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Scholars tend to assume that publicly funded R&D projects, which are competitively selected, outperform pro- jects, which receive funding through a political selection process. In this paper, we empirically explore this assumption, examining the outcomes of 321 R&D projects that were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program. Between 2003 and 2011, projects in this program could not only receive funding by means of a competitive selection process, but also by being earmarked by a U.S. member of Congress. We find that, whereas earmarked projects receive considerably lower peer review evaluation scores than non-earmarked projects, they do not consistently underperform in terms of the productivity, spillovers, and novelty of research- and science-based outcomes. Post-hoc analyses provide indications that this misalignment is driven by the existence of a bias of peer reviewers toward earmarked projects. Jointly, our findings challenge the dominant assumption that competitively selected projects always outperform politically selected ones in the setting of public R&D grants. In this way, we provide academics and policy makers with a richer perspective on the ad- vantages and liabilities of earmarks.

While in many regions the conventional bicycle has already been regarded as an environmentally friendly and healthy alternative to the car for daily commuting, societal and policy agendas are also increasingly promoting e-bike adoption. Adding to recent research on e-bike safety, satisfaction with travel and behavioral change, this paper reports on the impact of weather circumstances on the use of the e-bike in daily commuting in an e-cycling incentive program in the province of Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands. The impact of this incentive program was analyzed using a longitudinal design, and it combined travel patterns that were derived from individuals’ GPS data over nine months, hourly observed meteorological data, and questionnaires on intended behavior and sociodemographic characteristics. The findings suggest that the presence of snow and ice, total precipitation, and high windspeed negatively affected the choice of commuting to work by e-bike, in this decreasing order of impact. Although the overall impact of air temperature on e-cycling was positive, the likeliness to commute by e-bike decreased at higher air temperatures. E-cycling under specific weather conditions was more likely if participants’ intention to e-cycle under such weather conditions was stronger. Our study indicates that the benefits of the e-bike in daily commuting are underestimated in relation to adverse weather conditions. Respondents from households with one car only, therefore, have fewer alternatives in poor weather conditions: for these individuals, only total precipitation and the presence of relatively low air temperature impact e-cycling. In addition, reported gender and high wind speeds might have been expected to influence participation in e-cycling.

Although statistical literacy has become a key competence in today’s data-driven society, it is usually not a part of statistics education. To address this issue, we propose an innovative concept for a conference-like seminar on the topic of statistical literacy. This seminar draws attention to the relevance and importance of statistical literacy, and moreover, students are made aware of the process of science communication and are introduced to the peer review process for the assessment of scientific papers. In the summer term 2020, the seminar was conducted as a joint project by the University of Hamburg, the University of Muenster, and the Joachim Herz Foundation. In this article, we present the concept of the seminar and our experience with this concept in the summer term 2020.

In Transportation Research A 133:79–81, Francisco Bahamonde-Birke (B-B) asks “Who will bell the cat? ... [and presumably discloses] … the fact that, under current conditions and with flat energy prices, a substantial increase in the number of EVs [electric vehicles] in many countries would necessarily result in an increase of CO2 emissions”. B-B wants to … “raise awareness among authors and reviewers regarding the risks associated with replacing conventional vehicles – especially those highly efficient in terms of CO2 emissions, such as Diesel and LPG vehicles – by electric vehicles”.

Clinical trials that terminate prematurely without reaching conclusions raise financial, ethical, and scientific concerns. Scientific studies in all disciplines are initiated with extensive planning and deliberation, often by a team of highly trained scientists. To assure that the quality, integrity, and feasibility of funded research projects meet the required standards, research-funding agencies such as the National Institute of Health and the National Science Foundation, pass proposed research plans through a rigorous peer review process before making funding decisions. Yet, some study proposals successfully pass through all the rigorous scrutiny of the scientific peer review process, but the proposed investigations end up being terminated before yielding results. This study demonstrates an algorithm that quantifies the risk associated with a study being terminated based on the analysis of patterns in the language used to describe the study prior to its implementation. To quantify the risk of termination, we use data from the clinicialTrials.gov repository, from which we extracted structured data that flagged study characteristics, and unstructured text data that described the study goals, objectives and methods in a standard narrative form. We propose an algorithm to extract distinctive words from this unstructured text data that are most frequently used to describe trials that were completed successfully vs. those that were terminated. Binary variables indicating the presence of these distinctive words in trial proposals are used as input in a random forest, along with standard structured data fields. In this paper, we demonstrate that this combined modeling approach yields robust predictive probabilities in terms of both sensitivity (0.56) and specificity (0.71), relative to a model that utilizes the structured data alone (sensitivity = 0.03, specificity = 0.97). These predictive probabilities can be applied to make judgements about a trial's feasibility using information that is available before any funding is granted.

Lack of public support is regarded as a major barrier for implementing restrictive transport policy instruments. Recent studies have therefore analyzed factors explaining variations in public support and examined strategies to increase support of restrictive policy measures. However, few have analyzed whether there is an actual relationship between transportation policies and political legitimacy. This article thus makes two main contributions to the literature. First, it explores whether there is a relationship between support of restrictive instruments and political legitimacy to study the political implications of introducing such instruments. The results show that citizens opposing restrictive measures, such as local road tolls, are more dissatisfied with the performance of local democracy. The effect also appears to be mediated through citizens evaluation of politicians’ and how they evaluate governmental performance at the local level. Second, the article analyzes the importance of transportation policies in particular for local political legitimacy. The results show that citizens dissatisfied with the quality of services within the transport sector are also more dissatisfied with the performance of local democracy.

