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Mycotic intracranial aneurysms (MIAs) are rare but can cause significant morbidity and mortality due to rupture. Most patients have additional systemic medical comorbidities making endovascular treatment a vital modality in the treatment of these aneurysms. We aimed to share our institutional experience with the role of endovascular therapy in the treatment of mycotic aneurysms with a literature review. We conducted a retrospective review of our patient database to identify individuals diagnosed with MIAs who underwent endovascular intervention at our institution between January 2002 and December 2021. We have found three patients with ruptured MIAs. All three patients had a heart disease with infective endocarditis. Two patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in which, one had a rebleed resulting in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the third patient initially presented with ICH. Distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was the site of MIA in two cases and distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) in one patient. Two patients were treated with simple coiling and one patient was treated by glue (n-butyl cyanoacrylate [NBCAs]) injection within the aneurysm. There was no periprocedural complication with complete obliteration of the aneurysm and preservation of the parent artery. All the patients had good outcomes on follow-up. Two patients had a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0 at 6 months and one patient had an mRS score of 3 at the end of 3 months whose preprocedure mRS score was 5. Endovascular embolization of MIAs with coils or liquid embolic agents can be performed in critically ill patients and is an excellent treatment modality with high occlusion rates and low procedural complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Brucella aneurysms are very rare but life-threatening, and a standard treatment approach has yet to be established. The current study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment for Brucella aneurysms. Materials and Methods: The clinical data of 15 Brucella aortic-iliac aneurysm patients who underwent endovascular repair at 2 hospitals from January 2012 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: Fifteen patients (12 men and 3 women) with a mean age of 59.3 years were included. Fourteen patients (93.3%) had a history of exposure to animals (cattle and sheep). All patients had aortic or iliac pseudoaneurysms, 9 abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), 4 iliac aneurysms, and 2 AAA combined with iliac aneurysms. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was performed in all patients without conversion to open surgery. Six cases were treated for emergency surgery due to aneurysm rupture. The immediate technique success rate was 100%, with no postoperative death. Two cases had the iliac artery ruptured again after operation because of lack of antibiotic treatment and was given endovascular treatment again. Once brucellosis is diagnosed, antibiotic treatment with doxycycline and rifampicin was initiated for all the patients until 6 months after operation. All patients survived over a median follow-up period of 45 months. Follow-up computed tomography angiography showed that all stent grafts remained patent, with no endoleak. Conclusion: EVAR combined with antibiotics treatment is feasible, safe, and effective for Brucella aneurysms and represents a promising treatment option for these Brucella aneurysms. Clinical Impact: Brucella aneurysms are very rare but life-threatening, and a standard treatment approach has yet to be established. The traditional operation management strategy is surgical resection and debridement of the infected aneurysm and the surrounding tissues. However, open surgical management in these patients causes severe trauma with high surgical risks and mortality (13.3%–40%). We tried to treat Brucella aneurysms with endovascular therapy, and the technique success and survival rate of the operation reached 100%. EVAR combined with antibiotics treatment is feasible, safe, and effective for Brucella aneurysms and represents a promising treatment option for some mycotic aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During infancy, infectious aneurysms are uncommon and potentially fatal lesions with an imminent risk of intracranial hemorrhage development. Case presentation: A 1-month-old infant presented with loss of consciousness and clonic movements of the right superior limb after a work-up for Hirschsprung's disease. His physical exam revealed stupor, miosis, anterior fontanelle swelling, and hyperreflexia of the right superior limb. Blood cultures were positive for Candida albicans. In addition, brain imaging revealed an intraparenchymal hematoma in the left temporal lobe and a saccular aneurysm at the M3 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. Upon careful discussion with the patient's family, he underwent evacuation of the hematoma and aneurysm repair. His postoperative clinical course was uneventful. At the 5-month follow-up, a brain MRI showed encephalomalacia in the area of prior hemorrhage. Furthermore, he had preserved motor function and adequate psychomotor development on subsequent pediatric evaluations. Conclusion: Microsurgical management of ruptured mycotic aneurysms demands a systematic work-up and nuanced appraisal of clinical and aneurysmal factors. Operating in a confined space and considering the fragile nature of aneurysms are of utmost relevance for effectively treating these lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysms are a rare but serious complication of infectious processes, often resulting from mycotic (infectious) aneurysms, occurring when the vessel wall is compromised by an infection, leading to the formation of a pseudoaneurysm [1]. Mycotic aneurysms typically result from bacteremia or fungemia, with common sources being infective endocarditis or other systemic infections. Tuberculosis, though a common infectious disease worldwide, is an unusual cause of aortic pseudoaneurysm formation. We present the case of a 26-year-old Asian male with a history of positive Quantiferon test, who presented with two weeks of back pain, hemoptysis, cough, night sweats, fever, and chills. CT imaging revealed a pseudoaneurysm at the T11-T12 level, associated with an epidural abscess, prevertebral rim-enhancing collection, and signs of osteomyelitis. The patient underwent endovascular repair of the aortic aneurysm, followed by drainage and biopsy of the epidural abscess and antibiotic therapy for the underlying infection. This case demonstrates the rare occurrence of a mycotic aneurysm caused by tuberculous infection, and the importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention to prevent catastrophic complications such as rupture, sepsis, or neurological impairment.

Mycotic aneurysms are a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of infections, particularly those involving the spine. Spondylodiscitis, a bacterial or fungal infection of the intervertebral disc, is a known risk factor for the development of mycotic aneurysms. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes. We report the case of a 79-year-old patient with a history of diabetes admitted for chronic back pain refractory to medical treatment. A cervico-thoraco-abdomino-pelvic CT scan showed infectious spondylodiscitis at the lumbar level complicated by a mycotic aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges associated with mycotic aneurysms, particularly when they arise from a contiguous infectious focus. Imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), play a pivotal role in identifying these aneurysms and assessing their extent.The patient underwent surgical management of the spondylodiscitis and the mycotic aneurysm. A stent was placed to reinforce the weakened aortic wall and prevent rupture. Postoperative management included long-term antibiotic therapy to eradicate the infection. The patient experienced a favorable outcome, with resolution of symptoms and improved quality of life.

Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause rapidly progressive endocarditis and requires urgent and aggressive treatment, including surgical intervention. Bacterial endocarditis may present itself with complications. Care should be taken when interpreting the differential diagnosis. In this article, we present a case of Enterococcus faecalis mitral valve endocarditis accompanied by subarachnoid hemorrhage and mycotic intracranial aneurysms, which are very rarely observed in the literature.

Background Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anaemia worldwide and frequently observed in adolescent women, particularly those with eating disorders like anorexia nervosa. Consequently, clinicians may overlook iron deficiency anaemia, potentially missing a more serious diagnosis. Case summary A 19-year-old woman was referred to the hospital by her general practitioner due to worsening symptomatic iron deficiency anaemia, despite treatment with oral iron supplementation. Her blood cultures consistently grew Streptococcus sanguinis , and an echocardiogram revealed vegetations on the mitral and tricuspid valves, confirming the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Several systemic complications of varying acuity were identified, including a ruptured left common iliac artery aneurysm with active haemorrhage into the left psoas muscle, enlarging cerebral, hepatic, and right common femoral artery aneurysms, splenic infarction with abscess formation, and an infected left psoas muscle haematoma. Multimodal imaging and collaboration within the multidisciplinary endocarditis team were crucial for coordinating further evaluation and managing the complex array of peripheral lesions in infective endocarditis. The patient was discharged with a good clinical outcome after 81 days. Discussion This case highlights the risks of overlooking iron deficiency anaemia in adolescent women with anorexia nervosa and the serious consequences of untreated complicated infective endocarditis. It emphasizes the need for thorough investigation of anorexia nervosa patients for infections due to their reduced clinical response, to ensure early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebral osteomyelitis is a well-documented disease entity in literature with various known etiologies. However, vertebral diskitis-osteomyelitis secondary to an infected aortic aneurysm is an uncommon and life-threatening complication. We present the case of a 65-year-old male patient who presented with chronic low back pain that acutely worsened for 1 to 1.5 months and was diagnosed with vertebral diskitis-osteomyelitis secondary to a contiguous infection from an adjacent mycotic aortic aneurysm. To our knowledge, this is one of the few cases reported of vertebral diskitis-osteomyelitis secondary to mycotic aortic aneurysm. We discuss the findings on CT and MRI, as well as the value of imaging in guiding management.

Background: Heart transplantation has evolved as the only treatment option for patients with refractory heart failure. Case Presentation: We here, report two unusual complications that developed following cardiac transplant to which the recipients succumbed. Post mortem conducted revealed the cause of death as severe antibody mediated rejection in one case and ruptured mycotic aneurysm of ascending aorta in the second recipient. Conclusion: Hence, autopsy remains the key procedure that can help establish the cause of death after cardiac transplant. It is also imperative for clinicians to have awareness and high index of suspicion for early detection of the ongoing complications and intervene either surgically or medically to prevent catastrophic events.

This report presents an extremely rare case of a fungal mycotic aneurysm due to Magnusiomyces capitatus in a 51-year-old woman who is immunocompromised. The diagnosis was based on multiple computed tomography scans and the identification of the pathogen via sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. Long-term treatment with caspofungin for previous candidemia likely promoted the dissemination of this intrinsically echinocandin-resistant fungus from colonization sites in the lungs and rectal area. Long-term suppressive antifungal therapy with voriconazole and subsequently with posaconazole, combined with multiple surgical procedures, led to an improvement in the patient's condition. This case highlights the importance of considering a patient's comprehensive microbiological history and reassessing antimicrobial therapy in cases of nonimprovement or relapse.

