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Cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death globally. Only 25.8% of in-hospital and 33.5% of out-of-hospital individuals who achieve spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest survive to leave the hospital. Respiratory failure and acute coronary syndrome are the two most common etiologies of cardiac arrest. Effort has been made to improve the outcomes of individuals resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Magnesium is an ion that is critical to the function of all cells and organs. It is often overlooked in everyday clinical practice. At present, there have only been a small number of reviews discussing the role of magnesium in cardiac arrest. In this review, for the first time, we provide a comprehensive overview of magnesium research in cardiac arrest focusing on the effects of magnesium on the occurrence and prognosis of cardiac arrest, as well as in the two main diseases causing cardiac arrest, respiratory failure and acute coronary syndrome. The current findings support the view that magnesium disorder is associated with increased risk of cardiac arrest as well as respiratory failure and acute coronary syndrome.

This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of four scenario experiments using the CMA_WSP, WRF, and WRF_FITCH models to enhance forecasts of hub-height wind speeds at multiple wind farms in Northern China, particularly under significant wind speed fluctuations during high wind conditions. The experiments apply various wind speed calculation methods, including the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (ST) and wind farm parameterization (WFP), within a 9 km resolution framework. Data from four geographically distinct stations were analyzed to assess their forecast accuracy over a 72 h period, focusing on the transitional wind events characterized by substantial fluctuations. The CMA_WSP model with the ST method (CMOST) achieved the highest scores across the evaluation metrics. Meanwhile, the WRF_FITCH model with the WFP method (FETA) demonstrated superior performance to the other WRF models, achieving the lowest RMSE and a greater stability. Nevertheless, all models encountered difficulties in predicting the exact timing of extreme wind events. This study also explores the effects of these methods on the wind power density (WPD) distribution, emphasizing the boundary layer’s influence at the hub-heighthub-height of 85 m. This influence leads to significant variations in the central and coastal regions. In contrast to other methods that account for the comprehensive effects of the entire boundary layer, the ST method primarily relies on the near-surface 10 m wind speed to calculate the hub-height wind speed. These findings provide important insights for enhancing wind speed and WPD forecasts under transitional weather conditions.

Abstract Quantum error correction offers a promising path for performing high fidelity quantum computations. Although fully fault-tolerant executions of algorithms remain unrealized, recent improvements in control electronics and quantum hardware enable increasingly advanced demonstrations of the necessary operations for error correction. Here, we perform quantum error correction on superconducting qubits connected in a heavy-hexagon lattice. We encode a logical qubit with distance three and perform several rounds of fault-tolerant syndrome measurements that allow for the correction of any single fault in the circuitry. Using real-time feedback, we reset syndrome and flag qubits conditionally after each syndrome extraction cycle. We report decoder dependent logical error, with average logical error per syndrome measurement in Z(X)-basis of ~0.040 (~0.088) and ~0.037 (~0.087) for matching and maximum likelihood decoders, respectively, on leakage post-selected data.

Categorical data play an important part in machine learning research and appears in a variety of applications. Models that can express large classes of real-valued functions on the Boolean cube are useful for problems involving discrete-valued data types, including those which are not Boolean. To this date, the commonly used schemes for embedding classical data into variational quantum machine learning models encode continuous values. Here, we investigate quantum embeddings for encoding Boolean-valued data into parameterized quantum circuits used for machine learning tasks. We narrow down representability conditions for functions on the $n$-dimensional Boolean cube with respect to previously known results, using two quantum embeddings: a phase embedding and an embedding based on quantum random access codes. We show that for any real-valued function on the $n$-dimensional Boolean cube, there exists a variational linear quantum model based on a phase embedding using $n$ qubits that can represent it and an ensemble of such models using $d < n$ qubits that can express any function with degree at most $d$. Additionally, we prove that variational linear quantum models that use the quantum random access code embedding can express functions on the Boolean cube with degree $d\leq \lceil {n}/{3}\rceil$ using $\lceil {n}/{3}\rceil$ qubits, and that an ensemble of such models can represent any function on the Boolean cube with degree $d\leq \lceil {n}/{3}\rceil$. Furthermore, we discuss the potential benefits of each embedding and the impact of serial repetitions. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the embeddings presented by performing numerical simulations and experiments on IBM quantum processors using the Qiskit machine learning framework.

