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Tao Yang,1– 4 Haiqiong Liu,1,3,4 Chaobo Yang,1,3,4 Huaqiang Mo,1,3,4 Xianbao Wang,1,3,4 Xudong Song,1,3,4 Luping Jiang,2 Ping Deng,2 Ran Chen,2 Pengcui Wu,2 Aihua Chen,1,3,4 Jing Yan1,3,4 1Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, People’s Republic of China; 3Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 4Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jing Yan; Aihua Chen, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-2061643686, Email yanve1008@126.com; chenaha@126.comPurpose: Myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a crucial clinical problem globally. The molecular mechanisms of MIRI need to be fully explored to develop new therapeutic methods. Galangin (Gal), which is a natural flavonoid extracted from Alpinia Officinarum Hance and Propolis, possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, but its effects on MIRI remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the pharmacological effects of Gal on MIRI.Methods: C57BL/6 mice underwent reperfusion for 3 h after 45 min of ischemia, and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR) were cultured as in vivo and in vitro models. Echocardiography and TTC-Evans Blue staining were performed to evaluate the myocardial injury. Transmission electron microscope and JC-1 staining were used to validate the mitochondrial function. Additionally, Western blot detected ferroptosis markers, including Gpx4, FTH, and xCT.Results: Gal treatment alleviated cardiac myofibril damage, reduced infarction size, improved cardiac function, and prevented mitochondrial injury in mice with MIRI. Gal significantly alleviated HR-induced cell death and mitigated mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in NRCs. Furthermore, Gal significantly inhibited ferroptosis by preventing iron overload and lipid peroxidation, as well as regulating Gpx4, FTH, and xCT expression levels. Moreover, Gal up-regulated nuclear transcriptive factor Nrf2 in HR-treated NRCs. Nrf2 inhibition by Brusatol abolished the protective effect of Gal against ferroptosis.Conclusion: This study revealed that Gal alleviates myocardial ischemic reperfusion-induced ferroptosis by targeting Nrf2/Gpx4 signaling pathway.Keywords: galangin, ferroptosis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, Nrf2, Gpx4

Haishan Mo,1,* Xu Lin,1,* Ming Liu,2 Hui Liang1 1Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hui Liang, Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China, Email zhlianghui@126.comAbstract: Cephalosporins and azithromycin are clinical antibiotics used to treat infections. Co-resistance to cephalosporins and azithromycin has been observed in some Enterobacterales, but it has only rarely been reported in Vibrio species. In this study, we isolated a cephalosporin- and azithromycin-resistant V. furnissii strain, VFN3, from hospital sewage. Whole-genome sequencing results showed that the strain VFN3 possesses an IncA/C2 plasmid, pVFN3-blaOXA-193K. This conjugative plasmid carries several clinically relevant drug resistance genes, including mph(A) and blaOXA-1. We also found that in the strain VFN3, mph(A) and blaOXA-1 are surrounded by insertion sequences and class I integrons, respectively. These data suggest that mobile elements mediate the transfer of mph(A) and blaOXA-1. This is the first reported Vibrio species that possesses an mph(A)- and blaOXA-1-bearing conjugative plasmid. The emergence of this conjugative multi-drug-resistance plasmid is of great concern to public health.Keywords: mph(A), blaOXA-1, conjugative plasmid, Vibrio furnissii

Background Methods Results Conclusion Cocaine may be applied to decongest the nasal mucosa before nasotracheal intubation, but patients risk a criminal offence if cocaine is detected when patients drive a car shortly after surgery. We aimed to evaluate whether benzoylecgonine levels in saliva exceeded the cut‐off point 24 h after administration in patients undergoing nasotracheal intubation and whether cocaine would be detectable above the Danish legal fixed limit in blood samples 1 and 24 h after surgery.We conducted a prospective study following approval from the local research ethics committee and the national medicine agency. