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This paper tries to evaluate a very interesting document on Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together signed at February 2019 by Pope Francis and the Grand Imam of al- Azhar Ahmad at-Tayyib. Firstly the paper briefly presents the context of its writing and summarizes the document. Later the paper decides to evaluate the document in three views. First underlines a number of key, positive and important characteristics of content of the document. Immediately the paper mentions the unclear and negative ones. The paper concludes on three key facts of the document: a) the question of the unity of the human race, b) the question of full citizenship for all citizens, regardless of race, gender, religion or role in society, and finally c) the question of the fundamental and strong rejection of violence in matters of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the context of a Document on Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together which was signed in February 2019. This study notices the context of the conference in Abu Dhabi in February 2019 and introduces the life and works of both signatories: Pope Francis and Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Ahmad at-Tayyib. The second part of the paper presents the entire edited and annotated translation of the document into Czech. It is enriched by paragraph numbering and text structuring by headings. Finally, the study also presents practical fulfillments and useful impacts of the document on Muslim society and society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents a fundamental introduction to Theodore Abu Qurrah (755-830), one of the key authors of Arabic Christian literature from the eighth to the ninth centuries who lived in the Islamic empire and who wrote in Arabic. The first part of the study consists of Abu Qurrah's biography, while the second part examines Abu Qurrah's written works. This second chapter contains the entire inventory of Abu Qurrah's Greek and Arabic written works. The study aims at demonstrating why Theodore Abu Qurrah is considered the father of Arabic Christian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of one of the Muslim treatises about the prophetic status of Muhammad (nubuwah) and the miraculous characteristic of the Qur’an (iʻjaz al-qurʼan) by using philosophical reasons and methods (e.g. via syllogisms). This Muslim treatise was created in the 9th century (by members of Persian family al-Munajjim). This is something like a letter to Christians with a friendly incentive to convert to Islam. The paper includes an analysis after the introduction (with a presentation of the authors, manuscripts and editions). In conclusion, the author tries to answer why violent coercion to faith prevails today rather than rational verbal controversy, and he notices shining examples of intellectual controversy in modern Islam (persons: M. Abduh, A. Mokrani; documents: A Common Word, On Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the way the Christian religious minority of the early 9th century approached the Qur'an, the holy text of Muslims. It presents the life and work of the principal figure of Arab Christianity, Theodore Abu Qurra (755-830) and his approaches to this Muslim text. The basic reference text is a written controversy (Mudjadala), which he had with theologians and Caliph al-Ma'mun (786-833), which allegedly took place in 829 at the Episcopal seat in Harran. The paper also includes a sketch of literary criticism and the issue of Mudjadal's authorship, as well as extracts from Theodore's treatment of the text of the Qur'an. Theodore draws attention to the text of the Qur'an, which states how Muslims should speak to Christians (Q 29:46; 16:125), interprets the Qur'an often positively towards Christians (they are believers in God) and finds support for the trinitarian and Christological beliefs in the text. Not only Abu Qurra's rationality, but also his excellent knowledge of the Qur'an are fundamentally inspiring even today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes the biography of the religious reformer Usman Dan Fodio (1754- 1817), according to secondary sources. Author presents his biography in a historical context and underlines the key moments in his life. The study underlines his ethnic origin, the social issues in this period, the crucial role of Usman's teacher Jibril b. ʻUmar, and also his deep mystical experience and some milennialistic elements. On the background of mutual comparison between these moments, it occurs that Usman's concept of jihad was not driven solely by social or ethnic motives. It was primarily a religious movement associated with mystical experience and milennialism, as a primary motive for his jihad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay of Lukas Nosek, an arabist and a catholic theologian, deals with Pierre Claverie's relation with the truth. It is based on Claverie's position in the study called Humanite plurielle, which states that Christians are not owners of the truth but rather vice-versa, the truth "owns" Christians. The author asks a question whether this approach isn't overly relativistic, whether Claverie abandoned catholic or even Christian faith. If argumentative skills and syllogisms are not enough and a need of other person is declared, what kind of concept of the truth is it? Therefore, Nosek explores how Christian and Muslim authorities approach the truth. At first he examines On First Philosophy, the work of al-Kindi, a founder of Islamic and Arabic philosophy. Then he analyzes a passage about grace in Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas, the letter De modo studendi accredited to St. Thomas for a long time and finally the work of a medieval reformer Jan Hus. Nosek uncovers that all the above mentioned thinkers have been defending the autonomy of the truth, the impossibility of its possession but also the chance to approach it. The essential point is the necessity to admit that truth can be revealed through somebody different (a foreigner, a member of other religious group, a heretic). We need others to be able to see things from different angles and to observe mysterious unity of the Truth of being from various perspectives and in particular traditions as it has been declared by fathers of the Second Vatican Council after all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study summarises the objections of some critical voices against the post-synodal exhortation Amoris Laetitia, especially against its 8th chapter. It is neither a complete list of critical voices nor a complete list of their arguments; it is limited to the two loudest and apparently the most radical ones. These voices summarise precisely the arguments and objections of the other critics. Firstly, the author looks at the exhortation as a whole and observes the role of the 8th chapter. He focuses on - for the critics - the most crucial passage in article 305, and especially in footnote 351. Then he deals with the so-called four cardinals' Dubia from November 2016 and with the comprehensive letter from summer 2017 titled Correctio filialis de haeresibus propagatis. Finally, he answers the questions asked in Dubia and Correctio, namely whether AL is contrarious to the traditional doctrine, to sacramentology, anthropology, or to the doctrine on the grace of God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant photosystem II (PSII) is organized into large supercomplexes with variable levels of membrane-bound light-harvesting proteins (LHCIIs). The largest stable form of the PSII supercomplex involves four LHCII trimers, which are specifically connected to the PSII core dimer via monomeric antenna proteins. The PSII supercomplexes can further interact in the thylakoid membrane, forming PSII megacomplexes. So far, only megacomplexes consisting of two PSII supercomplexes associated in parallel have been observed. Here we show that the forms of PSII megacomplexes can be much more variable. We performed single particle electron microscopy (EM) analysis of PSII megacomplexes isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana using clear-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Extensive image analysis of a large data set revealed that besides the known PSII megacomplexes, there are distinct groups of megacomplexes with non-parallel association of supercomplexes. In some of them, we have found additional LHCII trimers, which appear to stabilize the non-parallel assemblies. We also performed EM analysis of the PSII supercomplexes on the level of whole grana membranes and successfully identified several types of megacomplexes, including those with non-parallel supercomplexes, which strongly supports their natural origin. Our data demonstrate a remarkable ability of plant PSII to form various larger assemblies, which may control photochemical usage of absorbed light energy in plants in a changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]