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LaFollette proposed that the best way to protect children from parents’ abuse and neglect would be to implement parental licenses for prospective parents. He pointed out that the state should introduce licensing for all professions in which (1) people can harm those they serve, (2) can perform risky tasks safely only if they are competent, and (3) that the benefits of the licensing program are higher than the potential costs. This paper draws answers to challenges posed by parental licensing in a comprehensive pedagogical education of parents whose purpose is to develop good parenting to maximise the child’s welfare. Raising a child from a position where the transition to parenthood was preceded by continuous intensive pedagogical parent education aims to understand parenting as a personal maturation and growth. So, this article presents the current condition of Croatian parenting programmes.

The departure of a parent to serve a sentence of imprisonment affects the change of a family’s climate, which can be divided into three groups: (a) changes in daily life navigation and activity; (b) changes in parent-child relationships; and (c) changes in financial circumstances. The abrupt change that a child experiences can lead to the development of externalized and internalized behavioral problems, as well as changes in student academic achievement due to lack of motivation and concentration. Since the school is an educational institution that provides children with secondary socialization opportunities, it has an important role in supporting students whose parents are serving prison sentences. This paper presents research suggesting that stigmatizing students whose parents are in prison can bring shame, discomfort, and withdrawal to themselves. Considering that there are no clear suggestions on how the primary school should act when the parent goes to prison, the authors of this paper propose guidelines on minimizing the harmful consequences on socioemotional development and academic success of students whose parents go to prison.

Background/purpose – Contemporary teaching focuses on the students’ active role in the acquisition of knowledge and largely neglects the role of emotions. Given the importance of empathy when it comes to the emotional development of the individual, and the opportunities offered by history as a subject with regard to encouraging empathy, the main purpose of research is to analyze the extent to which history textbooks contribute to empathy as one of key competencies of today’s world. Materials/methods – In the research, qualitative and quantitative content analysis was used. The analysis includes only one didactic-methodical toolkit of the textbook - questions and tasks by the formulation of which it is possible to identify in which direction the teaching process “moves” and to what extent it encourages the cultivation of emotions. Results – The results suggest that high school history textbooks overemphasize the cognitive aspect of the learning process while simultaneously inadequately putting students in a position that would also allow them to be more emotionally engaged with the historical events and to thereby develop empathy. Conclusion – It is necessary to develop detailed guidelines with clear instructions on how to encourage students’ emotional engagement in individual subjects and teaching units.

Political knowledge and democratic attitudes are recognized in contemporary studies as important dimensions of democratic political culture. Furthermore, knowledge and attitudes can be seen as integral parts of political competence. Unlike other dimensions of political culture such as, for example, political participation, political interest, etc., research on political knowledge and democratic attitudes are more an exception than a rule. This assessment is especially true for Croatia. In this paper, we attempt to address some of these gaps by focusing on the exploration of political competences of Croatian final-year secondary school students. The paper is divided into two major sections. In the first part, we discuss the meaning and importance of political competence for the functioning of democratic political systems. The second part consists of a presentation and discussion of the research results on political knowledge and democratic attitudes of Croatian final-year secondary school students conducted in three time points - 2010, 2015 and 2021. By doing so, we want to detect the levels of political knowledge and democratic attitudes, as well as the possible changes that occurred in these levels during the research period. Finally, we are also interested in the relationship between these two dimensions of political competence.

V uvodu so orisane osnovne značilnosti Slovarja hrvaškega kajkavskega knjižnega jezika (Rječnik hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnog jezika), zgodovinskega slovarja hrvaškega jezika, ki temelji na natisnjenih in rokopisnih virih, zapisanih v kajkavskem knjižnem jeziku. Po kratkem pregledu sestave gesel je orisana metodologija uporabljene leksikografske analize, poudarjene pa so tudi slovnične sestavine gesel. Slovar je vir podatkov o skladenjskih posebnostih kajkavske knjižne hrvaščine in pri leksikografski analizi osnova za različne semantične raziskave.