Abstract The spatiotemporal characteristics of the near‐surface wind speed (NWS), wind speed at 100 m hub height (HWS), and wind power density (WPD) over China are assessed during 1980–2021. A homogenization process is applied to NWS at 292 basic meteorological stations. A total of 336 breakpoints are recognized, with 122 associated with instrument replacement, 113 attributed to station relocation, and 101 due to unrecorded reasons. The homogenization method does not alter the spatial patterns or seasonal variations of NWS, but it does boost the mean NWS over China annually and seasonally, while also strengthening the long‐term decreasing trends. As for the temporal standard deviation (STD) for NWS, high values are primarily found over Inner Mongolia and Northeast China, with the seasonal maximum occurring in spring. After homogenization, the STD of NWS over China is reduced annually and seasonally, and the long‐term decreasing trends are somewhat weaker. The results for HWS are comparable to those for NWS. Notably, the lower mean state and weaker fluctuation of wind speed in recent years have two opposing implications for wind power production. Similar to the NWS mean state, the annual mean WPD over China is largely increased after homogenization with a faster decreasing trend.

In order to increase erosion lifetime of the divertor target, in the 2nd design phase of R&D work package ‘Divertor’ for European DEMO, armor thickness of tungsten monoblock divertor target is increased from 5 mm to 8 mm. By increasing armor thickness, surface temperature increases nearly linearly, which makes effect of creep no longer negligible at slow transients of 20 MW/m2. In this work, structural impact of creep in tungsten monoblock divertor target is for the first time quantitatively analyzed with the aid of finite element method. The numerical simulations have revealed that creep results in an increase of inelastic strain accumulation. With increasing armor thickness, tensile surface stress along x-axis (the longer edge at the plasma-facing surface of tungsten monoblock) reduces, while surface stress along z-axis (axial direction of the cooling tube) changes from tensile to compressive. Creep will accelerate this change. With increasing grain size, creep strain accumulation at loading surface increases due to higher creep rates, while plastic strain accumulation decreases. Creep can mitigate the risk of deep cracking by reducing the driving force for crack opening, and has a positive impact for preventing the contact between the upper parts of neighboring monoblocks in high heat flux tests.

Abstract The conventional multifocal optical elements cannot precisely control the focal number, spot size, as well as the energy distribution in between. Here, the binary amplitude-type super-oscillatory lens (SOL) is utilized, and a robust and universal optimization method based on the vectorial angular spectrum (VAS) theory and the genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed, aiming to achieve the required focusing performance with arbitrary number of foci in preset energy distribution. Several typical designs of multifocal SOLs are demonstrated. Verified by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical simulation, the designed multifocal SOLs agree well with the specific requirements. Moreover, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the achieved focal spots is close to λ/3 for all the cases (λ being the operating wavelength), which successfully breaks the diffraction limit. In addition, the designed SOLs are partially insensitive to the incident polarization state, functioning very well for both the linear polarization and circular polarization. The optimization method presented provides a useful design strategy for realizing a multiple sub-diffraction-limit foci field of SOLs. This research can find its potentials in such fields as parallel particle trapping and high-resolution microscopy imaging.

In this work, the surface cracking features of tungsten armor under thermal shock loads by edge-localized mode (ELM) were investigated by means of computational fracture mechanics analysis. For the simulation it was assumed that a small crack was initiated at low temperature after the shut-off of thermal load in contrast to the previous studies where the presence of a crack before thermal loading was assumed. The threshold power density for surface cracking was predicted to range between 0.3 and 0.6GW/m2 while the threshold of base temperature lay between 200 and 400°C. The theoretically predicted damage map agreed well with the experimental data from electron beam irradiation tests. The current simulation model turned out to match better to the real experimental observation than the previous predictions where the threshold base temperature lies roughly between 400 and 600°C.

