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Spotlighting is the singling out of women by gender in ways that make them uncomfortable. It has three forms: Type I is singling out with the intention to harm (overt sexism); Type II is doing so with neutral intentions (tacit sexism); and Type III, a new type of gender bias, is singling out women with the intention to help them. In a longitudinal, qualitative study including three types of schools, undergraduate women engineers named Type III spotlighting due to women in engineering (WIE) programs as the direct or indirect cause of their primary gender-bias difficulties. Two changes to WIE programs are suggested to reduce Type III spotlighting: (1) offer their benefits either to all students or based on academic, not demographic, criteria, and (2) expand WIE programs to conduct in engineering programs that would emphasize pre-emption of non-professional behavior, and would be more inclusive of other biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to many European Pagan communities, ancestors and traditional cultural knowledge of Pagans in the United States of America (US Pagans) are rooted in places we no longer reside. Written from a US Pagan perspective, for an audience of Indigenous Americans, Pagans, and secondarily scholars of religion, this paper frames US Paganisms as bipartite with traditional and experiential knowledge; explores how being transplanted from ancestral homelands affects US Pagans' relationship to the land we are on, to the Indigenous people of that land, and any contribution these may make to the larger discussion of indigeneity; and works to dispel common myths about US Pagans by offering examples of practices that the author suggests may be respectful to Indigenous American communities, while inviting Indigenous American comments on this assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]