Infected aneurysms, though rare, present significant challenges in contemporary medical practice. Coined by Sir William Osler in 1885, the term "mycotic aneurysm" encompasses infections of native arteries and preexisting aneurysms, posing life-threatening risks of arterial rupture and recurrence. We discuss a case involving a 51-yearold woman with a giant infected aneurysm, highlighting the complexities in diagnosis. The patient presented with bleeding from her left ear, a fluctuating neck mass, and decreased hearing. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) played a crucial role in revealing the infected giant aneurysm in the left internal carotid artery, associated with arteriovenous malformation and fistula. Additionally, incidental findings included aneurysms in the right internal carotid and bilateral vertebral arteries. The case underscores the importance of a high index of suspicion and advanced diagnostic tools for timely and accurate diagnosis. The rarity of experienced centers in managing such cases, coupled with a lack of consensus in diagnostic criteria, poses challenges for treatment improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe surgical trends, survival, and infection related complications (IRC) in a Danish cohort of patients with infective native aortic aneurysms (INAAs). A retrospective nationwide cohort study including all patients in Denmark who were surgically treated for abdominal INAA between 2000 and 2020 was conducted. Patients were identified through the Danish vascular registry, Karbase, which is a database registering all patients treated with vascular surgery in Denmark. Subsequent data on clinical presentation, treatment, all cause mortality, and complications were obtained from the electronic patient charts. Seventy-five patients were included in the study, of whom 60 (80%) were male, with a median age of 69 (IQR 64, 75) years. Open surgical repair (OSR) was performed in 54 (72%) patients and endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) in 21 (28%). Median follow up was 52 (IQR 32, 103) months. Open repair was consistently the most frequent treatment modality throughout the study period, but EVAR became more frequent over time. The 30 day survival of the total cohort was 97% (94 – 100%). Kaplan–Meier survival estimates for the cohort were 92% (95% CI 85 – 98%), 80% (95% CI 71 – 91%), 63% (95% CI 52 – 78%), and 48% (95% CI 35 – 66%) at one, three, five and 10 years, respectively. Patients treated by EVAR had comparable long term survival to patients treated by OSR, with a hazard ratio of 0.35 (95% CI 0.10 – 1.22), but was associated with better short term survival up to five years. The most common cause of death was sepsis. Five (9%) OSR patients had IRC compared with one (5%) EVAR patient. In this nationwide study of patients treated for abdominal INAA, an increasing number of patients were surgically treated during the study period. Patients treated by EVAR demonstrated long term survival comparable to OSR. The incidence of post-operative IRC was low. These results should be interpreted with caution and prospective registries are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause rapidly progressive endocarditis and requires urgent and aggressive treatment, including surgical intervention. Bacterial endocarditis may present itself with complications. Care should be taken when interpreting the differential diagnosis. In this article, we present a case of Enterococcus faecalis mitral valve endocarditis accompanied by subarachnoid hemorrhage and mycotic intracranial aneurysms, which are very rarely observed in the literature. Keywords:Infective endocarditis, mycotic aneurysm, enterococcus faecalis, mitral valve replacement.: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic pathologists often encounter cases of acute subdural hematoma (SDH) due to trauma, whereas those attributable to endogenous causes are rare. Here, we report a case of the latter type in a 42-year-old man who was found dead at home after several months of fever and malaise. Postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) and autopsy were undertaken to clarify the cause of death. PMCT images revealed a fatal SDH and a localized hyper-density area in the right parietal lobe; macroscopic and microscopic examinations revealed SDH due to rupture of a mycotic aneurysm (MA) associated with meningitis. The PMCT images also indicated thickening and calcification of the mitral valve, while autopsy demonstrated infective endocarditis (IE). In addition, PMCT demonstrated a low-density area in the spleen, which was shown to be a splenic abscess at autopsy. PMCT also demonstrated tooth cavities. Based on the findings of autopsy, the cause of death was considered to be SDH due to rupture of the MA resulting from meningitis with IE and splenic abscess. Although PMCT was unable to clarify the significance of any individual feature, a retrospective review of the PMCT images might have suggested IE, bacteremia, or ruptured MA leading to SDH. This case suggests that, instead of interpreting individual features demonstrated on PMCT images, integrated interpretation of overall PMCT findings might provide clues for identifying causes of death, despite the fact that PMCT lacks diagnostic accuracy for infectious diseases such as IE and meningitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines outcome and durability of physician made bovine pericardial tube grafts in aortic infections in all anatomical locations. This was a retrospective and prospective international multicentre study. Peri-operative and long term outcomes of patients undergoing in situ aortic reconstruction for native or graft infections with physician made bovine pericardial tube grafts between January 2008 and December 2020 in four European tertiary referral centres were analysed. The primary endpoint was recurrent aortic infection. Secondary endpoints were persistent infection, aortic re-operation for infection, graft related complications, and death. One hundred and sixty eight patients (77% male, mean age 67 ± 11 years) were identified: 38 (23%) with native and 130 (77%) with aortic graft infection. The thirty day mortality rate was 15% (n = 26) overall, 11% (n = 4), and 17% (n = 22) for native and aortic graft infections, respectively (p =.45). Median follow up was 26 months (interquartile range [IQR] 10, 51). Estimated survival at one, two, three, and five years was 64%, 60%, 57%, and 50%, and significantly better for native (81%, 77%, 77%, and 69%) than for graft infections (58%, 55%, 51%, and 44%; p =.011). Nine patients (5.3%) had persistent infection and 10 patients (6%) had aortic re-infection after a median of 10 months (IQR 5, 22), resulting in an estimated freedom from re-infection at one, two, three, and five years of 94%, 92%, 90%, and 86%. Estimated freedom from graft complications at one, two, three, and five years was 91%, 89%, 87%, and 87%. This multicentre study demonstrates low re-infection rates when using physician made bovine pericardial tube grafts, comparable to those of other biological grafts. The rate of graft complications, mainly anastomotic aneurysms and stenoses, was low, while graft degeneration was absent. Physician made bovine pericardial tube grafts are an excellent tool for in situ reconstruction in the setting of native aortic infection or aortic graft infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A splenic artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare pathology that occurs mainly secondary to pancreatitis, abdominal trauma, peptic ulcers, pancreatic and gastric cancers, and infections. It is best diagnosed using computed tomography angiography and typically treated using endovascular embolization and, in some cases, open or laparoscopic surgery. In this report, we present a case of a ruptured mycotic splenic artery pseudoaneurysm containing Histoplasma capsulatum, which to our knowledge is the first case to report a mycotic splenic artery pseudoaneurysm of this nature. Case presentation: We report a case of a 42-year-old white male with past medical history of Hepatitis C and IV drug abuse who presented to the Emergency Department with a 24-h history of severe diffuse abdominal pain. He was tachycardic and peritonitic on exam. Work-up demonstrated leukocytosis and lactic acidosis. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast showed hemoperitoneum and active extravasation of contrast from the splenic artery into the splenic hilum, associated with a surrounding hematoma measuring 5.3 × 5.0 cm, concerning for ruptured splenic artery pseudoaneurysm. The patient was taken emergently for exploratory laparotomy, where a large intraperitoneal hematoma was evacuated. A ruptured splenic artery pseudoaneurysm was identified, isolated, and controlled, followed by completion splenectomy. Final pathology demonstrated a 3.0 × 1.3 × 0.3 cm pseudoaneurysm wall and a 14 × 9.5 × 5.5 cm spleen containing multiple necrotizing granulomata positive for the presence of Histoplasmosis species. The patient recovered appropriately and was discharged on post-operative day five. Conclusions: This case demonstrates a successful approach to a ruptured mycotic splenic artery pseudoaneurysm resulting in a positive outcome. It is a unique case as it highlights, to our knowledge, the first report of splenic artery aneurysm secondary to Histoplasma capsulatum infection. This report helps further the understanding of the pathophysiology as well as the natural history of mycotic splenic pseudoaneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A mycotic aortic aneurysm is a rare type of aortic aneurysm that can have disastrous outcomes. Most mycotic aneurysms originate from infectious sources, such as trauma, vegetation in the heart, and adjacent infectious sources. If a mycotic aneurysm is diagnosed, it should be treated simultaneously with the primary source of the infection. Case Summary: Treatment was performed for a mycotic aneurysm of the brachial artery that occurred suddenly during treatment for a fever for which the primary source of infection had not been confirmed. The workup revealed that a mycotic aneurysm of the brachial artery was the cause of the fever, followed by aneurysms in the abdomen and lower extremities and even vegetation in the heart that was not initially present. The patient declined to undergo treatment for personal reasons. After 5 months, it was revealed that the abdominal aortic aneurysm, which was initially considered normal aorta, was ruptured; however, the aneurysm was successfully treated. Conclusions: A peripheral mycotic aneurysm may be associated with multiple aneurysms. Appropriate diagnosis and complete treatments are necessary to prevent fatal consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactococcus garvieae is a known fish pathogen associated with numerous aquacultural outbreaks. In humans, L. garvieae primarily causes infective endocarditis, but infections involving other organs have also been reported. We report the first case of ruptured infectious intracranial aneurysm associated with L. garvieae bacteraemia without concomitant infective endocarditis. The diagnosis of a left distal posterior cerebral artery mycotic aneurysm was based on a computed tomography angiogram, catheter angiogram and histopathological examination of the resected aneurysm. Here, we review the literature on human L. garvieae infections and describe the clinical characteristics, risk factors, management and outcomes of the cases identified to date.