Two intense heatwaves of July and early August 2018 are found to be associated with a European blocking (EB) event accompanied by a series of consecutive positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO ^+ ) events. Further analyses show that the collaborative role of an EB event and its upstream NAO ^+ pattern could increase the frequency, persistence, magnitude and scale of heatwaves over Europe. Compared with NAO ^+ -unrelated EB events, NAO ^+ -related EB events are less movable (quasi-stationary) and more persistent over Europe, which could contribute to an increase in the intensity and persistence of heatwaves. In addition, the blocking high of this type has a northeast–southwest orientation with stronger warm airflow and less precipitation in northern and western Europe, where large scopes of higher temperatures tend to occur. In contrast, NAO ^+ -unrelated EB events without orientation correspond to a trough in the south, which results in increased precipitation and cold air in the southern part of Europe, and thus high temperatures contract to the northern part of Europe. Moreover, considering that the NAO ^+ pattern leads the formation of an EB event, the NAO ^+ pattern might serve as a potential predictor for European heatwaves. Our conclusions are strongly supported by the analysis of CMIP6 historical simulations which also capture the differences of high temperatures and atmospheric circulations between NAO ^+ -related EB events and NAO ^+ -unrelated EB events.

In this work, the cracking behavior of tungsten under edge-localized mode (ELM)-like thermal shock loads was investigated on the basis of a rigorous computational fracture mechanical analysis combined with the finite element method. Typical transient thermal shock loads of ELM conditions were considered with a relevant range of power density and base temperature for a loading duration of 1 ms. Crack initiation and progressive growth were predicted using the extended finite element method and the J-integral was calculated for the assumed precrack by means of the virtual crack extension method. For a power density of 1 GW/m2 and higher, a crack is preferably initiated near the edge of the loading area and is then followed by a gradual horizontal kinking, parallel to the loading surface. The crack formation is predicted for the power density of 0.6 GW/m2 and above, and when the base temperature is higher than 600 °C, almost no cracks is predicted. The numerically predicted cracking behavior agrees in general with the experimental observations.

The compass model on a square lattice provides a natural template for building subsystem stabilizer codes. The surface code and the Bacon-Shor code represent two extremes of possible codes depending on how many gauge qubits are fixed. We explore threshold behavior in this broad class of local codes by trading locality for asymmetry and gauge degrees of freedom for stabilizer syndrome information. We analyze these codes with asymmetric and spatially inhomogeneous Pauli noise in the code capacity and phenomenological models. In these idealized settings, we observe considerably higher thresholds against asymmetric noise. At the circuit level, these codes inherit the bare-ancilla fault tolerance of the Bacon-Shor code.

In this study, the large-scale circulation patterns (a blocking high, wave trains and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH)) associated with a wide ranging and highly intense long-lived heatwave in China during the summer of 2018 are examined using both observational data and reanalysis data. Four hot periods are extracted from the heatwave and these are related to anticyclones (hereafter referred to as heatwave anticyclone) over the hot region. Further analysis shows a relationship between the heatwave anticyclone and a synthesis of low, mid- and high latitude circulation systems. In the mid-high latitudes, a midlatitude wave train and a high latitude wave train are associated with a relay process which maintains the heatwave anticyclone. The midlatitude wave train acts during 16⁻21 July, whereas the high latitude wave train takes affect during 22⁻28 July. The transition between the two wave trains leads to the northward movement of the hot region. With the help of a wave flux analysis, it was found that both wave trains originate from the positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+) which acts as an Atlantic wave source. Serving as a circulation background, the blocking situated over the Scandinavia-Ural sector is maintained for 18 days from 14 to 15 August, which is accompanied by the persistent wave trains and the heatwave anticyclone. Additionally, the abnormal northward movement of the WPSH and its combination with the high latitude wave train lead to the occurrence of extreme hot weather in north-eastern China occurring during the summer of 2018.

