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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different forms of an audience's behavior on the heart work parameters and salivary cortisol level of leisure horses during work. Twelve horses were studied at rest, during standardized work, and at recovery. There was no audience in the arena in the control variant, whereas an audience (10 people) was situated in the middle of the arena in four other variants: standing still and silent in the first variant, standing still and talking in normal voice in the second variant, being silent but walking in both directions along the middle line of the arena in the third variant, and walking as above and simultaneously talking in the fourth variant. Heart rate, heart rate variability parameters: root mean square of successive beat-to-beat differences, low frequency of the power spectrum (LF), high frequency of the power spectrum (HF) and ratio of LF and HF signal (LF/HF), as well as salivary cortisol levels were measured. We found that audience presence and various forms of behavior during horse-riding leisure hours caused a significant decrease (P

Objective The aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the correspondence between the location of the tongue median line and the degree of distortion of the vertebral column at different levels in children with scoliosis. Patients and methods Materials and methods: Totally 56 children (30 girls, 26 boys) aged 11-14 years were examined, with a duration of musculoskeletal disorders 1-3 years. For each participant an oral cavity examination was performed, the position of the middle line of the tongue was determined. X-ray images of vertebral column of the patients from investigated groups were analyzed. Results Results: In the group with 1year duration of the disease 25.02% patients had a violation of the medial line of the tongue, in the group with 2 years of duration of the disease - 65,52% participants had the deviation of the medial line of the tongue, in the group with 3 years of duration of the disease 86.66% of patients had the deviation of the medial line of the tongue. Conclusion Conclusions: This research allows us to recommend paying attention not only to the size, color, state of the papillae of the tongue, but also to the position of the middle line, which distortion may significate the deviation of the vertebral column in different portions.

Objective To observe the clinical therapeutic effects on nervous olfactory disorder treated with acupuncture at three nasal points and scalp acupuncture. Methods Acupuncture was applied in 30 eligible patients with nervous olfactory disorder. The points included three nasal points, i.e., Yingxiāng (迎香 LI 20), Shangyingxiāng (上迎香 EX-HN 8) and Yintang (印堂 EX-HN 3), Ezhōngxian (额中线 middle line of forehead, MS1) and bilateral Niehouxian (颞后线 posterior temporal line, MS11). The even-needling technique was used to stimulate the three nasal points to ensure deqi. In scalp acupuncture, the needle was rotated continuously at 200 times per min, for 2 min at each scalp acupuncture line. The needles were retained for 40 min at above points and lines and were manipulated once every 20 min during needle retaining. The treatment was given once a day, 6-day treatment was as one course and the next course of treatment started after the interval of 1 day. Totally, 4 courses of treatment were required. Before and after treatment, T&T olfactory was adopted to test the olfactory function and the score was compared in order to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Results Of 30 cases, 8 cases were cured, 20 cases remarkably effective and 2 cases failed. The total effective rate was 93%. Conclusion Acupuncture at three nasal points and scalp acupuncture are effective approach to nervous olfactory disorder.

espanolEl proposito de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la modificacion del espacio de juego sobre los comportamientos tacticos en futbol, mediante variables de posicionamiento de jugadores. Se monitorizo a 10 jugadores amateur (edad = 23.39 ± 3.91 anos) con unidades GPS en dos partidos 11 vs. 11 diferentes en cuanto al tamano del campo (medio campo y campo entero). Se calculo el centroide y el indice de elasticidad de los equipos mediante el software Ultimate Performance Analysis Tool (Instrumento de analisis de alto rendimiento). Se observaron valores significativamente superiores de los centroid porteria-a-porteria (p = 0.001; ES = 3.794), centroid banda-a-banda (p = 0.001; ES = 0.729) y indice total de elasticidad (p = 0.001; ES = 1.185) en la situacion de campo entero. La situacion de campo entero incremento las distancias entre companeros y distancias de los jugadores respecto al centroide. Ademas, la posicion geometrica del centro del equipo se situo por delante de la linea media del campo en la situacion de campo entero. EnglishThe purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of two different field sizes (full and half of an official size field) on the tactical behaviors measured by position data of players. Ten amateur soccer players (age = 23.39 ± 3.91 years old) were tracked with GPS units during two situations of 11 vs. 11, one in each field size. The position data was treated and the centroid and stretch index of the team were calculated with the Ultimate Performance Analysis Tool. Significantly greater values of centroid in goalto-goal axis (p = 0.001; ES = 3.794), centroid in lateral-to-lateral axis (p = 0.001; ES = 0.729) and total stretch index (p = 0.001; ES = 1.185) were found in the full-size game. The full-size of the field increased the distances between teammates and the distances to the centroid. Moreover, the position of geometrical center of the team was beyond of the middle line in the full size.