As the service industry moves toward self-service, peer feedback serves a critical role in this shift for educational services. Peer feedback is a process by which students provide feedback to each other. One of its major benefits is that it enables students to become actively involved in the learning and assessment process and play an integral role in the delivery and quality of their education. However, a primary concern is that students do not consistently provide each other with quality feedback, especially in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines in which gender stereotypes may hinder the ability of women to provide critical peer feedback. A potential way to improve peer feedback is to create anonymous review settings. This study examines how anonymity alters the nature of peer feedback in a large introductory undergraduate statistics class for computer science and engineering majors. In this class, peers review a series of team video projects as either anonymous or nonanonymous reviewers. Our results show that female peer reviewers were more affected by the anonymity setting than the male peer reviewers. We discuss the implications of these findings for promoting greater participation and retention of women in underrepresented STEM disciplines and the design of effective peer-review processes for improved student achievement and satisfaction.

I artikkelen ser vi på argumentene for områdesatsinger i norsk bypolitikk som en bakgrunn for å diskutere fore- liggende forskning av slike satsinger. Gitt at norsk byforskning har en sterk overvekt av studier med data fra Oslo, samt at det særlig er i hovedstaden områdesatsingene har vært gjennomført, retter vi oppmerksomheten spesielt mot situasjonen i denne byen. Det foreligger så å si ikke vitenskapelige studier av områdesatsinger i Norge. Kunnskaps- produksjonen har nesten utelukkende skjedd som oppdragsforskning- og evalueringer som ikke har gjennomgått den kvalitetssikring som ligger i vitenskapelige publikasjoner. Det vi synes å vite, med bakgrunn i bidrag av sistnevnte slag, er at tiltak i regi av norske områdesatsinger påvirker boligpriser, helsetilstand, barnehagedeltakelse og skoleresulta- ter. Noe av det vi vet mindre om, er effektene av såkalte «møteplasser». Vi hevder derfor at politikere, planleggere og andre sentrale aktører mangler et solid kunnskapsgrunnlag for å vurdere om områdesatsinger er en fornuftig strategi i norske byer. Siden det er få norske vitenskapelige studier å gjennomgå eller lære av, diskuterer vi også funn fra et strategisk utvalg vitenskapelige studier fra andre land. This paper discusses the arguments supporting area-based initiatives in Norwegian urban policy, and then turns to a discussion of the existing research on such initiatives. Since urban studies in Norway have mainly been undertaken in Oslo, we focus primarily on this city. We identify few scientific studies of area-based based initiatives undertaken in Norway. However, we do seem to know that Norwegian area-based initiatives have had effects on housing prices, residents’ health, kindergarten participation and school results. While there are a few studies that refer to area-based initiatives as well as a few studies that analyze area-based initiatives as political processes (stressing e.g. public parti- cipation), only a handful of papers attempt to analyze the eventual effects of these initiatives/strategies. Thus, policy- makers lack a critical knowledge base that could be used to substantiate any claim that area-based initiatives represent a sound urban policy tool in the Norwegian context.

International audience; Changes in the climatic conditions in the Arctic are opening new trading routes (Northern Sea Route & North West Passage) in this area. There is a growing importance of this theme in the conversation amongst transportation scholars. Indeed, the academic conversation about Arctic transportation is becoming a field of research in itself. The aim of this study is to look at this conversation and provide a state-of-theart of Arctic transportation systems. The investigation is based on a systematicliterature review of peer reviewed articles dealing with transportation and the Arctic.The corpus composed of 386 articles about Arctic transportation is studied from a textometric perspective and compared with professional press to identify gaps between concerns of professionals and scholars’ research. Results show a growing body of research with a strong node of experts. Their research covers operations and sustainable development of shipping and port activities along the Arctic routes. We also identify five major areas for further investigation: the tactical perspective and management approach of issues in the field, risk management in general, logistic systems to access to the Arctic routes, major clustering projects development in the area and management of specific fleets required by the extreme conditions.

Since seasonality has long been recognized as one of the most critical problems in the tourism industry, many studies have been conducted to investigate its reasons. Nevertheless, almost all the studies focus on climate and institutional reasons, ignoring the possible economic determinants. In this study, we use econometric models to estimate how economic factors such as tourist’s income, the relative costs in a tourist’s home country, and destination country affect tourism seasonality, using the seasonal demand of the Japanese and Chinese tourists in the destination of Norway as a case study. The results suggest the long-ignored economic determinants are crucial in affecting tourism seasonal concentration. Various price strategies by considering the different price sensitivity of tourists in peak and off-peak seasons are necessary to modify seasonality. The mitigating effect of economic growth on tourism seasonality is parallel to the level of economic development. The finding is in line with the expectation that global tourism seasonality due to tourists from emerging markets may debilitate as these countries keep up with growth in the future.