Planar super-oscillation lenses (SOLs) can fulfill super-resolution focusing and nanoscopic imaging in the far field without the contribution of evanescent waves. Nevertheless, the existing deviations between the design and experimental results have been seldomly investigated, leaving the practical applications of SOLs unpredictable and uncontrollable. In this paper, some application-oriented issues are taken into consideration, such as the inevitable fabrication errors and the size effect of the designed SOLs, with the aim of providing an engineering reference to elaborately customize the demanded focusing light field. It turned out that a thicker structural film makes the focal spots enlarged, while the sloped sidewalls just weaken the intensity of the focal hotspot. Furthermore, the focal lengths are diminished with the decrease of device size, while the focal spots are enlarged. This research will promote the wide-spread applications of SOLs for sub-diffraction-limit far-field focusing in the areas of nanoscopy and high-density optical storage.

We explore the feasibility of implementing a small surface code with 9 data qubits and 8 ancilla qubits, commonly referred to as surface-17, using a linear chain of ^171 Yb ^+ ions. Two-qubit gates can be performed between any two ions in the chain with gate time increasing linearly with ion distance. Measurement of the ion state by fluorescence requires that the ancilla qubits be physically separated from the data qubits to avoid errors on the data due to scattered photons. We minimize the time required to measure one round of stabilizers by optimizing the mapping of the two-dimensional surface code to the linear chain of ions. We develop a physically motivated Pauli error model that allows for fast simulation and captures the key sources of noise in an ion trap quantum computer including gate imperfections and ion heating. Our simulations showed a consistent requirement of a two-qubit gate fidelity of ≥99.9% for the logical memory to have a better fidelity than physical two-qubit operations. Finally, we perform an analysis of the error subsets from the importance sampling method used to bound the logical error rates to gain insight into which error sources are particularly detrimental to error correction.

Fusarium species are the dominant cause of maize ear rot, but they also inflict serious damage to the roots and stalks. Theoretically, the organ where the host interacts with the pathogen most frequently should exhibit the highest degree of symptom-genotype correlation. Because that symptom-genotype correlation is an indicator reflecting the degree of coevolution between pathogen and its hosts. We wonder which organ is the main battlefield for the antagonism between maize and Fusarium. For this purpose, 43 isolates of Fusarium were isolated from infected maize ears. Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum are the two dominant pathogens, accounting for 44% and 30%, respectively. Furthermore, 14 elite maize inbreds were exposed to 43 Fusarium isolates and the symptoms of ear rot, stalk rot and root rot were investigated. In general, symptoms caused by F. graminearum were significantly more severe than those caused by other Fusarium species. Surprisingly, the genotype of F. verticillioides showed a strong correlation with stalk and root rot, but not with ear rot. Accordingly, our study may provide the first evidence that the stalk and root of maize, rather than the ear, is the main battlefield for the coevolution between maize and F. verticillioides.