In the past two decades, managing and raising the general level of environmental awareness on all levels of society has become one of the main social goals that has reached a level of social and political consensus unseen ever before. Considering that only things that can be measured can actually be managed, the measuring of environmental awareness based on scientific criteria is becoming increasingly interesting to scientists working in different disciplines. As these disciplines developed, numerous laws were discovered, models were developed and limitations which should be taken into consideration were defined. However, there is a lack of literary sources that could offer a review of scientific knowledge acquired so far and provide a certain “check list” for researchers. The purpose of the present research is to determine and discuss the key issues that should be considered while creating measurement instruments, conducting analysis of research results and interpreting them. Based on the analysis of relevant theoretical cognitions and empirical research results, the paper provides an overview of key issues and categorises them in three groups: issues in measuring different components of attitude, issues concerning the attitude – behaviour gap and issues concerning the influence of social desirability and research sample. By considering all of these issues it is possible to account for and minimize their negative influence and to contribute to the quality, universality and comparability of the obtained results, as well as of the developed models and the defined laws.

The paper analyses nominal derivatives formed through suffixation in the Dictionary of the Croatian Kajkavian Literary Language. Suffixation is the most productive form of noun formation, a fact that has also been confirmed by corpus research. These new derivatives will be analyzed in this paper. The paper also considers the basic types of word formation. Attention will also be drawn to derivatives formed through the adaptation of foreign models.

Purpose: This paper unfolds the ways in which Croatia, as a young post-communist democracy, has aligned its transition and consolidation with the development of education programs that would support the protection of human rights and the creation of a democratic political culture. Design/methodology/approach: By combining the existing studies with the authors’ own analyses of documents and internet sources, as well as interviews with teachers, this paper reveals that by adopting vague and non-binding policies, the Croatian political elite has demonstrated a lack of political will and courage over the past twenty-five years to develop a systematic and quality-based citizenship education. Findings: After long-term negligence, in the most recent five-year period, the need to change the educational path has gained prominence on the policy and political agenda. However, the reform process did not result in bridging, but in the deepening of ideological divides within the Croatian society. With the officially adopted interdisciplinary and cross-curricular approach, the responsibility for carrying out citizenship education was placed in the hands of teachers, with civil society organizations taking a compensating role. Whilst the former lack practical education, as well as guidelines and resources to incorporate citizenship education into the subjects they teach, the latter are incapable of reaching out to a sufficient share of the youth population. The outcome is that the youth continuously displays inadequate levels of citizenship competences.

The paper presents concurrent predictive relations of personality traits with social behaviour of children at the transition from early to middle childhood. Personality ratings of firstgraders (N = 316) were collected using the Inventory of Child and Adolescent Individual Differences (Zupančič & Kavčič, 2009) and the Social Competence and Behaviour Evaluation Scale (La Freniere et al., 2001) was employed to obtain assessments on the children's social competence, internalizing behaviour, and externalizing behaviour. To account for the same rater bias, the children's personality and social behaviour were rated by both teachers and assisstent teachers in the first grade of a nine-year compulsory school; the predictions were based on two sets of their cross-ratings. The firstgraders' social competentnce was consistently (over the cross-ratings) predicted by high conscientiousness, mainly due to ratings of child compliance, whereas low conscientiousness was predictive of internalizing behaviour, especially due to low ratings of subjectively perceived child intelligence. Disagreeableness (both antagonism and strong will) and low neuroticism contributed to assessments of the observed children's externalizing behaviour. In regard to neuroticism, ratings of child fear/insecurity were positively related to externalizing and ratings of child shyness were negatively associated with the observed incidence of externalizing behaviour.

This study investigated perceptions of achieved criteria for adulthood (ACA) among emerging adult student samples from Austria ( n = 210), Slovenia ( n = 201), and the United States ( n = 225). Controlling for parental education, students’ age (18-27 years), and gender, we aimed to explain between- and within-sample differences in the ACA by taking the students’ living situation, intimate relationship status, and expectations about their future perspectives into account. The participants indicated the ACA on the questionnaire based on criteria for reaching adulthood used in studies of adulthood conceptions. The students also provided information about when they think they will start the first full-time career, get married, gain financial independence, and become a parent. The Europeans indicated less ACA than the Americans; 20% of the variance in the ACA was, along with the country effect, explained by the intimate relationship status and future perspectives.