Rush orders are characterised by time constraints and organisational priority. They are handled by the supplier with the aim of meeting customer requirements in as limited a timeframe as possible. Rather than focusing on rush orders as a deterministic planning problem, this paper takes an inter-organisational perspective that highlights the complex networked interactions between the supplier and the customers. In this single case study of an advanced sanitary product supplier, rush orders involve process prioritisation concerning both: (i) supplies of in-stock parts that are delivered with pre-set time objectives; and (ii) parts not in stock that must be quickly fabricated. This supply process is highly emergent, in that unexpected events or properties occur. This study considers the difficulties of determining and dealing with root causes, unexpected effects, and interventive solutions for rush orders. This operational level of analysis provides a foundation for advocating the application of complex systems thinking to solve or at least significantly mitigate the problem of rush orders. It also contributes to and advances further research on this subject.

Can television be used to teach and foster entrepreneurship among youth in developing countries? We report from a randomized control field experiment of an edutainment show on entrepreneurship broadcasted over almost three months on national television in Tanzania. The field experiment involved more than 2,000 secondary school students, where the treatment group was incentivized to watch the edutainment show. We find some suggestive evidence of the edutainment show making the viewers more interested in entrepreneurship and business, particularly among females. However, our main finding is a negative effect: the edutainment show discouraged investment in schooling without convincingly replacing it with some other valuable activity. Administrative data show a strong negative treatment effect on school performance, and long-term survey data show that fewer treated students continue schooling, but we do not find much evidence of the edutainment show causing an increase in business ownership. The fact that an edutainment show for entrepreneurship caused the students to invest less in education carries a general lesson to the field experimental literature by showing the importance of taking a broad view of possible implications of a field intervention. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, behavioral economics.

In this paper, the passing ability of football players is determined by building three generalized additive mixed models that each explains a different aspect of a pass’ success: difficulty, risk and potential. The models are built on data from the 2014–2016 seasons of the Norwegian top division Eliteserien, and their predictive power is tested on the 2017 season. The results provide insight into the factors affecting the success of a pass in Eliteserien. These include the location of the pass, the relationship to previous passes and to situations such as throw-ins, corners, free kicks or tackles, as well as conditions specific to the Eliteserien, such as the time of season and the ground surface type. Finally, the key pass makers in the league are identified.

Despite various advances in international business and entrepreneurship literatures and increasing interest in speed of internationalization mainly among international entrepreneurship scholars, the relationship between the use of social media and the internationalization speed of the firm remains poorly investigated. This article presents the reflective construct “speed of use of social media” and proves its positive effect on the third order formative construct “speed of internationalization.” Furthermore, using multi-group analysis, the article demonstrates that this effect is moderated by the industry where the company performs (business-to-customer vs. business-to-business) and its export intensity, but not by the size of the firm. The results obtained open an interesting area for further research in the role of Web 2.0 and social networking in future knowledge management systems of international new ventures companies.

The purpose of this study is to avoid delays and cost changes that occur in emergency reconstruction projects especially in post disaster circumstances. This study is aimed to identify the factors that affect the real construction period and the real cost of a project against the estimated period of construction and the estimated cost of the project. The case study is related to the construction projects in Iraq. Thirty projects in different areas of construction in Iraq were selected as a sample for this study. Project participants from the projects authorities provided data about the projects through a data collection distributed survey made by the authors. Mathematical data analysis was used to construct a model to predict change in time and cost of the projects before the start of the construction. The artificial neural networks analysis was selected as a mathematical approach. The most important factors identified leading to schedule delays and cost increase were contractor failure, redesigning of designs/plans and change orders, security issues, selection of low-price bids, weather factors, and owner failures. The use of the ANN model for such a problem is expected to be an effective method for modeling this complicated phenomenon © 2020 The Author(s) DOI: 10.1177/1847979020967835 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/ open-access-at-sage).

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Cao, P., Wang, Y. and Xie, J. (2019), Priority Service Pricing with Heterogeneous Customers: Impact of Delay Cost Distribution. Prod Oper Manag, 28: 2854-2876., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13086. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. National Natural Science Foundation of China