Yujing Zhang,1,* Haiqian Wang,2,* Lei Bai,1 Xiaodong Li,1 Li Liu,1 Liang Wang3 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Outpatient, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Interventional Therapy and Vascular Surgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Dongguan, 523059, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Liang Wang, Department of Interventional Therapy and Vascular Surgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Dongguan, 523059, People’s Republic of China, Email nx.vascular@hotmail.comObjective: To establish the endovascular repair and prognosis of patients with aorto-iliac aneurysm and Brucella abortus infection.Methods: From September 2018 to September 2021, seven cases of Brucella abortus infection with aorto-iliac aneurysm were treated by the endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) procedure. Clinical and imaging data were collected to evaluate the therapeutic results, including body temperature, blood culture, imaging manifestations, stent patency and endoleak during the postoperative and follow-up periods.Results: Except for one patient who died of acute hematemesis and hematochezia just after the admission, seven patients were treated successfully. The aneurysms were completely excluded, and all stent grafts were patent. Patients were followed up for 12– 32 months, with an average follow-up of 18.5 ± 9.1 months. There were no cases of endoleak, infection recurrence, gluteal muscle ischemia or spinal cord ischemia during the follow-up period.Conclusion: It is feasible to treat Brucella abortus-infected aneurysms with the EVAR procedure. The results were optimistic in the short and medium-term. The application of sensitive antibiotics before and after the operation is the cornerstone of endovascular therapy. However, the long-term results require further follow-up.Keywords: Brucella abortus infection, aorto-iliac aneurysm, endovascular aneurysm repair, bacterial infection, zoonosis, mycotic aneurysm

Abstract Background The treatment of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) who have preoperative cerebral complications remains less understood. Therefore, this study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with acute IE based on preoperative intracranial findings. Methods Of 32 patients with acute IE treated at our hospital between August 2015 and March 2022, 31 patients of whom preoperative intracranial imaging evaluation was available were included in our analysis and compared with those with and without intracranial findings. We controlled the mean arterial blood pressure and activated clotting time (ACT) to prevent abnormally high perfusion pressures and ACTs during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The preoperative background, and postoperative courses focusing on postoperative brain complications were reviewed. Results Among the 31 patients, 20 (65%) had preoperative imaging findings. The group with intracranial findings was significantly older, with more embolisms in other organs, positive intraoperative pathology findings, and longer CPB times. A new cerebral hemorrhage developed postoperatively in one patient without intracranial findings. There were no early deaths; two patients had recurrent infections in each group, and one died because of sepsis in the late phase in the group with intracranial findings. Conclusions Positive intracranial findings indicated significantly active infectious conditions preoperatively but did not affect the postoperative course. Patients without preoperative cerebral complications can develop serious cerebral hemorrhage. Although meticulous examination of preoperative cerebral complications in all patients with IE is essential, a strategy should be adopted to prevent cerebral hemorrhage, even in patients without intracranial findings.

