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Immigrant entrepreneurs have always played a critical role in the economies of countries around the world. Although considerable attention has been devoted to the importance of economic and financial capital, we examine three overlooked forms of capital that may enhance the success of immigrant entrepreneurs: human, social, and psychological capital. Special attention is given to the positive psychological capital strengths of hope, self-efficacy/confidence, optimism, and resilience. We propose that successful immigrant entrepreneurs are those who not only possess, but also seek to further develop and leverage this newly recognised form of capital in themselves and their associates.

Use of continuous transtracheal oxygen delivery systems combined with rhythmic chest compressions can provide excellent oxygenation and ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, occasional displacement of the transtracheal catheter results in life-threatening pneumomediastinal complications. We investigated using the pharyngeal lumen of a pharyngeal-tracheal lumened airway (PtL) as an alternative delivery system for continuous oxygen flow in 21 large mongrel dogs. Excellent ventilation was possible in anesthetized, apneic, and paralyzed dogs in normal sinus rhythm from the “bellows” effect of chest compressions. The hypercapnia and respiratory acidemia resulting from 5 min of complete apnea in ten dogs during normal sinus rhythm was readily corrected (p<0.01). In an additional 11 dogs, external chest compressions were performed and oxygen was delivered continuously via the PtL during 20 min of ventricular fibrillation. During this period of cardiac arrest, pH declined (7.38 ± 0.01 vs 7.19 ± 0.02; p<0.01), but PaCO2(35 ± 1 vs 38 ± 3 mm Hg) and PaO2(67 ± 2 vs 68 ± 3 mm Hg) were not significantly different from prearrest values. Successful resuscitation was achieved in 8 of 11 (73 percent) animals, which is similar to the results in historical controls with endotracheal intubation. No pneumomediastinal complications were seen with use of the PtL. We conclude that using the pharyngeal lumen of the PtL for continuous delivery of oxygen combined with external chest compressions can provide a safe and effective mode of oxygenation and ventilation during cardiac arrest.