While the topic of analytics is rapidly growing in popularity across various domains, there is still a relatively low amount of empirical work in the field of operations research. While studies of various technical and business aspects of analytics are emerging in OR, little has been done to address how the OR community can leverage business analytics in dynamic and uncertain environments – the very place where OR is supposed to play a key role. To address this gap, this study draws on the dynamic capabilities view of the firm and builds on eight selected case studies of operations research activity in large organisations, each of whom have invested significantly in analytics technology and implementation. The study identifies fourteen analytics-enabled micro-foundations of dynamic capabilities, essentially highlighting how organisations can use analytics to manage and enhance their OR activities in dynamic and uncertain environments. This study also identifies six key cross-cutting propositions emerging from the data and develops a roadmap for future OR researchers to address these issues and improve the use and value of analytics as enablers of organisational dynamic capabilities.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of two reward types (i.e., monetary reward and non-monetary rewards, such as competence development, autonomy support, and recognition) on autonomous motivation and further explore whether autonomous motivation plays a mediating role in the relationships between rewards and turnover intention. The study used a survey data from 100 employees working in public sector banks in Pakistan. The hypothesized relationships were assessed using partial least squares structural equation modelling technique. The results revealed that monetary reward and competence development were positively related to autonomous motivation, which in turn had a negative association with turnover intention. The indirect effects of rewards on turnover intention were only supported for monetary reward and competence development, as there was no significant link from autonomy support and recognition to autonomous motivation. We discuss implications for research and practice. © 2019 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand better why employees voice. Drawing on social information processing theory and insights derived from the literature on power, the authors suggest that leader–member exchange (LMX) fosters voice by reducing the perceived risk of voicing. The authors further contend that high perceived leader power will strengthen this mediated relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe authors relied on a sample of 265 employee-supervisor dyads collected from Chinese organizations to test the study hypotheses.FindingsResults indicated that perceived risk of voicing significantly mediated the positive LMX–voice behavior relationship. In addition, perceived leader power strengthened the effect of LMX on voice behavior via perceived risk of voicing. The relationship of LMX to perceived risk of voicing was more negative, and the indirect effect of LMX on voice behavior was more positive when employees perceived that leader power was high.Practical implicationsOrganizations seeking to promote voice behaviors should support leaders to develop high-quality relationships with employees. Organizations should also ensure that leaders are sufficiently empowered to fulfill their roles, and ensure that employees are aware of their leaders’ influence.Originality/valueFindings suggest that, in the context of high quality leader–member relationships, employees’ perceptions of their leaders’ power may help to overcome barriers associated with speaking up. Thus, this study helps explain the conditions that encourage employees to voice.

Individual research output (IRO) evaluation is a multi-criteria problem often conducted in groups. In practice, it is necessary to concurrently apply both bibliometric measures and peer review when evaluating the IRO. During the peer review process, different evaluators may use different linguistic terms because of individual differences in cognitive styles, and therefore, they may give ratings based on different assessing attitudes. Further, the weights between bibliometric measures and peer subjective judgments are difficult to determine. Motivated by these difficulties, this paper proposes a quantitative context-free grammar judgment description with an embedded assessing attitude. The proposed method quantitatively handles the assessing attitude and increases the flexibility of the linguistic information. Accordingly, this paper develops a multi-criteria group IRO evaluation method with context-free grammar judgments which concurrently considers bibliometric measures and peer review opinions. To overcome the weighting difficulties and achieve the maximum consensus, this paper proposes a distance-based method to determine the evaluators' weights and a weighted averaging operator to compute the criteria weights. After that, a TOPSIS-based aggregation method is applied to aggregate the objective and subjective ratings. A practical case study is then used to test the feasibility of the methodology. Finally, we discuss the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This study investigates the perception of Information Technology (IT) professionals and IT managers towards deployment of environmental-friendly practices in Collaborative Enterprise (CE). Through literature review this study develops a model based on Perceived Organizational e-Readiness Theory (POER) and Process-Virtualization-Theory (PVT) to investigate the factors that influence IT professionals’ and IT managers intention to deploy Green IT/IS practices which are based on the current environmental-friendly initiatives deployed in CE. Data was collected using questionnaire and results indicate that the POER factors influence CE’s perception towards Green IT/IS. Moreover, results also reveal that PVT initiatives are influenced by the current environmental-friendly initiatives.

I studier av holdninger til velferdspolitikk kommer eldre ofte ut som en av de gruppene som et flertall mener bør tilgodeses; videre opplever de fleste av oss at våre boliger og boforhold er en av de viktigste pilarer som vi bygger våre hverdagsliv rundt. Samtidig opplever man en betydelig økning i andelen eldre både i Norge og i andre land. Denne artikkelen spør om en naturlig følge av dette er at en spesifikk bolig politikk for eldre bør videreutvikles. Artikkelen er en teoretisk øvelse hvor tradisjonell økonomisk velferdsteori brukes til å systematisere argumenter rundt dette spørsmålet. De normative analysene og systematiseringen av argumenter som presenteres i artikkelen, kan også ses som en mer generell måte å diskutere bolig politikkens begrunnelser på.Dette generelle analyseapparatet demonstreres gjennom analysen av det spesifikke knyttet til en bolig politikk for eldre, og det kan anvendes også på andre grupper og situasjoner. Utgangspunktet er at myndighetene har et valg mellom en politikk som påvirker mulighetsområdet for eldres valg på blant annet boligmarkedet, og en politikk som aktivt prøver å påvirke de valgene som faktisk gjøres. Gjennom å sammenholde endringer som skjer sent i livsløpet og boligmarkedets evne til å møte endringer i behovene, drøftes ulike typer av politikkinngrep i eldres boligkonsum. Analysene antyder at kostnadseffektivitet i produksjon av omsorgstjenester og svekket handleevne/beslutningskompetanse kan være argumenter for en aktiv boligpolitikk for eldre. Artikkelen konkluderer videre med at det nok er elementer av paternalisme bak den politikkutformingen. Teoretiske analyser av den typen som er gjennomført her, kan informere debatten om utformingen av en boligpolitikk for eldre, og den kan peke i retning av punkter hvor man trenger mer empirisk kunnskap. It is well known that the elderly population is growing, both in number and as a share of the total population, in Norway and elsewhere. In studies of welfare attitudes, a majority of the population deems elderly as a deserving group. Moreover, most of us regard the housing and housing conditions around which we build our everyday lives as one of the crucial pillars of our well-being. This article asks whether it follows from these two observations that there is a need to develop a specific housing policy targeted towards the elderly. The traditional economic theoryofwelfare is used as atooland as an organizing principle for the discussions. More generally, the means of systemizing normative arguments that is demonstrated in the article can also be used in discussions of the design of other parts of housing policy. The benchmark used throughout the article is that of consumer sovereignty. In short, should policy-makers support the elderly in a way the increases the opportunity sets, or should policy stimulate specific choices and solutions regarding housing for the elderly? The conclusions point towards different kinds of market failure as arguments for a more interventionist policy in the field of housing for the elderly. External effects, informational deficiencies, and lack of agency are important types of market failure in this context.