Infected abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) make up a small minority of AAAs yet are characterized by a high fatality rate, largely attributed to their increased risk of aneurysm rupture. This case details a rare presentation of a 56-year-old man that developed Proteus mirabilis bacteremia secondary to a perineal abscess and subsequently experienced a 3 cm growth of his previously stable AAA over an 8 day period. This case underscores the importance of maintaining a heightened suspicion for infected aortic aneurysms in sick patients and highlights the critical role of surgical management in achieving source control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pulmonary artery aneurysms encompass a wide range of presentations and forms. Mycotic aneurysms represent a particular subset of focal dilatation of the vessel wall with high morbidity and mortality rates. Herein, we report the case of a 32 year old patient, with a prior history of ventricular septal defect presenting with a mycotic pulmonary artery aneurysm associated with infective endocarditis and septic emboli. Case presentation: We present the case of a 32 year old male with known history of congenital ventricular septal defect presented to the emergency department with signs of sepsis and dyspnea. Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. An echocardiogram found evidence of endocarditis with multiples intra cavitary vegetations. A CT angiogram demonstrated major right ventricular dilatation, multiple nodules and peripheral opacities, scattered throughout the lungs, indicative of septic emboli. Segmental saccular dilatation of the left lateral basal pulmonary artery consistent with a mycotic aneurysm formation was found. The patient was started on intravenous antibiotics and given the overall satisfactory evolution a conservative approach was pursued. The patient was discharged with antibiotics and scheduled for surgical repair of the ventricular septal defect. Conclusion: To our knowledge, mycotic aneurysms associated to congenital heart malformation like ventricular septal wall defect remains a rare condition with few reported cases in the literature. Being aware of this entity is important for every practicing radiologist to allow for early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several aspects of the occurrence and management of mycotic aneurysm (MA) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) have not been studied. Objectives To determine the incidence and factors associated with MA presence and rupture and to assess the evolution of those initially unruptured MA. Methods Prospective multicenter cohort including all patients with definite IE between January 2008 and December 2020. Results Of 4548 IE cases, 85 (1.9%) developed MA. Forty-six (54.1%) had intracranial MA and 39 (45.9%) extracranial MA. Rupture of MA occurred in 39 patients (45.9%). Patients with ruptured MA had higher 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.49–3.67). Of the 55 patients with initially unruptured MA, 9 (16.4%) presented rupture after a median of 3 days (interquartile range, 1–7) after diagnosis, being more frequent in intracranial MA (32% vs 3.3%, P =.004). Of patients with initially unruptured MA, there was a trend toward better outcomes among those who received early specific intervention, including lower follow-up rupture (7.1% vs 25.0%, P =.170), higher rate of aneurysm resolution in control imaging (66.7% vs 31.3%, P =.087), lower MA-related mortality (7.1% vs 16.7%, P =.232), and lower MA-related sequalae (0% vs 27.8%, P =.045). Conclusions MA occurred in 2% of the patients with IE. Half of the Mas occurred in an intracranial location. Their rupture is frequent and associated with poor prognosis. A significant proportion of initially unruptured aneurysms result from rupture during the first several days, being more common in intracranial aneurysms. Early specific treatment could potentially lead to better outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Mycotic pseudoaneurysms can be a serious and life threatening complication of left sided infective endocarditis. They most commonly affect the major axial vessels. Profunda femoris artery (PFA) aneurysms are rare and present in only 0.5% of all peripheral aneurysms, regardless of the underlying etiology. We present a case of a patient who underwent mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to culture negative IE which was complicated by multiple mycotic pseudoaneurysm. The PFA pseudoaneurysm which was affected and was complicated with a large hematoma compressing the femoral nerve. This was managed by a staged hybrid approach. Endovascular stenting was performed first to seal the pseudoaneurysm and facilitate open surgical repair using a reversed interposition saphenous vein graft. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a PFA mycotic aneurysm (MA) being managed by a hybrid approach using endo‐vascular and open surgical repair. MAs and pseudoaneurysms are complex and life threatening conditions requiring meticulous planning for optimal management. Endovascular stenting can be considered as an alternative to surgical management in certain cases or as a bridge to definitive open surgical repair depending on anatomical location and associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threating entity with three main complications: heart failure (HF), uncontrolled infection (UI) and embolic events (EEs). HF and UI are the main indications of cardiac surgery and have been studied thoroughly. On the other hand, much more uncertainty surrounds EEs, which have an abrupt and somewhat unpredictable behaviour. EEs in the setting of IE have unique characteristics that must be explored, such as the potential of hemorrhagic transformation of stroke. Accurately predicting which patients will suffer EEs seems to be pivotal to achieve an optimal management of the disease, but this complex process is still not completely understood. The indication of cardiac surgery in order to prevent EEs in the absence of HF or UI is in question as scientific evidence is controversial and mainly of a retrospective nature. This revision addresses these topics and try to summarize the evidence and recommendations about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse clinical presentations of mycotic aneurysms often present challenges in achieving early clinical diagnosis. Clinically, evident mycotic aneurysms frequently manifest at an advanced stage of progression or are concurrent with complications, such as rupture. In this report, we aim to discuss the mortality of a 68-yearold woman who had a rare ruptured mycotic aneurysm. Initially, the patient presented to the emergency department (ED) due to a sudden, sharp, stabbing sensation in the middle chest area, radiating to her back. An electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus rhythm without STT changes. Chest X-ray (CXR) showed an enlarged aorta, which led to a diagnosis of suspected aortic dissection. During close monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the patient's blood pressure dropped, and peripheral oxygen saturation was 70%. After urgent intubation and resuscitation, the patient was finally stable. Another CXR was performed and found massive pleural effusion; prompt pleural aspiration found the presence of blood. It was suspected that the suspected aortic dissection had ruptured causing massive left hemothorax. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was done but did not find evidence of aortic dissection. After a thorough discussion, the attending thoracic surgeon was to perform an exploratory thoracotomy. During preparation, the patient went into cardiac arrest. Adequate resuscitation was performed. Unfortunately, the patient was pronounced dead soon after. It was determined that mycotic aneurysm rupture was the underlying cause. This study showed a significant occurrence of aneurysm ruptures, underscoring the critical need for achieving early diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 48-year-old woman presented with an acute type B aortic dissection. Despite medical management with anti-impulse therapy in intensive care, she continued to have chest and back pain and underwent aortic arch debranching and thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR). Her post-operative course was complicated by sternal and mediastinal infection. Several weeks later, the patient developed acute onset chest pain and computed tomography angiogram revealed contrast extravasation just proximal to the endograft. Emergent zone 0 TEVAR was performed with exclusion of hemorrhage and continued filling of the debranched vessels. Post-operatively, fevers continued despite 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment and phage therapy was prescribed for 5 days. At 2-year follow-up, there was no recurrence of infection.