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. We included patients scheduled for surgery under general anaesthesia with nasotracheal intubation. They received 80 mg cocaine as a nasal spray 5 min before induction and nasotracheal intubation. The primary outcome was a dichotomous assessment of benzoylecgonine levels in saliva samples measured 24 h after administration of nasal cocaine with a cut‐off limit of 200 ng/mL. Secondary outcomes were dichotomous assessments of cocaine in whole blood samples measured 1 and 24 h after administration of nasal cocaine with a cut‐off limit of 0.01 mg/kg.Overall, 70 patients had valid saliva samples and 75 had valid blood samples 24 h after cocaine administration. Benzoylecgonine in saliva was traceable above the cut‐off in 9/70 patients (13%; CI95%: 6% to 23%), and cocaine in blood was detected above the cut‐off in 2/75 patients (3%; CI95%: 0.3% to 9%).We found benzoylecgonine traceable in saliva in 13% of patients and cocaine traceable in blood in 3% of patients 24 h after administration of 80 mg nasal cocaine. Patients should be informed when receiving cocaine and advised not to drive for at least 24 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Nasotracheal intubation is associated with a risk of epistaxis. Several drugs, including cocaine and xylometazoline may be used as decongestants prior to nasotracheal intubation to prevent this. We hypothesized that xylometazoline would prevent epistaxis more effectively than cocaine, demonstrated by a lower proportion of patients with bleeding after nasotracheal intubation.We conducted a single‐center, outcome assessor and analyst‐blinded, clinical randomized controlled trial following approval from the local research ethics committee and the national medicine agency. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Patients scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia with nasotracheal intubation were randomized to receive either 2 mL 4% cocaine or 2 mL 0.05% xylometazoline prior to nasotracheal intubation. Immediately following intubation, epistaxis was evaluated by the blinded intubating anesthetist on a four‐point scale. We measured heart rate and blood pressure the first 5 min after drug administration. Adverse events were followed up after 24 h.A total of 53 patients received cocaine and 49 patients received xylometazoline. Bleeding occurred in 32 patients receiving cocaine (60.4%) and in 34 patients receiving xylometazoline (69.4%) (p = .41, Fisher's exact test) with a difference of 9.0% (95% CI: −9.4% to 27%). There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding the heart rate or blood pressure. No adverse cardiac events were recorded in either group.We found no statistically significant difference between cocaine and xylometazoline in preventing epistaxis after nasotracheal intubation, and the choice of vasoconstrictor should be based on other considerations, such as pricing, availability and medicolegal issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and study aims Colonoscopy is the “gold standard” investigation for assessment of the large bowel that detects and prevents colorectal cancer, as well as non-neoplastic conditions. The Joint Advisory Group (JAG) on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends monitoring key performance indicators such as cecal intubation rate (CIR) and adenoma detection rate (ADR). We aimed to investigate the quality of colonoscopies carried out during evening and Saturday lists in our unit and compare them against JAG standards of quality for colonoscopies. Patients and methods We retrospectively collected and analyzed demographical and procedure-related data for non-screening colonoscopies performed between January 2016 and November 2018. Evenings and Saturdays were defined as the out-of-hour (OOH) period. We compared the outcomes of the procedures done in these against the working hours of the weekdays. We also wanted to explore whether the outcomes were different among certain endoscopists. Other factors that could affect the KPIs, such as endoscopist experience and bowel preparation, were also analyzed. Results There were a total of 17634 colonoscopies carried out; 56.9 % of the patients (n = 10041)

We propose a novel method to quantify the assembly histories of dark matter haloes with the redshift evolution of the mass-weighted spatial variance of their progenitor haloes, that is, the protohalo size history. We find that the protohalo size history for each individual halo at z ∼ 0 can be described by a double power-law function. The amplitude of the fitting function strongly correlates to the central-to-total stellar mass ratios of descendant haloes. The variation of the amplitude of the protohalo size history can induce a strong halo assembly bias effect for massive haloes. This effect is detectable in observation using the central-to-total stellar mass ratio as a proxy of the protohalo size. The correlation to the descendant central-to-total stellar mass ratio and the halo assembly bias effect seen in the protohalo size are much stronger than that seen in the commonly adopted half-mass formation time derived from the mass accretion history. This indicates that the information loss caused by the compression of halo merger trees to mass accretion histories can be captured by the protohalo size history. Protohalo size thus provides a useful quantity to connect protoclusters across cosmic time and to link protoclusters with their descendant clusters in observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an efficient and robust method to estimate the halo concentration based on the first moment of the density distribution, which is |$R_1\equiv \int _0^{r_{\rm vir}}4\pi r^3\rho (r)\mathrm{ d}r/M_{\rm vir}/r_{\rm vir}$|⁠. We find that R 1 has a monotonic relation with the concentration parameter of the Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) profile, and that a cubic polynomial function can fit the relation with an error |$\lesssim 3~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠. Tests on ideal NFW haloes show that the conventional NFW profile fitting method and the V max/ V vir method produce biased halo concentration estimation by |$\approx 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| and |$\approx 30~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠ , respectively, for haloes with 100 particles. In contrast, the systematic error for our R 1 method is smaller than 0.5  per cent even for haloes containing only 100 particles. Convergence tests on realistic haloes in N -body simulations show that the NFW profile fitting method underestimates the concentration parameter for haloes with ≲300 particles by |$\gtrsim 20~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠ , while the error for the R 1 method is |$\lesssim 8~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠. We also show other applications of R 1, including estimating V max and the Einasto concentration c e ≡ r vir/ r −2. The calculation of R 1 is efficient and robust, and we recommend including it as one of the halo properties in halo catalogues of cosmological simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bin Liu,1,* Zhenjie Wu,1,* Hao Mo,1,* Juliang He,1 Xiang Lin,1 Jian Guan,1 Changyuan Wei,2,* Zhenchao Yuan1,* 1Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Breast Tumor Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: The objective of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) for breast cancer thoracic metastasis.Materials and methods: Twelve patients in our institution with a single lesion of breast cancer thoracic metastases received MWA and invasive spine surgery from August 2014 to November 2016. MWA was executed using the MWA system (2,450 MHz) at 40 W or 50 W with thermometers to control the ablation end points. The pathology of thoracic metastases was confirmed through intraoperative biopsy before ablation. The postoperative complications were recorded. The patients were followed up at 1, 3 and 6 months with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to monitor for tumor recurrence.Results: The average duration of follow-up for breast cancer thoracic metastases patients (mean age 52.7±8.4 years) was 10.2 months. The rate of postoperative main complications was 8.3% (1/12). The recurrence rate was 16.6% (2/12) as confirmed by persistent enhancement.Conclusion: MWA may be used as the adjuvant treatment for thoracic metastases of breast cancer. Results showed that few significant complications and less local recurrence occurred during the follow-up stage. Future research should aim at discovering more about the time controls for microwave–tissue interaction and treatment parameters before widespread use. Keywords: breast cancer, thoracic metastasis, microwave ablation, complication

Surface electromyography (EMG), typically recorded from muscle groups such as the mentalis (chin/mentum) and anterior tibialis (lower leg/crus), is often performed in human subjects undergoing overnight polysomnography. Such signals have great importance, not only in aiding in the definitions of normal sleep stages, but also in defining certain disease states with abnormal EMG activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, e.g., REM sleep behavior disorder and parkinsonism. Gold standard approaches to evaluation of such EMG signals in the clinical realm are typically qualitative, and therefore burdensome and subject to individual interpretation. We originally developed a digitized, signal processing method using the ratio of high frequency to low frequency spectral power and validated this method against expert human scorer interpretation of transient muscle activation of the EMG signal. Herein, we further refine and validate our initial approach, applying this to EMG activity across 1,618,842 s of polysomnography recorded REM sleep acquired from 461 human participants. These data demonstrate a significant association between visual interpretation and the spectrally processed signals, indicating a highly accurate approach to detecting and quantifying abnormally high levels of EMG activity during REM sleep. Accordingly, our automated approach to EMG quantification during human sleep recording is practical, feasible, and may provide a much-needed clinical tool for the screening of REM sleep behavior disorder and parkinsonism.

