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Most past research has focused on the role played by social context information in emotion classification, such as whether a display is perceived as belonging to one emotion category or another. The current study aims to investigate whether the effect of context extends to the interpretation of emotion displays, i.e. smiles that could be judged either as posed or spontaneous readouts of underlying positive emotion. A between-subjects design (N = 93) was used to investigate the perception and recall of posed smiles, presented together with a happy or polite social context scenario. Results showed that smiles seen in a happy context were judged as more spontaneous than the same smiles presented in a polite context. Also, smiles were misremembered as having more of the physical attributes (i.e., Duchenne marker) associated with spontaneous enjoyment when they appeared in the happy than polite context condition. Together, these findings indicate that social context information is routinely encoded during emotion perception, thereby shaping the interpretation and recognition memory of facial expressions., Author(s): Eva G. Krumhuber [sup.1] , Sylwia Hyniewska [sup.1] , Anna Orlowska [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.83440.3b, 0000000121901201, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, , London, UK (2) [...]

Gastric adenocarcinomas have been sporadically reported in camelids. This report describes a primary gastric adenocarcinoma and subsequent peritoneal carcinomatosis in a 20-year-old female Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Numerous metastases were present throughout the omentum, liver, abdominal lymph nodes, intestinal serosa, kidneys and lungs. The primary tumour macroscopically resembled an ulcerated crater and originated from the distal four-fifths of the C3 compartment, an anatomical region with naturally prominent gastric rugae and true glands. Moderate numbers of Helicobacter spp colonies were present within gastric pits and necrotic areas of C3. Ménetrier's disease has previously been implicated as a predisposing condition for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma in another camel, but no evidence of this premalignant disorder was found in this case. This camel also suffered from a chronic skin wound of the hump and severe degenerative joint disease of the xiphisternum, the latter of which was presumably associated with excessive pressure on the sternum. Gastric adenocarcinoma with subsequent peritoneal carcinomatosis in a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). The star in image c depicts the location of the primary tumour, which presented as an ulcerated crater in the distal C3 (image d). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementations of coordinated, standardised, and sustained oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns over large areas have led to the almost elimination of sylvatic rabies from the European Union (EU) territory at the approach of 2020. The annual number of rabies cases reported within EU territory indeed dropped from around 13,000 cases in 1990 to less than 10 cases over the 2017–2019 period. Unfortunately, since 2020, the EU territory has faced two major rabies re-emergence events of rabies lyssavirus in non-flying animals. The first sylvatic rabies outbreak, already described, occurred in 2021 and 2022 in Poland in the Mazowieckie voivodeship, involving the Central Europe variant, while the second one affecting Romania, Hungaria, and Slovakia, increased considerably at the end of 2022 and involved the North East Europe variant only. Thus, Hungary and Slovakia that did not record a single case since 5–7 years, respectively, faced new rabies outbreaks in 2022. This article, therefore, presents these two epidemiological events and discusses the importance and challenges of maintaining ORV programmes and immune belts in the long term, particularly in a complicated context of a pandemic affecting organisation of human societies and of geopolitical conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mononegavirales is an order of viruses with a genome in the form of a non-segmented negative-strand RNA that encodes several proteins. The functional polymerase complex of these viruses is composed of two proteins: a large protein (L) and a phosphoprotein (P). The replication of viruses from this order depends on Hsp90 chaperone activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that Hsp90 inhibition results in the degradation of mononegaviruses L protein, with exception of the rabies virus, for which the degradation of P protein was observed. Here, we demonstrated that Hsp90 inhibition does not affect the expression of rabies L and P proteins, but it inhibits binding of the P protein and L protein into functional viral polymerase. Rabies and the vesicular stomatitis virus, but not the measles virus, L proteins can be expressed independently of the presence of a P protein and in the presence of an Hsp90 inhibitor. Our results suggest that the interaction of L proteins with P proteins and Hsp90 in the process of polymerase maturation may be a process specific to particular viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hard palate and mid‐palatal suture are highly important for orthodontic treatment. In cases of transverse maxillary deficiency, palatal expansion is the treatment of choice. As nowadays a growing number of adult patients receive orthodontic treatment, an understanding of suture development throughout life is important to derive tailored orthodontic treatment techniques for each age group. Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical stains (haematoxylin & eosin, Azan, Movat pentachrome, Masson–Goldner trichrome, Sirius Red, CD 31, osteopontin and TRAP) and histomorphometric analyses were re‐established to detect the structural conditions of the mid‐palatal suture in human cadavers of three different age groups (20–39, 40–59 and 60–80 years). The mid‐palatal suture of the selected age groups (total of n = 12; n = 4 in every group m = f) exhibited marked differences in sutural morphology and metabolism. A wide, interdigitated and well‐vascularized suture was observed in younger specimens compared with straighter and smaller sutures with fewer vessels and lower bone density in the 60–80 year group. The fibre composition within the sutural gap differed between the three age groups. Delicate fibres were found in the 20–39 year group, and a tightly interwoven 3D fibre‐network was observed in the 40–59 year group. Atrophy primarily characterized the fibres in the 60–80 year group. This evidence demonstrates differences between the evaluated groups. These results suggest that the staining methods used are suitable for the description and evaluation of the morphology and metabolism of mid‐palatal sutures. Further investigation is necessary to provide an in‐depth description of sutural maturation over a lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is generated from the patients' own venous blood by a single centrifugation step without the additional use of anticoagulants. Based on the previously described LSCC (low-speed centrifugation concept), our group showed that modification of the centrifugation setting, that is, reducing the relative centrifugal force (RCF) and mildly increasing the centrifugation time, resulted in modified solid and liquid PRF-matrices with increased number of platelets, leukocytes, and growth factors' concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine whether RCF reduction might also result in different tissue reactions toward the two PRF-based matrices, especially vascularization and cell distribution in vivo. Two centrifugation protocols (PRF-high [719 g] and PRF-medium [222 g]) were compared in a subcutaneous implantation model of SCID mice at 5 and 10 days. Histological and histomorphometrical analyses were performed to quantify lymphocyte, neutrophil, human macrophage, and monocyte populations. CD31 was used to detect newly formed vessels, while all human cells were detected by using human vimentin as a pan-cellular marker. The results demonstrated that PRF-high elicited a dense and stable fibrin structure and prevented cellular penetration of the host tissue. By contrast, PRF-medium was more porous, had a significantly higher in vivo vascularization rate, and included significantly more human cells, especially at day 10, compared to PRF-high. These findings highlight the possibility of modifying the structure and composition of PRF matrices and thus selectively altering their regenerative potential in vivo. Clinical studies now must evaluate the different PRF matrices for bone and soft-tissue regeneration to validate possible benefits using personalized preparation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular attachment plays a vital role in the differentiation of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. PC12 cells are noradrenergic clonal cells isolated from the adrenal medulla of Rattus norvegicus and studied extensively as they have the ability to differentiate into sympathetic neuron-like cells. The effect of several experimental parameters including (i) the concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF); (ii) substratum coatings, such as poly-L-lysine (PLL), fibronectin (Fn), and laminin (Lam); and (iii) double coatings composed of PLL/Lam and PLL/Fn on the differentiation process of PC12 cells were studied. Cell morphology was visualised using brightfield phase contrast microscopy, cellular metabolism and proliferation were quantified using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, and the neurite outgrowth and axonal generation of the PC12 cells were evaluated using wide field fluorescence microscopy. It was found that double coatings of PLL/Lam and PLL/Fn supported robust adhesion and a two-fold enhanced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells when treated with 100 ng/mL of NGF while exhibiting stable metabolic activity, leading to the accelerated generation of axons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is a blood concentrate system obtained by centrifugation of peripheral blood. First PRF matrices exhibited solid fibrin scaffold, more recently liquid PRF-based matrix was developed by reducing the relative centrifugation force and time. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the influence of RCF (relative centrifugal force) on cell types and growth factor release within injectable PRF- in the range of 60-966 g using consistent centrifugation time. Numbers of cells was analyzed using automated cell counting (platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) and histomorphometrically (CD 61, CD- 45, CD-15+, CD-68+, CD-3+ and CD-20). ELISA was utilized to quantify the concentration of growth factors and cytokines including PDGF-BB, TGF-β1, EGF, VEGF and MMP-9. Leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes had significantly higher total cell numbers using lower RCF. Whereas, platelets in the low and medium RCF ranges both demonstrated significantly higher values when compared to the high RCF group. Histomorphometrical analysis showed a significantly high number of CD61+, CD-45+ and CD-15+ cells in the low RCF group whereas CD-68+, CD-3+ and CD-20+ demonstrated no statistically significant differences between all groups. Total growth factor release of PDGF-BB, TGF-β1 and EGF had similar values using low and medium RCF, which were both significantly higher than those in the high RCF group. VEGF and MMP-9 were significantly higher in the low RCF group compared to high RCF. These findings support the LSCC (low speed centrifugation concept), which confirms that improved PRF-based matrices may be generated through RCF reduction. The enhanced regenerative potential of PRF-based matrices makes them a potential source to serve as a natural drug delivery system. However, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to evaluate the regeneration capacity of this system. Graphical abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biomaterials are widely used in guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR). After application, there is an interaction between the host immune system and the implanted biomaterial, leading to a biomaterial-specific cellular reaction. The present review focuses on cellular reactions to numerous biomaterials in vivo with consideration of different implantation models and microenvironments in different species, such as subcutaneous implantation in mice and rats, a muscle model in goats and a femur model in rabbits. Additionally, cellular reactions to different biomaterials in various clinical indications within the oro-maxillofacial surgical field were considered. Two types of cellular reactions were observed. There was a physiological reaction with the induction of only mononuclear cells and a pathological reaction with the induction of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). Attention was directed to the frequently observed MNGCs and consequences of their appearance within the implantation region. MNGCs have different subtypes. Therefore, the present review addresses the different morphological phenotypes observed within the biomaterial implantation bed and discusses the critical role of MNGCs, their subtypes and their precursors as well as comparing the characteristics and differences between biomaterial-related MNGCs and osteoclasts. Polymeric biomaterials that only induced mononuclear cells underwent integration and maintained their integrity, while polymeric biomaterials that induced MNGCs underwent disintegration with material breakdown and loss of integrity. Hence, there is a question regarding whether our attention should be directed to alternative biological concepts, in combination with biomaterials that induce a physiological mononuclear cellular reaction to optimize biomaterial-based tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article was to analyse the disposable net income inequalities that are measured using the Gini coeffi cient index. The Gini coeffi cient is internal diversifi ed. For the purpose of this research, four following features of households were chosen: socio-economic groups, classes of the town, the numbers of people in the household, and regions in which analysed households are located. The analysis compares Poland and Slovakia in the years 2007-2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is obtained from blood without adding anticoagulants. In this study, protocols for standard platelet-rich fibrin (S-PRF) (2700 rpm, 12 minutes) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (APRF) (1500 rpm, 14 minutes) were compared to establish by histological cell detection and histomorphometrical measurement of cell distribution the effects of the centrifugal force (speed and time) on the distribution of cells relevant for wound healing and tissue regeneration. Immunohistochemistry for monocytes, T and B - lymphocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes, CD34-positive stem cells, and platelets was performed on clots produced from four different human donors. Platelets were detected throughout the clot in both groups, although in the A-PRF group, more platelets were found in the distal part, away from the buffy coat (BC). T- and B-lymphocytes, stem cells, and monocytes were detected in the surroundings of the BC in both groups. Decreasing the rpm while increasing the centrifugation time in the A-PRF group gave an enhanced presence of neutrophilic granulocytes in the distal part of the clot. In the S-PRF group, neutrophils were found mostly at the red blood cell (RBC)-BC interface. Neutrophilic granulocytes contribute to monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Accordingly, a higher presence of