BACKGROUND: Mycotic aneurysm is a rare entity with rapid progression, which can be fatal without adequate treatment. The incidence of rupture is greater than that of degenerative aneurysms and is associated with a high mortality rate. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 58-year-old man with a known history of HIV infection with good immunovirological staging, treated squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and chronic gastritis, who presented with a six-day history of intense back pain, malaise, fever, and chills. After examination, he was hospitalized with a clinical suspicion of acute pyelonephritis. During hospitalization, he was diagnosed with pneumonia of the right pulmonary base, infectious spondylodiscitis, and mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, which involved the visceral plaque. The microbiological workup revealed only positive blood cultures for Klebsiella pneumoniae. After a multidisciplinary discussion of the case and six weeks of antibiogram-oriented antibiotic therapy, the patient underwent an aorto-aortic interposition via left thoracophrenolaparotomy without the need to reimplant visceral vessels due to the patch configuration of the proximal anastomosis. The procedure was performed under left heart bypass. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged four weeks later. At 18 months follow-up, she remained asymptomatic and free of recurrence. CONCLUSION: In this case, it remains to be defined whether the cause of the mycotic aneurysm was hematogenous dissemination from the identified pneumonia or contiguity from the diagnosed spondylodiscitis. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with this entity, early diagnosis and adequate treatment with surgical correction and antibiotic therapy with sufficient duration and dose are important aspects for improving survival in these cases.

Abstract Background Coronary stent infections are an uncommon but deadly complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Mortality remains as high as 40–60% even with adequate treatment. We report such an interesting case of left circumflex stent (LCX) infection and mycotic aneurysm that was successfully managed with antibiotics and surgery. Case presentation A middle-aged man who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to the left circumflex artery four weeks prior was referred as a case of pyrexia of unknown origin, not responding to antibiotics, and colchicine started for suspected Dressler syndrome. Although the inflammatory markers were elevated, the results of the blood culture did not show any growth. Echocardiography showed a doubtful echogenic structure in the left atrioventricular groove and mild pericardial effusion, and a stent infection was suspected. PET scan showed focal metabolic activity in the region of the LCX stent, with metabolically active supraclavicular and paratracheal lymph nodes, and a coronary angiogram revealed an aneurysm arising distal to the stented LCX. A diagnosis of stent infection and associated mycotic aneurysm was made, and the patient underwent surgery which included aneurysm repair, stent retrieval, and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) to the major and terminal OM. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged without complications. Conclusions It is important to investigate the possibility of coronary stent infection in individuals experiencing prolonged fever following PCI. PET scans and coronary angiograms can aid in diagnosis when echocardiograms are inconclusive. Adequate antibiotic therapy and timely surgery are crucial for successfully managing coronary stent infections.

Abstract Background Aortic mycotic aneurysms are a rare but life-threatening condition and may be associated with aorto-bronchial- and aorto-esophageal fistulas. Although both very rare, they carry a high mortality and require (urgent) surgical intervention. Surviving all three conditions concomitantly is extraordinary. We describe a patient who underwent staged repair of such combined defects.

Mycotic thoracic aortic aneurysm (MTAA) is a disease that is difficult to treat and often lethal. Open repair has high morbidity and mortality risks; additionally, thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) often requires innovative techniques. We report the use of an innominate artery chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (ChEVAR) with carotid-carotid and carotid-left subclavian artery bypass for a time-sensitive Salmonella-related MTAA. A symptomatic type 1a endoleak was discovered and promptly and successfully treated. This report shows that the use of innominate artery ChEVAR to treat MTAA is feasible and safe, although the procedure is rarely performed, even in large series. We hypothesize that prophylactic gutter embolization is a feasible option in view of the high endoleak risks in such cases, although further evidence is required to support this.

Key Clinical Message Mycotic pseudoaneurysms can be a serious and life threatening complication of left sided infective endocarditis. They most commonly affect the major axial vessels. Profunda femoris artery (PFA) aneurysms are rare and present in only 0.5% of all peripheral aneurysms, regardless of the underlying etiology. We present a case of a patient who underwent mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to culture negative IE which was complicated by multiple mycotic pseudoaneurysm. The PFA pseudoaneurysm which was affected and was complicated with a large hematoma compressing the femoral nerve. This was managed by a staged hybrid approach. Endovascular stenting was performed first to seal the pseudoaneurysm and facilitate open surgical repair using a reversed interposition saphenous vein graft. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a PFA mycotic aneurysm (MA) being managed by a hybrid approach using endo‐vascular and open surgical repair. MAs and pseudoaneurysms are complex and life threatening conditions requiring meticulous planning for optimal management. Endovascular stenting can be considered as an alternative to surgical management in certain cases or as a bridge to definitive open surgical repair depending on anatomical location and associated complications.