Participation in co-production is essential for consumers to ensure successful service outcomes. To ensure a satisfying service outcome, service providers offer consumers feedback on their task performance. This study contributes to a better understanding on how positive face-to-face feedback can drive consumers’ satisfaction. More knowledge of how feedback from service employees drives consumers’ satisfaction will help the service industry design, customize, and deliver meaningful experience-based products. By drawing on the self-presentation theory, in two experiments, we tested how face-to-face feedback influences consumers’ satisfaction with the outcome of task performance. Our analysis showed that satisfaction with self-produced outcome was lower when participants were aware of others during co-production. Furthermore, participants’ were more satisfied when they received positive face-to-face feedback about the outcome of their own task performance than positive face-to-face feedback on the process underlying task performance.

This paper explores the relationship between innovation and competition in 380 Norwegian SMEs. In contrast to a large portion of the empiric literature, we utilized the managers’ perception of their firm’s innovation activities and competitive environment as measures. In particular, this paper aimed to shed some light on this widely debated topic by examining several aspects of innovation and competition, along with including the effects of demand conditions. The results indicate that competition in the form of rapid changes in production technology has the largest overall impact on innovation, and is positively correlated with most innovation indicators. An inverse-U shaped relationship between completion and innovation is only detectable in one out of 60 possible settings. The combination of low levels of competition and high market demand is identified in one group of firms; these are also characterized by a high focus on the development of new products. © 2019 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

An elite segment of the academic output gap between Denmark and Norway was examined using harmonic estimates of publication credit for contributions to Science and Nature in 2012 and 2013. Denmark still leads but the gap narrowed in 2013 as Norway's credit increased 58%, while Denmark's credit increased only 5.4%, even though Norway had 36% fewer, and Denmark 40% more, coauthor contributions than in 2012. Concurrently, the credit produced by the least productive half of the contributions rose tenfold from 0.9% to 10.1% for Norway, but dropped from 7.2% to 5.7% for Denmark. Overall, contributory inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient, fell from 0.78 to 0.51 for Norway, but rose from 0.63 to 0.68 for Denmark. Neither gap narrowing nor the positive association between reduced contributory inequality and increased credit were detected by conventional metrics. Conventional metrics are confounded by equalizing bias (EqB) which favours small contributors at the expense of large contributors, and which carries an element of reverse meritocracy and systemic injustice into bibliometric performance assessment. EqB was corrected by using all relevant byline information from every coauthored publication in the source data. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of using EqB-corrected publication credit in gap assessment at the national level.

The purpose of this paper is to systematically analyse a typical planning process in the offshore industry from the perspective of causes of major accidents, with the ultimate aim of identifying factors that affect the risk for major accidents occurring. We first study and describe a typical planning process for offshore oil and gas operations in Norway. Then we analyse a number of theories of major accidents, to see how the different theories and their explanations of causes and contributing factors can be of relevance for future plans and planning processes. Finally, we review accident investigations to search for evidence of how weaknesses in planning processes can contribute to major accidents through the above identified factors. Also, we try to identify any additional factors that have not been recognised through the theoretical review. This provides empirical support for the theoretical basis. Thirteen factors which directly or indirectly can influence the planning process causing a major accident potential are identified. These are exemplified through a review of investigation reports. The paper suggests that planning process should focus more on increasing quality in the plans at an early phase, with examples from incidents, and illustrate the relation between planning quality and potential for major accidents.

The Black-Scholes model and the peer-review process are combined to offer more insight into the apparent value of research projects. In doing so high-risk/high-return research is found to be more attractive and financially rational than under the traditional peer review approach. In other words projects with the highest disagreement amongst panel members should sometimes be selected even though the average panel score may not be the highest under consideration. This finding is important as it improves the existing peer review process by utilizing not only the mean value of peer reviews, but also their standard deviation. This note also opens the consideration of the potential of Real Options approaches for decision support for project selection and management of research.

