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Arsenic (As) poisoning in groundwater has become one of the greatest environmental concerns around the world. In this study, As concentration in the groundwater samples (depth: 52–70 m) of southwestern Bangladesh was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) to know the current status, possible source(s), and probable health risk of As. In addition, the other relevant water quality parameters (pH, temperature, EC, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, HCO3−, Fe, and Mn) were also measured using various instruments such as portable bench meter, Flame photometer, AAS, and Ion Chromatograph to evaluate the suitability of the water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Arsenic concentration (μg L−1) ranged from 13.10 to 292 (mean ± SD: 156.9 ± 100.31), which is alarmingly, and 15 times higher than the WHO recommended value for drinking water. pH values of collected groundwater samples ranged from 7.17 to 8.09, which exhibits a lightly alkaline nature. The average abundance of major cation follows the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, and the average abundance of major anions follows the order of HCO3− > Cl− > NO3− > SO42−, with Ca2+and HCO3− being the dominant cation and anion, respectively. Based on water quality assessments utilizing the water quality index and entropy water quality index, the groundwater in the region of interest was not suitable for drinking or irrigation purposes. The Piper tri-linear diagram suggests the dominant water type in the study area was the Ca-HCO3 type, where Ca and HCO3− are the principal cations and anions, respectively. A bivariate analysis of different hydro-chemical parameters revealed that silicate weathering controls the hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis indicate As in groundwater are geogenic in origin under reductive dissolution processes. The moderate correlation between As, Fe, and Mn indicate reductive dissolution of FeOOH and MnOOH plays a vital role in releasing As from sediment to groundwater. Probable cancer risk assessment for both adults and children revealed a higher value than the recommended value of 10−6 according to United Nations Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), suggesting that people in the area of interest were at high carcinogenic risk.

The comprehensive study was found out to evaluate the concentration of different water qualities of the Karnaphuli river. Samples were collected from ten points (Bhandor Ghat to Bhakoliya Khal Ghat) in three seasons (winter, rainy, and spring) during the Hydrological Year 2014–2015 for continuous monitoring. Collected samples were analyzed for finding of some physicochemical parameters Temperature, pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Total hardness, Sulfate, Chloride, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and CO2. The investigated parameters were compared to the national and international standards. The mean values of water Temperature, pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Total hardness, Phosphorus, Sulfate, Chloride, TDS, and free CO2 were found to be 28.36° C, 6.25, 275.63ppm, 19.75ppm, 259.29ppm, 0.904ppm, 70.74ppm, 534.63ppm, 778.83ppm & 18.03ppm, respectively. Water Quality Index (WQI), Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) values were found to be 99.92, −3.06 & 12.36, respectively, which indicate that the water quality is not good.

Objective: To investigate the elemental composition of the leaves and flowers of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) due to the plant's wide application in the indigenous medicinal system and its chemical constituents' importance. Methods: The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for quantitative analysis of various elements. Results: Total 13 important elements were analyzed in leaves and flowers of C. roseus. Results indicated the presence of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cr, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Mn in both leaves and flowers. The most important finding of the work was that, leaves of C. roseus showed high concentration of all elements except K and Zn while flowers of C. roseus showed higher concentration of K and Zn. Conclusions: The elemental composition in both leaves and flowers of C. roseus were found to be different. Therefore, different parts of this medicinal plant are enriched in some micro and macro nutrients like Fe, Ca, Na, K, Zn, which are very important for biological metabolic system as well as human health.

One of the biggest environmental worries in the world today is the risk of arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater. The Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used in this work to assess the As content in groundwater samples from 38 shallow (27 m) tubewells in northwest Bangladesh to determine the existing situation, potential source(s), and likely health risk of As and other important water quality parameters. The range of arsenic concentrations (μgL−1) was troublesome and greater than the WHO recommended level for drinking water, ranging from 0.50 to 164 (mean ± SD: 20.22 ± 36.46). In groundwater, the concentrations of Fe, and Mn vary from 0.04 to 52.75 mgL−1 (mean ± SD: 4.23 ± 9.68), and 0.23 to 3.27 mgL−1 (mean ± SD: 1.10 ± 0.67). The obtained groundwater samples have pH values ranging from 5.9 to 7.1, which indicates a somewhat acidic to neutral character. Major cations have an average abundance that is as follows: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, while major anions have an average abundance that is as follows: HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−; Ca2+ and HCO3− are the main cation and anion, respectively. The groundwater in the Rajarampur village was deemed unfit for drinking or irrigation based on analyses of water quality performed using the entropy water quality index. The Ca–HCO3 type of water, in which Ca2+ and HCO3− are the main positive ions and negative ions, is suggested by the Piper tri-linear diagram. It was discovered that silicate weathering regulates the hydro-geochemical activities in groundwater using a bi-variate examination of several hydro-chemical variables. Four major clusters were observed for the water sample. According to reductive dissolution processes and principal component analysis, the arsenic in groundwater is geogenic in origin. Arsenic is discharged from sediment to groundwater by reductive dissolution of FeOOH and MnOOH, as shown by the modest connection between As, Fe, and Mn. The United Nations Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) suggested value for probable cancer risk assessment was 10−6, however the probable cancer risk assessment found a higher value, indicating that the population in the study region was at high risk for cancer. Remedial measures for arsenic mitigation include removing arsenic from groundwater after it is extracted, searching for alternative aquifers, and implementing various water-supply technologies such as dugwells, deep tubewells, pond-sand filters, and rainwater harvesting systems.