Jejunal artery pseudoaneurysms are extremely rare, accounting for

Background: Cupping therapy is an alternative treatment that uses a small glass cup to suck the skin with a needle and has been used to manage skin problems and pain. However, serious complications have been reported. Herein, we describe a case of intracranial mycotic aneurysm rupture after cupping therapy. Case Description: A 25-year-old male patient presented with a headache and fever after cupping therapy for atopic dermatitis. He was diagnosed with infective endocarditis, and antibiotic therapy was initiated. After that, he suddenly lost consciousness, and head imaging revealed a cerebral hemorrhage due to a ruptured intracranial mycotic aneurysm. He underwent craniotomy, which was successful, and he was transferred to a rehabilitation center with a modified Rankin scale score of 2 at three months post-stroke. Conclusion: This case serves as a reminder of life-threatening infectious complication risks after cupping therapy. A patient who has a compromised skin barrier may experience serious adverse effects, especially when cupping is performed without implementing suitable infection prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: As only early diagnosis, prompt surgical intervention, and appropriate antibiotic therapy can decrease clostridial MAA mortality rate; keeping in mind a broad differential diagnosis in a patient with sepsis and unusual vascular symptoms is important. Mycotic aortic aneurysm (MAA) is an infrequent but very consequential condition characterized by the pathological disruption of the aorta due to infection. Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that falls under the taxonomic classification of the genus Clostridium. Although mycotic aneurysm is often not commonly linked with this infection, there are instances when it may function as a causative agent for MAA. Timely diagnosis and thorough therapeutic techniques, including surgical intervention and quick administration of appropriate antibiotics, can potentially reduce the mortality rate associated with clostridial MAA. In this study, we presented a clinical report detailing the diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm caused by C. perfringens in the thoracic aorta in a 66‐year‐old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus and a recent prostate biopsy. Furthermore, we discussed the surgical approach and overall management strategy to address this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central nervous system is frequently involved during severe sepsis. Patients either develop septic encephalopathy characterized by delirium and coma or focal neurological signs as a consequence of septic-embolic or septic-metastatic encephalitis. In this review, a summary of currently available literature on established and some promising experimental treatment options for septic encephalopathy and encephalitis is provided, with a focus on the clinical utility of published studies. Treatment relies on proper identification of the causative pathogen and rapidly initiated adequate empirical or (after identification of the pathogen) tailored antibiotic therapy, fluid and electrolyte management. In the presence of brain abscess(es) or mycotic aneurysm(s), surgery or interventional neuroradiology must be considered. Pharmacological approaches to prevent delirium of different etiology include the use of dexmedetomidine and (with limitations) of melatonin and its derivatives. In the absence of a specific pharmacological treatment, non-pharmacological bundles of interventions (e.g. promotion of sleep, cognitive stimulation, early mobilization and adequate therapy of pain) are of proven efficacy to prevent delirium of different etiology including sepsis. Experimental promising therapies include the use of non-bacteriolytic antibiotics and the reduction of the toxic effects of microglial activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic infections in the world. Human infections are the result of direct exposure to infected animals or ingestion of unprocessed dairy products. While Brucella sp. infection has largely been eliminated from commercial cattle and swine with aggressive vaccination, there is a significant prevalence of Brucella sp. infection in the expanding population of feral swine in the US. We report the surgical treatment of a ruptured mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Brucella suis in a woman living in a rural community with a large population of feral swine. Vascular surgeons should be aware that brucellosis can result in arterial infection and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a history of exposure to feral swine or the ingestion of unprocessed dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A mycotic aortic aneurysm is a rare type of aortic aneurysm that can have disastrous outcomes. Most mycotic aneurysms originate from infectious sources, such as trauma, vegetation in the heart, and adjacent infectious sources. If a mycotic aneurysm is diagnosed, it should be treated simultaneously with the primary source of the infection. Case Summary: Treatment was performed for a mycotic aneurysm of the brachial artery that occurred suddenly during treatment for a fever for which the primary source of infection had not been confirmed. The workup revealed that a mycotic aneurysm of the brachial artery was the cause of the fever, followed by aneurysms in the abdomen and lower extremities and even vegetation in the heart that was not initially present. The patient declined to undergo treatment for personal reasons. After 5 months, it was revealed that the abdominal aortic aneurysm, which was initially considered normal aorta, was ruptured; however, the aneurysm was successfully treated. Conclusions: A peripheral mycotic aneurysm may be associated with multiple aneurysms. Appropriate diagnosis and complete treatments are necessary to prevent fatal consequences.

Complex mycotic aneurysms caused by Campylobacter fetus are rare. The vast majority of previous cases reported are infrarenal. We present a case of pararenal mycotic aneurysm presenting with rupture in a 48-year-old male with AIDS. This was treated with emergent open repair and bilateral renal artery reimplantation, and on 1-year follow-up the patient is doing well with no complications. Open repair for complex ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysms is feasible and should ideally be performed in high-volume tertiary centers with experienced surgeons. Multiple repair modalities exist, as well as options for conduit, and each patient's individual characteristics must be taken into account in order to choose the optimal solution.

Key Clinical Message As only early diagnosis, prompt surgical intervention, and appropriate antibiotic therapy can decrease clostridial MAA mortality rate; keeping in mind a broad differential diagnosis in a patient with sepsis and unusual vascular symptoms is important. Abstract Mycotic aortic aneurysm (MAA) is an infrequent but very consequential condition characterized by the pathological disruption of the aorta due to infection. Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that falls under the taxonomic classification of the genus Clostridium. Although mycotic aneurysm is often not commonly linked with this infection, there are instances when it may function as a causative agent for MAA. Timely diagnosis and thorough therapeutic techniques, including surgical intervention and quick administration of appropriate antibiotics, can potentially reduce the mortality rate associated with clostridial MAA. In this study, we presented a clinical report detailing the diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm caused by C. perfringens in the thoracic aorta in a 66‐year‐old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus and a recent prostate biopsy. Furthermore, we discussed the surgical approach and overall management strategy to address this case.