We consider a family of linear elastic shells of thickness 2e, all having the same middle surface \(S=\varphi(\omega)\subset \mathbb{R}^3,\) where \(\omega\subset \mathbb{R}^2\) is a bounded and connected open set with a Lipschitz-continuous boundary ∂ω. The shells are clamped on a portion of their lateral face, whose middle line is φ(γ0), where γ0 is a portion of ∂ω with length(γ0) > 0. Under the assumption that γ0 = ∂ω, the applied forces fie, once appropriately scaled on a domain \(\Upomega=\omega\times (-1, 1),\) are independent of e and the middle surface S of the shell is uniformly elliptic we show using \(\Upgamma\)-convergence that \(\frac{1}{2\epsilon}\int_{-\epsilon}^{\epsilon}u^{\epsilon}_ig^{i,\epsilon}dx_3, \) where \(u^{\epsilon}_ig^{i,\epsilon}\) denotes the displacement of the shell and \(\zeta^{\epsilon}_ia^i,\) the displacement of the middle surface of the shell obtained by solving the two dimensional Koiter equation will have the same principal part as \(\epsilon\rightarrow 0\) in H1(ω) for the tangential components, and in L2(ω) for the normal components. We also show that if \(f^{\epsilon}_i=\epsilon^2f_i, \, f_i\in L^2(\Upomega)\) and if the space of inextensional displacement is non-zero then \(\frac{1}{2\epsilon}\int_{-\epsilon}^{\epsilon}u^{\epsilon}_ig^{i,\epsilon}dx_3 \) and \(\zeta^{\epsilon}_ia^i\) will have the same principal part as \(\epsilon\rightarrow 0\) in H1(ω) for their tangential components and in H2(ω) for their normal components.

Obturator hernia is a rare hernia in the world, diagnosed late since it has no specific symptoms and findings and generally occur in thin and old women with comorbidity.For this reason obturator hernia has high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we present an obturator hernia case that Howship-Romberg sign is positive and has typical appearance in computerized tomography. Laparotomy was performed on 89 years old female patient with body mass index 18.08 kg/m(2) by low middle line incision. Following the segmentectomy to the strangulated small bowel loop, obturator canal is repaired by retroperitoneal application. No complication occurred in the postoperative period. Obturator hernia should be taken into consideration in old and thin female patients with intestinal obstruction. Computerized tomography should be performed for early diagnosis of the obturator hernia.

In this paper an analysis of moving sound source localization via headphones is presented. Also the influence of the inter-click interval on this localization is studied. The experimental sound is a short delta sound of 5 ms, generated for the horizontal frontal plane, for distances from 0.5 m to 5 m and azimuth of 32° to both left and right sides with respect of the middle line of the listener head convolutioned with individual HRTFs. The results indicate that the best accurate localization was achieved for the ICI of 150 ms. Comparing the localization accuracy in distance and azimuth is deduced that the best results have been achieved for azimuth. The results show that the listeners are able to extract accurately the distance and direction of the moving sound for larger inter-click intervals.

Dasybranchetus pacifica, collected in Concepcion Bay, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, is described as a new species. In addition, the type species of the genus, Dasybranchetus fauveli Monro, 1931, is redescribed based on type material. The new species differs from D. fauveli in the absence of branchiae, the begining of the mid-dorsal lobe from chaetiger 2 instead of chaetiger 9, abdominal segments with well-developed neuropodial lobes, and hooded hooks with a main fang and three rows of subapical teeth in the following arrangement: 4 teeth in the basal line, 3 in the middle line, and 2 in the apical line.