Objective: Evidence from previous studies suggests that greater sleep pressure, in the form of EEG-based slow waves, accumulates in specific brain regions that are more active during prior waking experience. We sought to quantify the number and coherence of EEG slow waves in subjects with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Methods: We developed a method to automatically detect individual slow waves in each EEG channel, and validated this method using simulated EEG data. We then used this method to quantify EEG-based slow waves during sleep and wake states in both mouse and human subjects with mTBI. A modified coherence index that accounts for information from multiple channels was calculated as a measure of slow wave synchrony. Results: Brain-injured mice showed significantly higher theta:alpha amplitude ratios and significantly more slow waves during spontaneous wakefulness and during prolonged sleep deprivation, compared to sham-injured control mice. Human subjects with mTBI showed significantly higher theta:beta amplitude ratios and significantly more EEG slow waves while awake compared to age-matched control subjects. We then quantified the global coherence index of slow waves across several EEG channels in human subjects. Individuals with mTBI showed significantly less EEG global coherence compared to control subjects while awake, but not during sleep. EEG global coherence was significantly correlated with severity of post-concussive symptoms (as assessed by the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory scale). Conclusion and implications: Taken together, our data from both mouse and human studies suggest that EEG slow wave quantity and the global coherence index of slow waves may represent a sensitive marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of mTBI and post-concussive symptoms. Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, Sleep, EEG, Slow waves, Coherence, Translational

We present an algorithm to extend subhalo merger trees in a low-resolution dark-matter-only simulation by conditionally matching them to those in a high-resolution simulation. The algorithm is general and can be applied to simulation data with different resolutions using different target variables. We instantiate the algorithm by a case in which trees from ELUCID, a constrained simulation of |$(500\, h^{-1}\, {\rm Mpc})^3$| volume of the local universe, are extended by matching trees from TNGDark, a simulation with much higher resolution. Our tests show that the extended trees are statistically equivalent to the high-resolution trees in the joint distribution of subhalo quantities and in important summary statistics relevant to modelling galaxy formation and evolution in halos. The extended trees preserve certain information of individual systems in the target simulation, including properties of resolved satellite subhalos, and shapes and orientations of their host halos. With the extension, subhalo merger trees in a cosmological scale simulation are extrapolated to a mass resolution comparable to that in a higher resolution simulation carried out in a smaller volume, which can be used as the input for (sub)halo-based models of galaxy formation. The source code of the algorithm, and halo merger trees extended to a mass resolution of |$\sim 2 \times 10^8 \, h^{-1}\, {\rm M_\odot}$| in the entire ELUCID simulation, are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased abundance of Gardnerella vaginalis and sialidase activity in vaginal fluid is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common but poorly understood clinical entity associated with poor reproductive health outcomes. Since most women are colonized with G. vaginalis, its status as a normal member of the vaginal microbiota or pathogen causing BV remains controversial, and numerous classification schemes have been described. Since 2005, sequencing of the chaperonin-60 universal target (cpn60 UT) has distinguished four subgroups in isolate collections, clone libraries and deep sequencing datasets. To clarify potential clinical and diagnostic significance of cpn60 subgroups, we undertook phenotypic and molecular characterization of 112 G. vaginalis isolates from three continents. A total of 36 subgroup A, 33 B, 35 C and 8 D isolates were identified through phylogenetic analysis of cpn60 sequences as corresponding to four "clades" identified in a recently published study, based on sequencing 473 genes across 17 isolates. cpn60 subgroups were compared with other previously described molecular methods for classification of Gardnerella subgroups, including amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and real-time PCR assays designed to quantify subgroups in vaginal samples. Although two ARDRA patterns were observed in isolates, each was observed in three cpn60 subgroups (A/B/D and B/C/D). Real-time PCR assays corroborated cpn60 subgroups overall, but 13 isolates from subgroups A, B and D were negative in all assays. A putative sialidase gene was detected in all subgroup B, C and D isolates, but only in a single subgroup A isolate. In contrast, sialidase activity was observed in all subgroup B isolates, 3 (9%) subgroup C isolates and no subgroup A or D isolates. These observations suggest distinct roles for G. vaginalis subgroups in BV pathogenesis. We conclude that cpn60 UT sequencing is a robust approach for defining G. vaginalis subgroups within the vaginal microbiome.