Background: Aortic mycotic aneurysms are a rare but life-threatening condition and may be associated with aorto-bronchial- and aorto-esophageal fistulas. Although both very rare, they carry a high mortality and require (urgent) surgical intervention. Surviving all three conditions concomitantly is extraordinary. We describe a patient who underwent staged repair of such combined defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for treatment of bladder cancer is a rare cause of Mycobacterium bovis infected aortic aneurysm. Typical presentations have included general malaise, fever, and lower back pain. We present a case with lower back pain and constipation as presenting symptoms, leading to diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm presumed secondary to intravesical BCG therapy. Treatment included open surgical repair with femoral vein grafting and anti-tubercular therapy. This case highlights the importance of a high index of suspicion for less common infectious complications of BCG therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Here, we report a rare case of massive hemothorax caused by rupture of an intercostal artery pseudoaneurysm associated with pyogenic spondylodiscitis, which was successfully treated with endovascular intervention. Case presentation A 49-year-old man with schizophrenia, idiopathic esophageal rupture, postoperative mediastinal abscess, and pyothorax, diagnosed with pyogenic spondylodiscitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT) showed extensive vertebral body destruction. The patient underwent a two-stage operation: anterior vertebral debridement and fixation with iliac bone graft and 10 days after first surgery, posterior fixation with instrumentation. Seven days after second surgery, the patient’s right chest pain increased, his blood pressure dropped, and he had shock. Chest X-ray showed massive hemothorax in the right lung. Chest CT and subsequent intercostal arteriography showed a pseudoaneurysm in the right T8 intercostal artery and active contrast extravasation from it. This seemed ruptured mycotic aneurysms involving intercostal vessels. These vessels were successfully embolized using micro-coils. Then, the patient completed the prescribed antimicrobial therapy in the hospital without any complications. Conclusions Intercostal artery aneurysms are rare vascular abnormalities. They have the risk of rupture and may sometimes cause hemothorax and can be potentially life-threatening. Ruptured intercostal artery pseudoaneurysms are a good indication of endovascular intervention, and prompt embolization saved the life of the patient in this case report. This case report highlights the possibility of a ruptured intercostal mycotic aneurysm in patients with pyogenic spondylodiscitis and reminds physicians to be alert of this rare but potentially fatal complication.

Background: Mycotic aortic aneurysms are rare disorders, affecting patients with co-morbidities, and associated with a high risk of aneurysm expansion, rupture, and sepsis. Aims and Objectives: In this study, we present our experience on the management of patients with mycotic arch aneurysms. Materials and Methods: From January 2020 till July 2023, eight patients were admitted in our hospital for management of mycotic aortic arch aneurysm. On a case-to-case basis, the management was selected for each patient and consent was taken for the same. Results: Four patients underwent open repair and four endovascular repair, out of which three underwent hybrid arch repair. While only one patient in the open group expired in the immediate postoperative period due to sepsis, the remaining patients have been on follow-up for 1month-1year. There was no mortality in the immediate post TEVAR period. However, three of the patients who underwent TEVAR required re-admissions and re-intervention, with one patient developing aorto-esophageal fistula. Two of these patients expired in a span of 3months-1.5years post TEVAR. Conclusion: In patients with mycotic arch aneurysm, open surgical repair should be the modality of choice in fit surgical patients and endovascular management can be used as a bridge therapy, keeping in mind the risks of residual infection in the aorta which can lead to re-interventions and re-admissions.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis used for intravesical treatment of bladder carcinoma. Aortic infection has been rare. In the present report, we have described the case of a patient with an infrarenal mycotic aortic pseudoaneurysm and para-aortic abscess after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin and cystectomy. Sampling of the abscess demonstrated acid-fast bacilli. Given the hostile anatomy of the abdomen, he was offered endovascular aortic repair. A thoracic endograft was used to cover the lesion. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 2 without incident. He was seen at 1 and 6 months with resolution of his pseudoaneurysm found on the imaging studies. The technique shows promise for stabilizing such lesions with close surveillance.

We have presented the case of a symptomatic, primarily infected aortic pseudoaneurysm treated with endovascular stent graft exclusion and adjunctive use of a long-acting biocomposite antibiotic material injected directly into the pseudoaneurysm sac. We have described preparation of the biocomposite antibiotic material and the catheter-directed delivery technique in detail. Although the use of long-acting antibiotic materials such as antibiotic beads has been well described when performing open surgery in an infected field, the application of these materials in endovascular procedures has been less certain. The techniques we have described have the potential to promote field sterilization in a minimally invasive manner for patients with aortic infections who could be poor candidates for open surgery.

Key Clinical Message: Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding that often receives little attention in the emergency department. The classic presentation includes the Chiari triad of central chest pain, sentinel arterial bleeding, and subsequent evacuation after an asymptomatic period. For patients suspected of having AEF, a CT scan with IV contrast is the preferred diagnostic modality. In our patient, the presence of an aortic wall outpouching, ectopic gas, periaortic fat stranding, and leukocytosis, even in the absence of fever and positive blood culture, suggested mycotic aneurysm with AEF. The unique aspect of this case report is the occurrence of AEF as a rare complication of endoscopic procedures, which should be considered. Treatment options for AEF include surgery and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). TEVAR is a good option for stabilizing the patient's condition and reducing mortality in the short term. Once the patient's condition is suitable for AEF repair surgery, surgical intervention can be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Infective endocarditis is a deadly disease and made more deadly by neurologic complications. We review the cerebrovascular complications of infective endocarditis and focus our discussion on medical and surgical management. Recent Findings: While management of stroke in the setting of infective endocarditis differs from standard stroke treatment, mechanical thrombectomy has proven safe and successful. Optimal timing of cardiac surgery in the setting of stroke remains an area of debate, but additional observational studies continue to add more detail to the discussion. Summary: Cerebrovascular complications in the setting of infective endocarditis remain a high stakes clinical challenge. Timing of cardiac surgery in IE complicated by stroke exemplifies these dilemmas. While more studies have suggested that earlier cardiac surgery is likely safe for those with small ischemic infarcts, there remains a need for more data defining optimal timing of surgery in all forms of cerebrovascular involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]