A new genus and species of nodosaurid dinosaur: Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis gen. et sp. nov. is erected herein. It is characterized by the sacrum consisting of at least three true sacral vertebrae, 5 caudal dorsal vertebrae fused to form the presacral rod, wide divergence of long slender preacetabular process of the ilium from the middle line of the body, and the fourth trochanter located at the femoral mid-length.

The distribution of tailings lenticles reflects the sediment state of tailing dam, and has a great influence on the stability of the dam. In order to disclose the distribution law of tailings lenticles in theory, 12 geological cross-sections, including 7 cross-sections of tailings dam constructed by the upstream method and 5 cross-sections by the middle line method, were analyzed with box dimension method. The results show that the distribution of tailings lenticles has better fractal character with box dimension from 1.290 7 to 1.513 6. The box dimension of the tailings dam constructed by upstream method is nearly 1.50 and that by middle line method is 1.30. Thereby the values of lenticles dimension have obvious relation to the method of constructing dam, and reflect the sediment state of tailings dam with the rule that smaller value means better state.

In this paper, the problem of optimum design of a thin-walled closed cross-section is presented. The problem consists in minimizing the material area of a thin-walled closed cross-section symmetrical with respect to both x and y centroidal axes, and subjected to flexural and torsional rigidity constraints and strength constraints. The unknown function is the middle line of the thin-walled closed cross-section while its thickness is t prescribed. The solution approach is numerical and the minimizing procedure is based on an improved simulated annealing method, a simple but robust direct search technique that works well on fast PCs.

The usual algorithm of the structure factor calculation, which is widely used for amorphous metals and amorphous semiconductors, cannot be applied to a number of amorphous metal oxides. Instead, we have developed a new algorithm based on the middle line method. It uses analytical properties of the structure factor and radial distribution function. The method has been applied to amorphous PbTiO 3 .

Using the example of antiplanar shear we give a generalized scheme for constructing models of elastodynamic interaction of an elastic matrix with a thin-walled elastic curvilinear inclusion lying in the matrix under conditions of ideal contact subject to steady vibrations, by introducing suitable conditions on the middle line of the inhomogeneity. The procedure for the study is based on the application of the methods of the theory of singular perturbations. We describe the behavior of the stress-strain state of the body near the edges of the inhomogeneity, where boundary-layer phenomena appear.

Analysis of the Taiwan Strait is not merely geographic. It can also be studied from a purely political and military perspective, a political perspective with military implications, or a military perspective with political implications. This paper analyzes important issues, such as who owns the Taiwan Strait since August 1945? Can we treat the strait as the high seas? Is there a median line or equidistance line in the strait? Was the middle line broken in March 1996 during the strait crisis? Can the strait be closed, for example, by building artificial islands or a bridge? Can either Beijing or Taipei set up military zones in the strait? Does the strait help or impede Chinese reunification? What is the difference between “innocent passage” and “transit passage” by naval or merchant ships in the strait? Does the Review of Guidelines for Japan-US Defense Cooperation (RGJUDC) include the Taiwan Strait? This paper suggests an alternative of “Strait for Peace” with Chinese reunification in mind by prop...

The negative phototactic response of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera) was studied in an arena, half of which was kept dark and the other half illuminated with different light intensitites. For each intensity we measured the time the insects spent in the dark half, the time to reach the side opposite to that where they were released, and the number of passages through the middle line of the arena. T. infestans displayed a photonegative behaviour that was enhanced by high light intensities. Bugs maintained in 12:12 light-dark cycles responded differently to the same illumination levels when tested in their photophase and scotophase: sensitivity to light was higher during the latter. Bugs entrained to light-dark cycles, kept afterwards either in constant darkness or in constant light, and tested in their subjective night and day, showed the same responses as bugs from the light-dark group tested in their corresponding photophase and scotophase. Thus, phototactic sensitivity is under endogenous control. The behaviour shown by T. infestans may be understood as being composed of at least two different drives: an exploratory one, and a negative phototactic response that is under endogenous control and is particularly sensitive to light during the scotophase, when activity peaks occur.