Objectives: A body of research is clarifying the complexity of the effects of online gaming on the lives of gamers. We explored self-reported negative emotional states, satisfaction with life, and relationship satisfaction in a sample of young adults. Methods: We recruited 165 student participants (70.9% female; Mage = 24.24, SD = 6.15) who completed an online survey. Two-way ANCOVAs were used to assess the relationships between online gaming, gender and the measures of negative emotional states, satisfaction with life, and relationship satisfaction. Results: No effects of gaming on relationship satisfaction were evident. However, gaming was positively related to satisfaction with life. In contrast, when negative emotional states were examined, female gamers had higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than both non-gamers and male gamers. Conclusion and Implications: This highlights the complexities of the effects of gaming and that gaming itself should not be pathologized. The interactions evident in female gamers require further investigation, with the results supporting the notion that in some cohorts pre-existing characteristics of gamers might be a factor, as could how female gamers engage with online gaming environments. Further, the distinction between cognitive judgmental measures of satisfaction with life and negative emotional states was reiterated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistent winter haze episodes that occurred in Beijing over the period 1980 to 2016 are examined based on both reanalysis and station data. On both interannual and intra-seasonal timescales, winter haze weather in Beijing is found to be associated with a significant atmospheric teleconnection pattern from the North Atlantic to Eurasia (Beijing). A positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+) phase and a positive East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR+) phase can be observed as part of this teleconnection pattern (or an arched wave train). This study focuses mainly on the role of the NAO+ pattern, because the NAO index shows a closer relationship with winter haze frequency, especially after 1999, and the NAO+ pattern leads to the formation of persistent haze events over a longer period of time. Composite analyses show that a robust and consistent daily evolution of the wave train originates from an NAO+ pattern over the North Atlantic 8-10 days prior to the persistent haze events. The wave train continues propagating energy downstream, which leads to the formation and maintenance of a high-pressure center over northeast China, thus creating favorable meteorological conditions for the persistent haze events in Beijing. Thus, the NAO+ pattern is also an essential preceding background for the formation of the wave train, which can be treated as a potential predictor for persistent hazy weather. Corresponding to the NAO+ pattern, a tripolar sea surface temperature mode and intensified zonal wind over the North Atlantic also serve as prior signals for the persistent haze events. In addition, the propagation of the wave train is also associated with preceding significant positive sea ice concentration anomalies in the Barents-Kara Sea. Moreover, comparative analysis demonstrates that NAO+ winters are more advantageous to the formation and maintenance of winter haze weather in Beijing rather than NAO- winters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In our previous cadaveric study, we highlighted the posterior auricular artery (PAA) as a potential landmark for early identification of facial nerve (FN) when performing parotidectomy. However, further clinical study is critically needed before this landmark could be applied in clinical practice. Methods For 31 patients enrolled, we tried to identify the FN by the guide of the PAA during parotidectomy. Additionally, the FN function was evaluated during follow‐up. Results PAA could be exposed in 28 out of 31 (90.3%) patients during parotidectomy. Moreover, the FN trunk could be identified by the guide of the PAA in all these 28 patients with identifiable PAA. Furthermore, no iatrogenic FN damage happened in this study and the transient FN dysfunction rate was 5.7%. Conclusion The PAA is an ideal landmark for early identification of the FN trunk when performing parotidectomy.

Abstract Harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are promoted by eutrophication and intensified by global warming, occur worldwide. Allelochemicals, which are natural chemicals derived from plants or microbes, are emerging weapons to eliminate these blooms. However, the cost and technical challenges have limited the discovery of novel antialgal allelochemicals. Herein, the decomposition of agricultural straws is manipulated by white‐rot fungi and achieved elevated antialgal efficiency. The transcriptomic analysis reveals that nutrient limitation activated fungal decomposition. By using a comparative nontarget metabolomics approach, a new type of allelochemical sphingosines (including sphinganine, phytosphingosine, sphingosine, and N‐acetylsphingosine) is identified. These novel natural algaecides exhibit superior antialgal capability, with as high as an order of magnitude lower effective concentration on blooming species than other prevalent allelochemicals. The co‐expression relationship between transcriptomic and metabolomic results indicate that sphinganine is strongly correlated with the differentially expressed lignocellulose degradation unigenes. The algal growth suppression is triggered by the activation of programmed cell death, malfunction of algal photosystem and antioxidant system, the disruption on CO2 assimilation and light absorption. The sphingosines reported here are a new category of allelochemicals in addition to the well‐known antialgal natural chemicals, which are potential species‐specific agents for HABs control identified by multi‐omics methodology.