Poznavanje značilnosti psihološkega delovanja starejših je prvi pogoj za razvijanje načinov ohranjanja in izboljšanja njihove kompetentnosti, blagostanja in vključevanja v družbo. V prispevku predstavljamo ugotovitve slovenske raziskave o poznavanju dejstev o staranju in značilnostih starejših oseb pri velikem vzorcu različno starih in različno izobraženih odraslih. Z ravnjo izobrazbe se poznavanje dejstev o starejših povečuje, mladi na prehodu v odraslost in starostniki pa v primerjavi s posamezniki v zgodnji in srednji odraslosti poznajo nekoliko manj teh dejstev. V splošnem je poznavanje psihološkega vidika staranja, značilnosti starejših in njihovih potencialov za učenje, spreminjanje in delo na razmeroma nizki ravni. Večina odraslih pozna dejstva o telesnem stanju, zdravju in nekaterih posebnostih psihološkega delovanja starejših. Precej razširjena pa so zmotna prepričanja, ki odražajo negativne stereotipe o staranju in starejših osebah, zlasti na področju spoznavnega, oziroma širše, psihosocialnega delovanja starejših. Na tej podlagi menimo, da je za formalno in neformalno izobraževanje pomembno ustrezno informiranje odraslih.

The ionizing radiation belongs to the basic physical factors that can be measured. We forget often about its risks and the possible damage to our health. The imaging methods which use the ionizing radiation increase the diagnostics quality and they have become a certainty for many medical workers. Therefore, they are being used without rational thinking many times. With this is related to increasing the cumulative dose of patients. Next problem can be radiation safety knowledge of medical workers. The enormous increase in the use of sources ionizing radiation in medicine and rapid development, there may be a disproportionate acquisition of radiation safety knowledge of healthcare workers. At the same time, constant attention must be paid to the biological effects of radiation and realize epidemiology studies. In all the areas mentioned the public health has space. However, it is sad that presently, the radiation safety is not considered important enough in Public Health. Based on many sources, it is safe to say that this is a major problem, because the public health itself can play an important role in radiation safety. It is important to point out, that safety and effectivity of using the source of ionizing radiation is one of the main components of Good Medical Practice.

This study was designed to investigate whether oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and/or endothelial dysfunction (ED) are present in young borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) and whether these pathologies can be causally involved in the initiation of blood pressure (BP) increases. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that crowding stress, experienced during the peripubertal period, may produce persistent or delayed disorders in corticosterone release, NO synthesis, oxidative status and/or endothelial function that could accelerate BP increases. To test these hypotheses, 5-week-old male BHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were either kept in control conditions (for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively) or exposed to social stress produced by crowding for 2 weeks (stress). After cessation of crowding, a group of rats of each phenotype was kept in control conditions for the next 2 weeks (post-stress). Systolic BP of 5-week-old BHR was significantly increased vs. age-matched WKY (127 ± 3 vs. 104 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.01) and remained significantly higher throughout the course of the experiment. Despite elevated BP, no signs of oxidative damage to plasma lipids, NO deficiency or ED were observed in control BHR vs. age-matched WKY. Crowding stress elevated plasma corticosterone and accelerated BP increases only in BHR; these effects persisted 2 weeks post-stress. Crowding failed to induce oxidative damage to plasma lipids in either phenotype, but it produced persistent decreases in NO production in the hypothalamus and brainstem of both strains of rats, as well as in the hearts of BHR. In contrast, crowding failed to reduce NO production in the aortae or acetylcholine-induced relaxations of the femoral arteries in both strains investigated. However, significantly reduced aortic NO production was observed in BHR 2 weeks post-stress vs. age-matched controls, which was in agreement with reduced NO-dependent components of vasorelaxation. In conclusion, this study’s data showed that oxidative stress, NO deficiency and ED are not causally involved in initiation of blood pressure increase in BHR. However, exposure to stressful environments produced persistent increases in plasma corticosterone and reductions of brain and cardiac NO production followed by a delayed decrease in the NO-dependent component of endothelium-dependent relaxation—changes that collectively accelerated BP increases only in BHR.