The application of a higher-order shear deformable theory, which assumes a realistic cross-sectional deformation pattern and eliminates the use of a shear correction coefficient, is presented to evaluate the buckling loads of a symmetric, three-layered, simply supported, sandwich column when subjected to compressive edge loads. A closed form solution of the equilibrium equations is obtained by employing Von Karman strain displacement relations in the variational statement of the total potential energy and ne glecting any stretching of the middle line. The results, when compared with those obtained from Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko theories, show that the high shear deformability of the core significantly reduces the buckling load, highlighting the efficacy of a higher order theory.

We report on a successful treatment for a very infrequent chronic subdural haematoma after epidural anaesthesia for labour. Our patient presented at the Emergency Department in her 35th day post-partum and, the urgent cranial scan showed a chronic subdural left hemispheric haematoma of 15.8 mm with displacement of middle line and herniation of 14 mm. Chronic subdural haematoma following epidural anaesthesia can occur after 3 to 7 weeks following epidural anaesthesia, and it should be considered even if no complications in the procedure were observed. If haematoma is under 5 mm, without other acute signs, conservative treatment is recommended. Programmed neurosurgery should be performed if haematoma is greater than 5 mm; but if rapid deterioration, urgent neurosurgery must be performed as soon as possible to avoid irreversible damage.

The object of the game is to throw the ball past the opposing line of players. The player may stand on any part of the field to throw, but cannot cross the middle line. The ball must be thrown low. The points are: Ball between any pair of clubs scores ten; club knocked down scores five; ball through the line between pairs of clubs scores two. Fouls: If a player crosses the middle line it scores one for the opposite side; if a ball is thrown over an opponent's head the opposing side scores one. The time limit for the game is ten or fifteen minutes. The side winning the greatest number of points in any given time, decided upon before starting to play, is the winner. Curtain Ball: The floor is divided as for battle ball, with a curtain eight feet high drawn across the middle line (c-d). The players, any number, are scattered about on the floor. The ball is thrown over the curtain from any position and in any manner. If the ball is allowed to strike the floor it scores one point for the side throwing. The side winning the greatest number of points for any given time has the

Retrograde venous drainage from the vessels of the midline to the veins of one of the cerebral hemispheres is demonstrated angiographically and by means of simple models. Three examples are given: While the first one showed special conditions, the latter two are examples for venous drainage from one hemisphere to the other by way of the midline-vessels. Hemodynamics are inverted in these cases; the veins showing retrograde flow are situated in the hemisphere opposite to the one, in which the pathological flow takes its origin. The pathological flow itself is originated by elevatedvenous pressure resulting from either lack of vascular resistance of the arterioles—i.e. cases of arteriovenous shunt—or from thrombosis or compression of normal venous pathways. Arteriovenous pressure-gradients are necessarily diminished in these cases in order that the midline vessels are able to drain into the veins of the opposite hemisphere.

Examination of the anterior mediastinum using Carlens' middle line approach is described and experience reported on 87 patients. Special emphasis is laid on various points in the procedure which require special care and on certain steps which facilitate the safe removal of biopsy specimens. The macroscopic characteristics of carcinomatous metastases, vascular anomalies, cysts, and sarcoid lesions are described. No complications occurred in the course of mediastinoscopy.

Jendrassik's manoeuver was applied during the rotatory test in 20 cases of Meniere's disease and two cases of involvement of the inner ear after parotitis epidemica when turning the head 40° from the middle line towards the affected ear was observed. Romberg-Babinski-Hirsch-waltzing tests gave even better results under Jendrassik's manoeuver. It was stated that the cross-perception of the bone conduction test (bone receiver on the frontal or parietal region) was more evident when the named manoeuver was applied and the lower jaw tightly clenched. The neural mechanism of Jendrassik's manoeuver is discussed.