The algal community structure is vital for aquatic management. However, the complicated environmental and biological processes make modeling challenging. To cope with this difficulty, we investigated using random forests (RF) to predict phytoplankton community shifting based on multi-source environmental factors (including physicochemical, hydrological, and meteorological variables). The RF models robustly predicted the algal communities composed by 13 major classes (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 9.2 ± 7.0%, validation NRMSE mostly 0.74) in Norway's largest lake, Lake Mjosa. The importance analysis showed that the hydro-meteorological variables (Standardized MSE and Node Purity mostly >0.5) were the most influential factors in regulating the phytoplankton. Furthermore, an in-depth ecological interpretation uncovered the interactive stress-response effect on the algal community learned by the RF models. The interpretation results disclosed that the environmental drivers (i.e., temperature, lake inflow, and nutrients) can jointly pose strong influence on the algal community shifts. This study highlighted the power of machine learning in predicting complex algal community structures and provided insights into the model interpretability.

Lensless imaging represents a significant advancement in imaging technology, offering unique benefits over traditional optical systems due to its compact form factor, ideal for applications within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Despite its potential, the intensive computational requirements of current lensless imaging reconstruction algorithms pose a challenge, often exceeding the resource constraints typical of IoT devices. To meet this challenge, a novel approach is introduced, merging multi-level image restoration with the pix2pix generative adversarial network architecture within the lensless imaging sphere. Building on the foundation provided by U-Net, a Multi-level Attention-based Lensless Image Restoration Network (MARN) is introduced to further augment the generator’s capabilities. In this methodology, images reconstructed through Tikhonov regularization are perceived as degraded images, forming the foundation for further refinement via the Pix2pix network. This process is enhanced by incorporating an attention-focused mechanism in the encoder--decoder structure and by implementing stage-wise supervised training within the deep convolutional network, contributing markedly to the improvement of the final image quality. Through detailed comparative evaluations, the superiority of the introduced method is affirmed, outperforming existing techniques and underscoring its suitability for addressing the computational challenges in lensless imaging within IoT environments. This method can produce excellent lensless image reconstructions when sufficient computational resources are available, and it consistently delivers optimal results across varying computational resource constraints. This algorithm enhances the applicability of lensless imaging in applications such as the Internet of Things, providing higher-quality image acquisition and processing capabilities for these domains.

Introduction: A refractory cervical anastomotic fistula which postoperatively remains unhealed for more than 2 months under conservative care severely impacts the quality of life of the patient and potentially leads to anastomotic stricture after the fistula heals. It is widely accepted that, to avoid this complication, refractory cervical anastomotic fistulas should undergo more aggressive treatments. However, when and which surgical intervention should be considered is unclear. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the role of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in the management of refractory cervical anastomotic fistulas based on our experience of 6 cases and a literature review. Methods: Six patients diagnosed with refractory cervical anastomotic fistula after esophagectomy treated using pectoralis major myocutaneous flap transfer were included in the study. The clinical data, surgical details, and treatment outcome were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All patients survived the operations. One patient who had a circumferential anastomotic defect resulting from surgical exploration developed a mild fistula in the neo-anastomotic site in the 5th postoperative day, which healed after 7 days of conservative care. This patient developed an anastomotic stricture which was partially alleviated by an endoscopic anastomotic dilatation. All the other 5 patients had uneventful recoveries after operations and restored oral intake on the 10th–15th days after operation, and they tolerated normal diets without subsequent sequelae on follow-up. One patient developed both local and lung recurrence and died in 15 months after operation, while the other 5 patients survived with good tumor control during the follow-up of 25–53 months. Conclusion: The satisfactory treatment outcome in our study demonstrates that pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction is a reliable management modality for refractory cervical anastomotic fistulas after esophagectomy, particularly for those patients who experienced persistent fistulas after conservative wound care and repeated wound closures.

ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize the relationship of a combination of circulating non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) concentration and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) with cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study of the residents of the Kailuan community, with data from a total of 45,051 participants being included in the final analysis. The participants were allocated to four groups according to their non-HDL-C and baPWV status, each of which was categorized as high or normal. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the relationships of non-HDL-C and baPWV, individually and in combination, with the incidence of CVD.ResultsDuring the 5.04-year follow-up period, 830 participants developed CVD. Compared with the Normal non-HDL-C group independently, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD in the High non-HDL-C was 1.25 (1.08–1.46). Compared with the Normal baPWV group independently, the HRs and 95% CIs for CVD in the High baPWV was 1.51 (1.29–1.76). In addition, compared with the Normal both non-HDL-C and baPWV group, the HRs and 95% CIs for CVD in the High non-HDL-C and normal baPWV, Normal non-HDL-C and high baPWV, and High both non-HDL-C and baPWV groups were 1.40 (1.07–1.82), 1.56 (1.30–1.88), and 1.89 (1.53–2.35), respectively.ConclusionHigh non-HDL-C concentration and high baPWV are independently associated with a higher risk of CVD, and individuals with high both non-HDL-C and baPWV are at a still higher risk of CVD.

The timeliness of monitoring is essential to algal bloom management. However, acquiring algal bio-indicators can be time-consuming and laborious, and bloom biomass data often contain a large proportion of extreme values limiting the predictive models. Therefore, to predict algal blooms from readily water quality parameters (i.e. dissolved oxygen, pH, etc), and to provide a novel solution to the modeling challenges raised by the extremely distributed biomass data, a Bayesian scale-mixture of skew-normal (SMSN) model was proposed. In this study, our SMSN model accurately predicted over-dispersed biomass variations with skewed distributions in both rivers and lakes (in-sample and out-of-sample prediction R ^2 ranged from 0.533 to 0.706 and 0.412 to 0.742, respectively). Moreover, we successfully achieve a probabilistic assessment of algal blooms with the Bayesian framework (accuracy >0.77 and macro- F _1 score >0.72), which robustly decreased the classic point-prediction-based inaccuracy by up to 34%. This work presented a promising Bayesian SMSN modeling technique, allowing for real-time prediction of algal biomass variations and in-situ probabilistic assessment of algal bloom.

BackgroundOral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is a devastating tumor with poor prognosis. There is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers to help predict prognosis and guide treatment for OTSCC. In the current study, we aimed to develop a robust multi-gene signature and prognostic nomogram to predict the prognosis of patients with non-distant metastatic OTSCC.MethodsOTSCC-related differentially-expressed genes were screened from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate Cox regression based on 1,000 bootstrap replicates, LASSO regression and stepwise multivariate Cox regression were utilized to develop a novel multi-mRNA signature for predicting overall survival in OTSCC. The concordance index, area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC AUC) and calibration curve were employed to assess the prediction capacity of the novel multi-gene model. In addition, a prognostic nomogram was constructed to facilitate the clinical use of the fitted model. The Kaplan-Meier with log-rank test was employed to assess differences in overall survival.ResultsWe successfully established a novel 15-mRNA prognostic model for predicting overall survival of non-distant metastatic OTSCC, involving ADTRP, ITGA3, RFC4, CCDC96, CYP2J2, NELL2, SPHK1, SPAG16, HBEGF, S100A9, EGFL6, ADGRG6, PDE4D, ABCA4, and CTTN. The prediction ability of this 15-gene signature was independent of other clinicopathological factors, with an HR of 11.5 (95% CI: 4.70–28.3). Moreover, internal validation by bootstrap analysis yielded a C-index of 0.849, with a 3-year AUC of 0.907 and 5-year AUC of 0.944, which implied excellent prediction accuracy of the fitted model. In addition, external validation by using the GEO dataset (GSE41116) yielded a C-index of 0.804, with a 3-year AUC of 0.868 and 5-year AUC of 0.855, which also indicated good prediction ability of the 15-gene model. Finally, a prognostic nomogram integrating risk group, grade, T stage and N stage was established.ConclusionOur results demonstrate our 15-gene signature was independently associated with overall survival in non-distant metastatic OTSCC. Moreover, the prognostic nomogram integrating the 15-gene signature and clinicopathological factors has potential to be developed as a prognostic tool.