It is a common argument in Denmark that municipal involvement in professional team sports can be justified on the grounds of local impact. The use of public funds to directly or indirectly subsidise local professional team sports clubs (PTSCs) is often seen as warranted due to the PTSCs’ positive effects on local economic growth or (inbound) municipal migration. However, can PTSCs be associated with tangible effects at all? This question has never been answered properly in a European context. Based on data covering the 2008–2013 period, and using spatial panel regression models, this article examines this issue in relation to three dominant professional sports in Denmark: football (soccer), handball and ice hockey. The study finds effects for only one of the sports examined, with Danish handball clubs exercising a marginal effect on average income. Ice hockey’s effect is negative and football remains insignificant in all models deployed. Concerning migration, negative effects are found in relation to female handball clubs. These findings are consistent with previous research and have implications for local sport policies and managers. Municipal politicians, public authorities or sport managers should no longer rationalise the use of public funds for local PTSCs on the assumption of (tangible) economic effects or population growth, as it appears to be an inefficient use of public money. If policy makers want to increase municipal income or inbound migration, they should engage themselves in developing more appropriate strategies. © 2016 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This is the authors' accepted and reviewed manuscript for the article, locked until 15 October 2018 due to copyright restrictions.

This study aimed at assessing consumers’ adoption of mobile financial services in Tanzania using Technology Acceptance Model. The study had the following objectives, to assess the individual awareness of mobile financial services; perceived usefulness; perceived benefits; and costs effects on adoption of mobile financial services. Random sampling technique was employed to select the sample for data collection. Two hundred participants were selected randomly from Dar es Salaam region particularly Kinondoni District. The sample included the users and non-users of mobile financial services. The study used primary data and regression model. The findings of this study show that mobile financial service adoption is positively related to individual awareness, perceived usefulness and perceived benefit but it is negative related to cost effects. Nevertheless, the study showed that demographic characteristics of respondents (sex, age and income level) are among the factors moderating adoption of mobile financial services. From the findings, this study highlights recommendation that service providers need to play a leading role in influencing individual awareness, perceived usefulness, and perceived benefit of mobile banking. However, cost effect has been found as one of the barrier to the intention to adopt mobile financial services in Tanzania. Service providers should consider affordability and availability of the financial services for the low-income segment in the society. These results can be extended to any developing country.

The topic of domino effects in the process industry started to receive attention in risk analysis and safety assessment studies over the last two decades. The popularity of the topic is partly due to the occurrence of catastrophic industrial accidents involving domino effects, e.g., the LPG-induced domino effects in Mexico City in 1984, and partly due to legislation (e.g. the so-called “Seveso Directives”), mandating the owners and managers of chemical plants to take the likelihood of domino effects into account when contemplating the prevention/mitigation of major accidents. The present study aims to take advantage of state-of-the-art bibliometric analysis tools to investigate the trend, the geographical and the authorial distributions of scientific papers on domino effects published in peer-reviewed journals around the globe. The result of this study can be used to identify the most influential research institutes and authors contributing to the domain of domino effects in the chemical industry.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to summarize research about Hispanic workers in the USA and identifies directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach – The paper identifies, analyze, and summarize 112 peer reviewed publications that deal with Hispanic workers in the USA. Findings – The findings are grouped into major categories that deal with prejudice, discrimination, and diversity; job-related attitudes and behaviors; job search and careers; the interface with gender, sexual harassment and work/family issues. The paper report the 53 most prevalent and well-supported findings. Research limitations/implications – Given the paucity of research about Hispanics in the workplace, the conclusions derived from this literature review should be interpreted with caution. Originality/value – A literature review of Hispanic workers in the USA has not been conducted to date. This review sets identifies the need for several areas of research in relation to Hispanic workers in the USA.

Introduction: A promising way to stimulate physical activity is to promote the choice for active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Over the past years, several interventions and policies have been implemented to stimulate this mode shift. However, information concerning the effectiveness of these interventions and policies is still limited. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions designed to stimulate a shift from car use to cycling or walking and to obtain insight into the intervention tools that have been used to promote and/or implement these interventions. Methods: Five databases were searched and articles published in English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish were included. Only studies that focussed on a mode shift from car use towards active transport in a general adult population, which were published in peer reviewed journals and which investigated effectiveness were included. Intervention tools used were categorized by using the model of Hoogerwerf & Herweijer, as either legal, economic (subsidy, reward system, penalty), communicative (written materials, behavioural tools) and physical tools (providing bicycles, providing better bicycle facilities at work, adjustment of the environment). Results: Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included described work-place-based interventions, architectural and urbanistic adjustments, population-wide interventions, and bicycle-renting systems. Nearly all studies (except three) showed positive effects concerning a mode shift. Most of the included studies used more than one intervention tool and the tools used differed between types of interventions. However, information about the statistical significance of these results was often lacking and the study methodologies used were not of high quality. Conclusion: Nearly all studies showed results in a positive direction. However, the quality of the included studies was mostly low and intervention characteristics were poorly described.

Research productivity is important in school reputation as well as individual faculty evaluation. In order to evaluate research productivity, the quality of research is often measured by proxy through the number of journal articles and ratings of the journals in which they appear. Because of this there is significant pressure on faculty to publish in the “top journals”. There are several metrics for evaluating and ranking journals, each of them with its own merits and limitations. Some commonly used quantitative measures of research quality are citation analyses, acceptance rates, and whether or not a journal is peer reviewed. Alternatively, journals can be ranked qualitatively into stratified groups based on reputation. Reputation, in turn, may be correlated with perceived values of quantitative measures, and thus is more subjective. The purpose of this research is to examine the extent of correlation between various measures of journal quality, in particular between quantitative and qualitative measures. The various measures are compared to examine the extent to which they are similar. Comparisons were also made among business departments. For this sample, overall journal rank was correlated with citation rate but not with acceptance rate. However, quantitative measures were not consistent among academic departments, indicating that journal rank can not be reliably used to make interdepartmental comparisons.

