 ). This instrument is constructed to measure generic sources of occupational stress encountered by employees in a wide variety of work settings, settings that often result in psychological strain. The JSS was administered to metal assembly industry workers and medical service personnel in northern Sweden ( n= 1186). The exploratory factor analysis showed that there is a high similarity between the present Swedish version and the original American version. Internal reliabilities of the scales, as well as test-retest reliabilities were shown to be high, and concurrent validity, as examined by comparisons with the Perceived Stress Questionnaire Index ( Levenstein et al., 1993 ) was found to be satisfactory. The consistency of these findings is discussed with particular focus on groups of employees, gender, and cross-cultural evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three papers in the Journal of Personality (Oakes & Curtis, 1982; Tennen, Drum, Gillen, & Stanton, 1982; Tennen, Gillen, & Drum, 1982) report that behavioral deficits characteristic of learned helplessness occur independently of perceptions of and attributions for noncontingency. The present article discusses the problems for the cognitive mediational component of helplessness theory raised by these three papers. It is argued that while these papers do not seriously challenge helplessness theory because they fail to test adequately the central proposition of the model, they point to the theory's need for greater elaboration of the processes or mechanisms linking objective experiences, perceptions, attributions, expectations, and behavioral effects of uncontrollability. Suggestions for some of the additional mediational processes a revised helplessness theory should incorporate are offered, followed by a discussion of the role of these processes in leading to the relatively greater support found for perceptions and attributions as mediators of behavioral helplessness in natural vs. laboratory environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on social identity theory, the authors demonstrated how and when responsible leadership might relate to employee's organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE). Using data collected from 302 subordinates from one service chain hotel in China across 2 phases, this study discussed the influence mechanism of responsible leadership on OCBE, as well as the roles of leader identification and the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility (PRESOR). Empirical results revealed that responsible leadership was positively related to OCBE, and that leader identification played a mediating role between responsible leadership and OCBE. The relationship between leader identification and OCBE was positively moderated by PRESOR, which also moderated the indirect effect of responsible leadership on OCBE through leader identification, such that this relationship was stronger when PRESOR was high. Finally, we outlined the theoretical and practical implications and proposed some promising aspects and value variables for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]