Supercapacitors have been extensively studied due to their advantages of fast-charging and discharging, high-power density, long-cycling life, low cost, etc. Exploring novel nanomaterial schemes for high-performance electrode materials is of great significance. Herein, a strategy to combine vertical graphene (VG) with MoO3 nanosheets to form a composite VG/MoO3 nanostructure is proposed. VGs as transition layers supply rich active sites for the growth of MoO3 nanosheets with increasing specific surface areas. The VG transition layer further improves the electric contact and adhesion of the MoO3 electrode, simultaneously stabilizing its volume and crystal structure during repeated redox reactions. Thus, the prepared VG/MoO3 nanosheets have been demonstrated to exhibit excellent electrochemical properties, such as high reversible capacitance, better cycling performance, and high-rate capability.

Within the framework of Internet of Things or when constrained in limited space, lensless imaging technology provides effective imaging solutions with low cost and reduced size prototypes. In this paper, we proposed a method combining deep learning with lensless coded mask imaging technology. After replacing lenses with the coded mask and using the inverse matrix optimization method to reconstruct the original scene images, we applied FCN-8s, U-Net, and our modified version of U-Net, which is called Dense-U-Net, for post-processing of reconstructed images. The proposed approach showed supreme performance compared to the classical method, where a deep convolutional network leads to critical improvements of the quality of reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES:The diagnostic efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB) in early oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) still remains controversial. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic value of SLNB in clinically neck-negative T1-2 OSCC. METHODS:A systematic literature search for relevant literature published up to September 11, 2016 was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials, and the reference lists of eligible studies were examined. Data from different studies were pooled to estimate the summary sentinel lymph node(SLN) identification rate, sensitivity, negative predictive value. Summary receiver operator characteristic curve(SROC) was plotted and area under the SROC curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the overall diagnostic efficacy. Threshold effect was assessed with use of the spearman correlation coefficient. Between-study heterogeneity was tested using the Q tests and the I2 statistics. Subgroup analyses were conducted in view of the greater effect of different study characteristics on diagnostic efficacy of SLN. Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test was performed to evaluate publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was evaluated through omitting studies one by one and comparing the pooled results of random-effects model and fixed-effects model. All analyses were performed using Review Manager (version 5.3.5), Meta-DiSc (version 1.4), Comprehensive Meta Analysis (version 2.0) and STATA (version 12). RESULTS:66 studies comprising 3566 patients with cT1-2N0 OSCC were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled SLN identification rate was 96.3%(95% CI: 95.3%-97.0%). The pooled sensitivity was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.85-0.89), pooled negative predictive value was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.93-0.95), and AUC was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97-0.99). Subgroup analyses indicated that SLN assessment with immunohistochemistry(IHC) achieved a significantly higher sensitivity than without IHC. CONCLUSIONS:This meta-analysis suggests that SLNB has a high diagnostic accuracy in cT1-2N0 oral squamous cell carcinoma, and is an ideal alternative to elective neck dissection. Furthermore, the use of IHC can significantly improve SLNB diagnostic sensitivity for early OSCC.

Coherent errors are a dominant noise process in many quantum computing architectures. Unlike stochastic errors, these errors can combine constructively and grow into highly detrimental overrotations. To combat this, we introduce a simple technique for suppressing systematic coherent errors in low-density parity-check stabilizer codes, which we call stabilizer slicing. The essential idea is to slice low-weight stabilizers into two equally weighted Pauli operators and then apply them by rotating in opposite directions, causing their overrotations to interfere destructively on the logical subspace. With access to native gates generated by three-body Hamiltonians, we can completely eliminate purely coherent overrotation errors, and for overrotation noise of 0.99 unitarity we achieve a 135-fold improvement in the logical error rate of surface-17. For more conventional two-body ion trap gates, we observe an 89-fold improvement for Bacon-Shor-13 with purely coherent errors which should be testable in near-term fault-tolerance experiments. This second scheme takes advantage of the prepared gauge degrees of freedom, and to our knowledge is the first example in which the state of the gauge directly affects the robustness of a code's memory. This Letter demonstrates that coherent noise is preferable to stochastic noise within certain code and gate implementations when the coherence is utilized effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]