In previous research (Weiss & Hodgson, 1963) , skewed distributions of response categories were shown to affect the absolute judgments of line-drawn squares by ptoducing a shift in the assignment of stimuli toward the segment of the scale which was overrepresented in the response system. The unbalanced scales had three categories on one side and only one on the other side of the midpoint interval. This effect was removed when a stimulus that was designated as an example of an average-sized square was shown from time to time, even though absolute judgments of the other stimuli were still required. In order to obtain a more sensitive and rigorous test of the potential influence of the unbalanced scale when a standard for judgment is available, it seemed desirable to carry out research in which Ss would serve in all conditions and, hence, intra-subject rather than inter-subject comparisons would be the basis of the analyses and in which the method of constant stimuli coupled with the rating-scale feature of the method of single stimuli would be used. Also, since the effect of the skewed scales when a middle standard is present might be evidenced only when discrimination is relatively poor, a more suitable test would require small stimulus differences between the standard and the immediately neighboring, series stimuli. Smdents (N = 27) at Hunter College judged the lengths of comparison lines thac were exposed one at a time in the window of a memory drum. A standard line, which represented the middle line o f the series, was shown for 2 sec. followed by a blank interval of 2 sec. and then a comparison line for 2 sec. From a complete set of 15 lines, forming an arithmetic progression from 13/16 in. to 3 3 /16 in., with 2/16 in. the constant addend, three partially overlapping subsets were formed; these comprised the lines designated 1-9, 4-12, and 7-15, in order of increasing length. Three response scales were used: a 3category balanced one, containing the categories "+" (larger), "0" (equal) , "-" (small e r ) ; and two 5-category unbalanced ones comprising +, 0, -1, -2, -3 or +3, +2, f 1 , 0, -. Nine different Graeco-Latin squares were formed. The cells represented the combinations of response scales with stimulus subsets; the columns, the order of the three combinations for any S; and the rows, Ss. Hence, each S was exposed to each scale and to each subset. Each set of lines with its assigned response scale was judged six times before the next combination was presented. Based on analyses of variance, there was no evidence rhat the nature of the scale had any differenrial effect on the number of stimuli judged smaller than, larger than, or equal to rhe standard, o r o n the average size of stimulus iudged equal to the standard. This result was obtained whether the early trials, the later trials, o r all trials for a subset were examined, and whether only the responses to the three middle stimuli or to all stimuli were analyzed. Hence, the data confirm the outcomes of the research by Weiss and Hodgson (1963) and support their inference thac the effects of unbalanced scales are limited to situations where the "average" category of judgment is not held by some standard to a specified portion of the stimulus continuum.

Summary 1. A series of 24 patients with an ischiorectal anal fistula (ano-rectal fistula) were subjected to operation. 2. In 20, the fistula was classified as a posterior ischiorectal anal fistula because the internal opening was situated in the middle line posteriorly. The fistulous track ran in the ischiorectal fossa either on one or on both sides. An external opening was present in 18 and absent in two. Secondary tracks in the peri-anal and supra-levator spaces were sometimes present. 3. In three patients the fistula was classified as an anterior ischiorectal anal fistula because the internal opening was in the middle line anteriorly. 4. In one case no internal opening was found. It was the first case in the series. 5. In 22 of the 24 cases of this series the fistula was treated by a one-stage operation in which the whole track was laid open and the resulting wound covered by a primary skin graft. In one case the wound was too vascular and the graft deferred for two days whilst in the other-case no graft was applied because of the desire to have the patient out of bed to void within a few hours of the operation. 6. Despite the long operation there has been no operative or post-operative mortality. 7. In 20 cases, 90 per cent, or more of the graft was successful and the wound almost healed within 7 to 10 days of the operation. In the remaining three cases part or whole of a sheet of skin failed either because of haematoma formation or because it had been displaced during the application of the dressings. In the least successful result there was approximately a 50 per cent. “take.” 8. Therc was only one recurrence; this was in the first case of the series in which an internal opening was not discovered. 9. All patients were continent, although for a week or two after the operation there was a tendency for the sphincteric function to be inadequate. In 22 patients the sphinctcr muscle seemed as strong to the patient as it did before the operation. In the othcr two, there was some weakness when the motions became loose. 10. In three patients there was a small, symptomless partial mucosal prolapse. 11. The deformity produced by laying open and skin grafting this large fistula has not been a cause for complaint by any patient.