these cells might be able to influence the differentiation of host macrophages and macrophages within the clot after implantation. Thus, A-PRF might influence bone and soft tissue regeneration, especially through the presence of monocytes/macrophages and their growth factors. The relevance and feasibility of this tissue-engineering concept have to be proven through in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ameloblastoma is a locally invasive odontogenic neoplasm that has a high recurrence rate. The invasion of adjacent tissue is supported by angiogenesis stimulated by Tumour-Associated Macrophages (TAMs). TAMs are macrophages modified in the milieu of the tumour microenvironment and have very weak or no ability to present antigens. Thus, there is collaboration between the tumour and the tumour microenvironment to maintain tumour enlargement. TAMs exist as the classically activated M1 macrophages that possess antitumour activity and the otherwise activated M2 macrophages that support tumour invasion and metastasis. Aim: To investigate the relative expression and topography of TAMs and CD34 in ameloblastoma in order to assess their affiliation and effect on tumour growth. Materials and Methods: Forty-six Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) blocks of ameloblastoma were processed for Abcam Mouse monoclonal Anti-CCR7 antibody, Abcam Rabbit polyclonal Anti-CD206 antibody and Dako Mouse monoclonal Anti-CD34 antibody QBEnd-10. Cytoplasmic/membrane brown staining was taken as positive for all antibodies. The relative percentage of TAMs was classified as: <5%, 5-25%, 25-50% and >50%. TAMs related Microvessel Density (MVD) was evaluated as the mean of the three-recorded values. Cases with no CD34+ vessels adjacent to the TAMs region had MVD score of 0. Simple descriptive statistics was applied. Results: Macrophages adjacent to peri-tumour islands were marked by CD206 and CCR7 and we noted negligible intratumour presence of positive macrophages. The percentage of positive CCR7 immune cells was greater than that for CD206 in 38 (82.6%) cases, approximately equal to CD206 in 6 (13%) cases, and the CD206 expression was more than CCR7 in only 2 (4.3%) cases. In 34 (73.9%) cases, the area of MVD did not overlap with the region of TAMs but in 4 (8.7%) cases (where MVD overlapped TAM1), the average MVD score was 20. Conclusion: The relative percentage of TAM1 exceeds TAM2 in peri-tumoural areas of ameloblastoma, conferring antiangiogenic and hence anti-tumour activity on the tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to present the relation between the state of the natural environment and the food quality produced on a given area. The two groups of analysed business activities are ecological farms and eco-friendly food processing plants. In the work, the author conducted a comparative analysis of the Polish voivodships with large and small shares of valuable natural areas in the total area of the voivodship in relation to the ecological farms and eco-friendly food processing plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a blood concentrate derived from venous blood that is processed without anticoagulants by a one-step centrifugation process. This three-dimensional scaffold contains inflammatory cells and plasma proteins entrapped in a fibrin matrix. Liquid-PRF was developed based on the previously described low-speed centrifuge concept (LSCC), which allowed the introduction of a liquid-PRF formulation of fibrinogen and thrombin prior to its conversion to fibrin. Liquid-PRF was introduced to meet the clinical demand for combination with biomaterials in a clinically applicable and easy-to-use way. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the interaction of the liquid-PRF constituents with five different collagen biomaterials by histological analyses. The results first demonstrated that large variability existed between the biomaterials investigated. Liquid-PRF was able to completely invade Mucograft® (MG; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and to partly invade Bio-Gide® (BG; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and Mucoderm® (MD; Botiss Biomaterials, Berlin, Germany), and Collprotect® (CP; Botiss Biomaterials, Berlin, Germany) showed only a superficial interaction. The BEGO® collagen membrane (BCM; BEGO Implant Systems) appeared to be completely free of liquid-PRF. These results were confirmed by the different cellular penetration and liquid-PRF absorption coefficient (PAC) values of the evaluated membranes. The present study demonstrates a system for loading biomaterials with a complex autologous cell system (liquid-PRF) in a relatively short period of time and in a clinically relevant manner. The combination of biomaterials with liquid-PRF may be clinically utilized to enhance the bioactivity of collagen-based biomaterials and may act as a biomaterial-based growth factor delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium is a biocompatible material that is frequently used for making implantable medical devices. Nanoengineering of the surface is the common method for increasing material biocompatibility, and while the nanostructured materials are well-known to represent attractive substrata for eukaryotic cells, very little information has been documented