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The presence of stem-like cells in tumors reflects the invasive character of the disease; however, their identification is controversial. We investigated the distribution of CD133, CD44 and CD24 using histological sections and tissue microarrays (TMAs) of human colon adenocarcinoma obtained from patients with and without lymph node metastases and/or liver metastases. Immunohistochemical staining was combined with nuclear staining and evaluated quantitatively using image analysis software. Sections of normal colon mucosa, the primary tumor, lymph node, and liver also were analyzed qualitatively and compared to the quantitative method, which was more accurate. In most tissues, the expression of CD44 and CD24 was relatively low compared to CD133, with some variations. CD133 also was expressed in the normal colon mucosa and to a lesser degree in normal hepatic parenchyma. Liver metastases exhibited significantly greater CD133 staining compared to normal colon mucosa, primary tumor and lymph node metastases. Moreover, lymph node metastases obtained from patients with liver metastases expressed significantly greater CD133 staining than those obtained from patients without liver metastasis. Our data suggest that CD133 expression in lymph node metastases may be of value for prognosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combustion processes involved in cryogenic propellant LOX/H 2 systems are very complex. In order to improve understanding and modeling of such processes, a test facility, called Mascotte, was developed by ONERA in the early 1990s. A research program involving teams from universities and ONERA has run for several years on the Mascotte bench and the purpose of this article is to summarize the results of systematic research obtained at ONERA. The first part of the article briefly describes the test facility and the related low and high-pressure combustors. In the second part, findings of both qualitative and quantitative measurements using high-speed photography, shadowgraphy, backlighting, and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering are presented and discussed for different operating conditions. Differences of flame structure in sub- and supercritical regimes are emphasized. In particular, imaging techniques show evidence of the absence of ligaments and droplets around the LOX jet at supercritical pressures. Differences of flame front behavior with pressure is also demonstrated with both shadowgraphy and CARS diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of fuel-vapor concentration around a monodisperse stream of acetone droplets is presented. Droplets were injected in a confinement at different temperatures and the influence of parameters such as droplet diameter, droplet spacing, and temperature of the surrounding gas on droplet evaporation were characterized. Radial and axial profiles of fuel-vapor concentration were obtained for different experimental conditions, and results indicate that the spatial distribution of fuel vapor around droplets depends on the aforementioned parameters. The halation phenomenon is identified as a potential bias for fuel-vapor measurements in the vicinity of droplets and a strategy is proposed to prevent its influence. The application of the technique for fuel-vapor measurements in real sprays is also discussed. Experiments were compared with different simplified theoretical droplet evaporation models. Numerical results show the necessity of including corrections for forced convection and droplet spacing in the droplet evaporation modeling and also the need to consider the variation of gas-phase velocity with radial distance to droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]