The area of Health Services Operations Management has received considerable attention in scientific literature over the past decades. Numerous articles have appeared in health services operations management literature in which models of health operations are used. In this paper we review this wide body of literature with the aim of synthesizing evidence on application of generic operational models in health services. A generic operational model is defined as a formal description of operations performed to deliver a health service that is applicable in a wide range of health service delivery settings. The systematic review of the literature which forms the basis of our research synthesis includes peer reviewed publications from business management databases (SCOPUS) as well as medical databases (Pubmed). Our search resulted in more than 4000 recent papers of which 116 papers met the inclusion criteria. This paper reports our synthesis from the included papers on four main questions: 1) why are models used? 2) what is modeled? 3) what models are used and how are they developed? 4) what are the achievements? Our systematic review reveals that few papers report achievements which qualify as empirical evidence to guide the application of operational models for health services. Nevertheless, the synthesis leads to an initial framework for operational modeling in health services to guide further research.

We conduct multilevel analyses of Norwegian data and find that related industrial variety is a positive regional driver of enterprise innovation. Unrelated variety is a negative regional driver of enterprise productivity. This implies that regions with high levels of related variety and low levels of unrelated variety optimize enterprise performance. We argue that regional specialization is a two-dimensional construct inversely associated with related and unrelated variety. Thus, a specialized region (low in unrelated variety) is in fact a driver of enterprise productivity. In addition, we find that population density is another regional driver of enterprise productivity.

The peer review system in academic publishing performs two important functions by screening a manuscript for its quality, and by helping to further improve an author's work. However, it often fails to perform these functions in a satisfactory manner. We argue that property rights theory can be fruitfully applied to understand these shortcomings, and to develop reform proposals. The present paper discusses the incentive-problems in journal peer review from an institutional economics perspective, arguing that the incentives of both authors and reviewers to fully exploit a manuscript's potential depend on their property rights. Based on this theory of peer review, we argue that the recent proposal of an “as is” review policy combined with increased accountability of referees can be expected to result in a higher efficiency of peer review.

The purpose of this article is to draw upon Pettigrew's contextualist approach to organizational change to examine the implications of gender policy on the imbalance between female and male board members in sport organizations. The paper is based on a case study of the General Assembly (GA) of Sports in Norway over more than three decades. The central focus is on the evolution of gender equality as expressed in changes in the relevant statutes of the sport organization, the preparatory work for the changes, the environment in which the changes have occurred, and the process itself with its critical incidents and the behaviour of key actors. The period of study is divided into three according to which approach was mainly used for promoting equality: equal rights (1971–1984), positive action (1984–1994), and gender mainstreaming (1994–2007). The study facilitates an understanding of how change has been achieved. Evolutionary or incremental change has impacted organized sport resulting in a more equal gender balance, with the proportion of women delegates increasing from 8% to 39% in the General Assembly of Sports. Despite this considerable development, a proposal for a 40% quota of women in all sport organizations was turned down by the Executive Board and not put before the General Assembly in 2007. It is suggested that Pettigrew's contextualistic approach helps in seeing the processes of change more clearly, and who are the key-persons and incidents involved in the process.

This study experimentally investigates gender quotas in light of peer review. We investigate competitions with and without gender quotas and a peer review process that allows for sabotage. Our findings show that the possibility of peer sabotage renders the gender quota ineffective in encouraging women to enter tournaments. Moreover, we provide evidence of a severe backlash against women, as they become targets of sabotage under gender quotas. Interestingly, this is the result of women focusing on sabotaging each other while men sabotage indiscriminately. Our results have implications for the use of quotas to mitigate the underrepresentation and underperformance of minority groups in environments in which peer sabotage is possible. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2772 . This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.

Assessments of quality and productivity of academic research programs become more and more important in gaining financial support, in hiring and promoting research staff, and in building academic reputation. Most assessments are based on peer review or on bibliometric information. In this paper we analyze both bibliometric data and peer review assessments of 169 research groups in economics, econometrics and business administration. The evaluations are achieved in two independent rounds in 1995 and in 2001, permitting replication of our study. The purpose of this study is twofold. In the first part we want to see to what degree bibliometric information relates to peer review judgments. The results convey how evaluators weight different output categories in their final overall judgment of academic quality. The results also have practical meaning, since they indicate what the predictive ability of bibliometric data is for future peer review outcomes. In the second part of this study we aim at explaining differences in research output quality and productivity by organizational factors, like size of the research group, composition of staff, sources of research funding and academic discipline. In this part, a composite indicator is used to represent the review committees' overall assessment. The bibliometric data most strongly related to the peer reviews' overall assessment are used to construct data envelopment analyses' efficiency scores as measure of research productivity. The main conclusions from our study are that the number of publications in international top journals is the best predictor of peer review assessment results. Changes in the classification of bibliometric information, as introduced in the second evaluation round, do not alter this conclusion. Size of the research group appears to be the only permanent characteristic associated with research quality and productivity. Size is positively related to research quality but negatively related to research productivity. Larger groups appear to have the potential to improve quality, but as groups become larger, they also experience problems in maintaining the research productivity of the research team's members. The remaining organizational characteristics appear to be temporarily related to research quality and productivity. In the first evaluation round, research productivity and quality are associated with the discipline variable: research programs in more quantitative areas and characterized by a higher level of paradigm development like econometrics and operations research achieved higher levels of research quality and productivity than programs in more diverse and less quantitative areas like business administration. This relation however is not permanent, since it becomes insignificant in the second evaluation round. Instead, funding relations become more apparent in the second review round. The relative amount of national funding in the research group's funding becomes positively related to academic quality, whereas the portion of income from committed research is negatively related to academic quality of the programs' research output. This may have been caused by the increased importance of alternative sources of research funding in the period of the second review. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This chapter describes a peer review model for facilitating professional growth developed within the context of the American Evaluation Association's Independent Consulting Topical Interest Group.