about the interaction between mammalian cells and bactericidal nanostructured surfaces. In this study, we investigated the effect of bactericidal titanium nanostructures on PC12 cell attachment and differentiation—a cell line which has become a widely used in vitro model to study neuronal differentiation. The effects of the nanostructures on the cells were then compared to effects observed when the cells were placed in contact with non-structured titanium. It was found that bactericidal nanostructured surfaces enhanced the attachment of neuron-like cells. In addition, the PC12 cells were able to differentiate on nanostructured surfaces, while the cells on non-structured surfaces were not able to do so. These promising results demonstrate the potential application of bactericidal nanostructured surfaces in biomedical applications such as cochlear and neuronal implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabies is a lethal disease in humans and animals, killing approximately 60,000 people every year. Currently, there is no treatment available, except post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) that can be administered whenever exposure to a rabid animal took place. Here we describe the beneficial effects of a combination treatment initiated at day 4 post infection, containing anti-viral drugs and immune modulators in infected mice. Combination therapy resulted in significant increase in survival time (P < 0.05) and significantly lowers viral RNA in the brain and spinal cord (P < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment influenced markers of pyroptosis and apoptosis and early inflammatory response as measured by the levels of TNF-α. Morphological lesions were absent in rabies virus infected mice with few signs of inflammation. However, these were not significant between the different groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabies virus infects almost all mammals resulting in lethal disease. To date there is no treatment available for symptomatic rabies and there is an urgent need to develop treatment strategies that would prolong survival, thereby providing a window of opportunity for the host to mount a protective immune response. We hypothesized that both virus and excessive immune response contribute to disease and that interfering with both is necessary to prevent lethal disease. Here, we have inhibited the pro-inflammatory response associated with pyroptosis and showed that inhibition of CASP-1 had a beneficial effect on survival time. Our results confirm that some inflammatory responses may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe disease and the results suggest that effective intervention includes inhibition of virus and host response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Standard chemotherapies that interfere with microtubule dynamics are a chemotherapeutic option used for the patients with advanced malignancies that invariably relapse after targeted therapies. However, major efforts are needed to reduce their toxicity, optimize their efficacy, and reduce cancer chemoresistance to these agents. We previously identified a pyrrolo[2,3 d ]pyrimidine-based microtubule-depolymerizing agent (PP-13) that binds to the colchicine site of β-tubulin and exhibits anticancer properties in solid human cancer cells, including chemoresistant subtypes. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of PP-13 in vitro and in vivo. PP-13 induced a mitotic blockade and apoptosis in several cancer cells cultured in two-dimensions or three-dimensions spheroids, in conjunction with reduced cell proliferation. Capillary-like tube formation assays using HUVECs showed that PP-13 displayed antiangiogenic properties. It also inhibited cancer cell motility and invasion, in in vitro wound-healing and transwell migration assays. Low concentration PP-13 (130 nmol.L−1) treatment significantly reduced the metastatic invasiveness of human cancer cells engrafts on chicken chorioallantoic membrane. In nude mice, 0.5 or 1 mg.kg−1 PP-13 intraperitoneally administered three-times a week reduced the sizes of paclitaxel-refractory orthotopic breast tumors, delayed the progression of metastasis, and decreased the global metastatic load compared to 0.5 mg.kg−1 paclitaxel or vehicle alone. PP-13 did not show any apparent early adverse effect in vivo. These data suggest that PP-13 is a promising alternative to standard chemotherapy in antimitotic drug-refractory tumors, especially through its impact on metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Future spacecraft will increasingly use cryocoolers to improve the performance of their payloads. For system level studies, it is necessary to quickly and easily assess the impact of these coolers on the overall thermal budget of a spacecraft. This requires the capability of simulating, in a simplified yet representative manner, the interaction of a cooler mathematical model with the overall thermal mathematical model of the spacecraft and instruments. This paper discusses potential methodologies for creating basic models for system level studies. It covers the prototype cooler models created to assess the methods and algorithms for Stirling, pulse tube, Joule–Thomson and Peltier coolers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]