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"Nefrin-e Zamin" (The Cursing of the Land) is one of the important works of the social sciences in the1960s. The present study examines this book from the perspective of critical discourse analysis (CDA) based on the exclusion components in Van Leeuwen's model. The purpose of this study is to show how social and intellectual views are linked to discourse-based structures in fictional texts in order to highlight the importance of linguistic structures in creating social discourses and their relationship with power and domination. This survey has been studied using a descriptive-analytical method, based on socio-semantic categories in the representation of social actors and how to use different types of exclusion and its reasons in a total of 3600 expressive discourse phrases. The results show that in this story, the author has tried to suppress the role of social actors with the use of special linguistic structures, including short sentences with different types of exclusion, the preferences for passive structures over active structures, and using infinitive structures and the use of adjectives, and this has a direct connection with the social institutions and the author's community especially “institution of power and politics”. In the Nefrin-e Zamin, the impact of political issues on the social, economic, and public institutions of that period is obvious and the author with his language choices and his style has explained the manifestations of modernity, social transitions, and the imbalance of power in society.

Abstract: A ring R is called a refinement ring if the monoid of finitely generated projective R- modules is refinement. Let R be a commutative refinement ring and M, N, be two finitely generated projective R-nodules, then M~N if and only if Mm ~Nm for all maximal ideal m of R. A rectangular matrix A over R admits diagonal reduction if there exit invertible matrices p and Q such that PAQ is a diagonal matrix. We also prove that for every refinement ring R, every regular matrix over R admits diagonal reduction if and only if every regular matrix over R/J(R) admits diagonal reduction.

Sometimes, in econometrics problems the observations are not independent, so that their dependence is due to the location of observations in the studied space. To analyze these data are used the spatial regression models. Due to the large number of parameters in these models are used the iteration algorithms to obtain the maximum likelihood estimations, so that it encounters problems such as the complexity of the calculation. In addition in economic studies, the number of observation is large and it seems useful to use the Bayesian approach. The main purpose is using the Bayesian and the Likelihood approaches to estimate the parameters of the three spatial econometric models. Then, comparing the performance of these two approaches, as well as comparing the performance of these three spatial regression models and finally the three models are implemented on two real data. It is observed that the results of the Bayesian approach are more credible than the likelihood approach in these type of econometric models.

The aim of this paper is to classify all monogenic ternary semigroups, up to isomorphism. We divide them to two groups: finite and infinite. We show that every infinite monogenic ternary semigroup is isomorphic to the ternary semigroup O, the odd positive integers with ordinary addition. Then we prove that all finite monogenic ternary semigroups with the same index and the same period are isomorphic. We also investigate structure of finite monogenic ternary semigroups and we prove that any finite monogenic ternary semigroup is isomorphic to a quotient ternary semigroup.

AbstractThe unit sum number u(R) of a ring Ris the least ksuch that every element is the sum of kunits; if there is no such kthen u(R) is ? or ? depending whether the units generate Radditively or not. If RMis a left R-module, then the unit sum number of Mis defined to be the unit sum number of the endomorphism ring of M. Here we show that if Ris a ring such that R/J(R) is semisimple and $\Z_{2}$is not a factor of R/J(R) and if Pis a projective R-module such that JPP, (JPsmall in P), then u(P)= 2. As a result we can see that if Pis a projective module over a perfect ring then u(P)=2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]