Although there is some general agreement that increasing levels of collaboration amongst academics produce research papers that receive more citations, and that larger numbers of citations often imply higher quality, the issue of collaboration and its effect upon research output remains a controversial area with a wide range of views of what role collaboration plays and its general implications for quality. This paper re-examines the process of collaboration within research networks. It considers the role of collaboration and its effect on quality by studying the relationship between the level of interaction within research networks (collaboration) and the extent of variability of quality within those research networks. Twenty-two scientific networks from Austria are examined. The findings of the analysis are that increasing levels of collaboration are strongly associated with lower levels of variability of quality within each network. The conclusion is therefore drawn that collaboration at the level of the research network acts upon research quality qua peer review and that this peer review effect is inherent throughout the research process.

Management Science, V. 51, No. 4, pp 655-661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1040.0290 Peer review of research proposals and articles is an essential element in research and development processes worldwide. Here we consider a problem that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been addressed until now: how to assign subsets of proposals to reviewers where the reviewers supply their evaluations through ordinal ranking. The solution approach we propose for this assignment problem maximizes the number of proposal pairs that will be evaluated by one or more reviewers. This new approach should facilitate meaningful aggregatin of partial rankings of subsets of proposals by multiple reviewers into a consensus ranking. We offer two ways to implement the approach: an integer programming set-covering model and a heuristic procedure. The effectiveness and efficiency of the two models are tested through an extensive simulation experiment.

We evaluate policies to increase prosocial behavior using a field experiment with 1,500 referees at the Journal of Public Economics. We randomly assign referees to four groups: a control group with a six-week deadline to submit a referee report; a group with a four-week deadline; a cash incentive group rewarded with $100 for meeting the four-week deadline; and a social incentive group in which referees were told that their turnaround times would be publicly posted. We obtain four sets of results. First, shorter deadlines reduce the time referees take to submit reports substantially. Second, cash incentives significantly improve speed, especially in the week before the deadline. Cash payments do not crowd out intrinsic motivation: after the cash treatment ends, referees who received cash incentives are no slower than those in the four-week deadline group. Third, social incentives have smaller but significant effects on review times and are especially effective among tenured professors, who are less sensitive to deadlines and cash incentives. Fourth, all the treatments have little or no effect on rates of agreement to review, quality of reports, or review times at other journals. We conclude that small changes in journals' policies could substantially expedite peer review at little cost. More generally, price incentives, nudges, and social pressure are effective and complementary methods of increasing prosocial behavior.

Despite having its roots in the Japanese automotive industry, Lean philosophy has been successfully applied in many companies of different sectors. In recent years several studies have been done regarding the potential of this managerial technology that may transform the healthcare organizations. The objective of this theoretical research paper is to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with bibliometric analysis on application of Lean healthcare in Brazil. The aim is to understand the advancement of this research field in Brazil, investigating how Lean thinking has been put into practice and how this innovation has helped those companies to deliver more value to its customers. Peer reviewed articles were searched in 9 data sources. At first, a total of 5,473 articles were identified, which were reduced to 2,983 after Endnote software duplicate reference analysis. 789 articles were screened, after reviewing the adherence to the topic. Resulting in a sample of only 9 articles, after all inclusion criteria were match. The results suggest that Lean thinking has been applied successfully in many healthcare organizations. However, the research field in Brazil is quite new, having a great potential to increase.

Numerous publications have documented successes achieved through partnering. Such notable results have been achieved over a wide variety of applications, including public and private ownership, single-project and multiple-project agreements, and lump-sum and cost-plus contracts. Such accomplishment across a spectrum of application suggests that partnering, if applied properly, can work in almost any environment. Recent research by the Construction Industry Institute highlights this fact that many “shades” of partnering exist, based on the degree of objectives alignment between involved parties. To illustrate this, a partnering continuum has been developed, depicting four general stages—competition, cooperation, collaboration, and coalescence. “Competition” represents the traditional owner/contractor relationship, where each party possesses separate objectives, and minimal effort is expended toward “working together.” This competitive pursuit occurs in the absence of partnering. The other three stages—coop...

In light of the growing importance of engineering design construction and procurement services in international trade, this paper analyzes obstacles faced by U.S. firms in such trade, as well as th...