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Copyright of Journal Civil Engineering / Revista de Ingeniería Civil is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación e Innovación en Ingenierías is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article considers the problem of corruption in the public sector, among politicians and in private enterprise and bemoans the absence of a powerful civil society capable of promoting ethical principles. The article considers the causes of corruption and proposes solutions and changes in public attitude to put an end to corruption while insisting that no such change may come about without the overriding support and will of those in power. The author considers it essential to establish ex-ante control that adds value to procurement decisions and that serves to regulate or restrain those making these decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presentan las características matemáticas y los resultados del algoritmo OPTFASE.EXE. Elmismo permite optimizar la disposición de las fases en las líneas doble circuito de cualquierconfiguración y conductores sencillos o múltiples. Los dos circuitos pueden estar en la mismatorre o en el mismo derecho de vía. In this paper is presented the mathematical characteristics and the result of OPTFASE.EXEalgorithm. Its permit to optimize the phase dispositions of double circuit transmission lines ofany configuration, single or bundled conductors which can be in the same tower or right ofway.