Nathalie Daval, Mohamed Kasbari, Nicolas Keck, Laurent Guillaumot, Céline Marchal, Christophe Ravel, Thomas Hüe, Direction des Affaires Vétérinaires, Alimentaires et Rurales (DAVAR), Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses [CHRU Montpellier] (CNR-L), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire de l'Hérault, Conseil Général de l'Hérault, Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, and Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
International audience; BACKGROUND: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL), a parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum and usually transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies, has rarely been reported in Pacific islands, which have been regarded until now as leishmaniasis-free territory. Here, we report the first autochthonous CanL case in New Caledonia (south-western Pacific) and the investigations carried out 1) to determine how infection was introduced into and transmitted among these dogs and 2) to assess the risks to animal and public health.METHODS: Extensive epidemiological and entomological investigations in and around the focus were carried out. Leishmaniasis infection was confirmed by histopathology, indirect fluorescent antibody test, real-time PCR, and culture. Parasite strain was typed by the isoenzymatic technique.RESULTS: The survey revealed close contacts between the autochthonous dog and two infected bitches imported from Spain, but failed to find any possible vector or disease spreading to other animals or humans. L. infantum zymodeme MON-1, the most frequent type in the Mediterranean basin, was identified. Although transplacental and venereal transmissions could not be excluded, the evidence was in favour of non-vectorial, direct dog-to-dog transmission.CONCLUSIONS: This study corroborates the possibility of non-vectorial routes (transplacental, venereal, and direct dog-to-dog) of canine leishmaniasis transmission in New Caledonia and raises the debate of relevant test requirements and diagnostic sensitivity prior to importation of dogs in Leishmania-free regions. New leishmaniasis control measures and recommendations to avoid future CanL introduction on the island are discussed.