Alex E Roher,1 Josef P Debbins,2 Michael Malek-Ahmadi,3 Kewei Chen,4 James G Pipe,2 Sharmeen Maze,2 Christine Belden,3 Chera L Maarouf,1 Pradeep Thiyyagura,4 Hua Mo,4 Jesse M Hunter,1 Tyler A Kokjohn,1,5 Douglas G Walker,6 Jane C Kruchowsky,6 Marek Belohlavek,7 Marwan N Sabbagh,3 Thomas G Beach81The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, 2Keller Center for Imaging Innovation, Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, 3Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, 4Computational Image Analysis Program, Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, 5Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, 6Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, 7Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, 8Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USABackground: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia is a consequence of heterogeneous and complex interactions of age-related neurodegeneration and vascular-associated pathologies. Evidence has accumulated that there is increased atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis of the intracranial arteries in AD and that this may be additive or synergistic with respect to the generation of hypoxia/ischemia and cognitive dysfunction. The effectiveness of pharmacologic therapies and lifestyle modification in reducing cardiovascular disease has prompted a reconsideration of the roles that cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular function play in the pathogenesis of dementia.Methods: Using two-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, we quantified cerebral blood flow within the internal carotid, basilar, and middle cerebral arteries in a group of individuals with mild to moderate AD (n = 8) and compared the results with those from a group of age-matched nondemented control (NDC) subjects (n = 9). Clinical and psychometric testing was performed on all individuals, as well as obtaining their magnetic resonance imaging-based hippocampal volumes.Results: Our experiments reveal that total cerebral blood flow was 20% lower in the AD group than in the NDC group, and that these values were directly correlated with pulse pressure and cognitive measures. The AD group had a significantly lower pulse pressure (mean AD 48, mean NDC 71; P = 0.0004). A significant group difference was also observed in their hippocampal volumes. Composite z-scores for clinical, psychometric, hippocampal volume, and hemodynamic data differed between the AD and NDC subjects, with values in the former being significantly lower (t = 12.00, df = 1, P = 0.001) than in the latter.Conclusion: These results indicate an association between brain hypoperfusion and the dementia of AD. Cardiovascular disease combined with brain hypoperfusion may participate in the pathogenesis/pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Future longitudinal and larger-scale confirmatory investigations measuring multidomain parameters are warranted.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral blood flow, brain hypoperfusion, two-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, brain morphometric analyses, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, cognitive impairment

This study proposes a new relationship between the return period values of the annual maximum ground snow depth and the ground snow load for northeastern China. The proposed relationship is based on a statistical evaluation of the ground snow depth data and concurrent snow water equivalent data from many meteorological stations in the considered region. Such a relationship is the first of its kind for the considered region and could be used for different return periods. Reliability analysis for structures designed based on the newly developed relation is evaluated in the context of structural design code calibration. The estimated reliability is compared with that obtained based on the currently applicable structural design code for the region. The results indicate that the use of the proposed relation could lead to enhanced reliability consistency, while the use of the current code approach could be inadequate for some sites within the regions because of the spatially varying uncertainty in climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fields of media archaeology and data sonification have not been without contestation regarding means and methods. However, in combination, these fields present an opportunity for a novel approach to the creation of media archaeologically informed sound-based art. This article discusses the artistic use of data sonification techniques and the need to balance the musification of data while maintaining a sense of the underlying data. The use of data sonification techniques within media archaeology to facilitate the organisation of sound is briefly discussed. A framework is presented for utilising data sonification to facilitate the organisation of sound within the lens of media archaeology inquiry. Such an approach provides a novel method in media archaeologically informed sound-based art that utilises the sound of the artefact as a method of expression between genealogically related forms of media. A sound installation developed by the authors is presented that critically examines the use of, and gives concrete form to, the framework and the ideas established in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal region in mainland China is prone to typhoon winds. However, a systematic analysis of the annual maximum wind speed analysis for typhoon and nontyphoon winds (i.e., mixed wind climate) using the wind records has not been reported for the region. The wind hazard modeling and analysis for mainland China was carried out in the present study by using wind records from 839 meteorological stations and considering mixed wind climates. The identification of typhoon winds from wind records is based on historical typhoon tracks. Both the region of influence approach and the at-site approach were used to estimate the T-year return period value of the annual maximum wind speed, vT , according to the wind-producing mechanism. The estimated vT for typhoon and nontyphoon winds was used to identify regions where typhoon winds dominate the wind hazard. Wind maps for mainland China were developed by combining wind hazards determined from a typhoon wind hazard model and wind records from meteorological stations to estimate vT. A comparison of developed maps to that given in the Chinese structural design code is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy acrylate (EA) resin, due to its thermo-mechanical properties, performs excellent shaper memory properties. 3D printing opens new opportunities to fabricated shape memory polymer (SMP), which contributed to a rising variety of applications, also requires 3D-printable capability with more advanced shape-memory function and mechanical performance of the material. In this paper, a new strategy was developed to fabricate high strain EA-based SMP through digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing, which took advantage of free radical copolymerization of epoxy acrylate-based oligomer and monomers. The 3D-printed SMP showed high strain at break (up to 90%), thermal stability, as well as excellent shape memory performance. In addition, the shape memory-based self-driven electronics was fabricated by combining shape memory polymer with light-absorbing and conductive ink. The device could change its configuration in response to light and temperature, which has great potential application for soft robotics, flexible electronics, and intelligent control devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]