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The bioactive compounds of detrital leaves of seaweed. Zostera spp. found as beach-cast were investigated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extracts of methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane of detrital Zostera spp. leaves collected from Coasts of Aegean Sea. Izmir (Turkey) were used to determine the major bioactive constituents. Major bioactive elements in detrital leaves of Zostera spp. were elucidated as apigemn-7-O-glucoside. luteolin-7-O-glu-coside, rosmarmic acid and diosmetin-7-sulfate. Minor amounts of apigenin-7-O-glucoside. luteolin-7-O-glucoside and rosmarinic acid were identified in the detrital leaves. Diosmetin-7-sulfate was the major compound in quantity. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts and individual bioactive compounds were tested for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Vibj'io alginolyticus. The antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts and the isolated compunds exhibited different sensitivities to the microorganisms tested. Antimicrobial activity was higher in the ethyl acetate extract in comparison to n-hexane and methanol extracts. Diosmetin-7-sulfate had no antimicrobial activity'. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside. luteolm-7-O-gluco-side and rosmarmic acid inhibited antifungal growth. Apigemn-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside showed antibacterial activity with different sensitivity' towards bacteria. Dead biomass of Zostera spp. in beach-cast form can be used as a source for bioactive constituents. The bioactive potential of 'detrital leaves' of Zostera spp. may be of importance in projecting towards various biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. The fruits of Viburnum opulus L. have been used to treat gynecological disorders including primary and secondary dysmenorrhea and ovarian cysts. Materials and methods Air-dried and powdered fruits of V. opulus were extracted sequentially with n -hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH), respectively for four days. Endometriosis was induced by suturing 15 mm piece of endometrium into abdominal wall of Sprague Dawley rats. In second laparotomy, the dimensions of endometrial implants were measured and intra-abdominal adhesions were scored. The abdomen was closed. Extracts were daily administered to the rats. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrified and endometriotic foci areas and intra-abdominal adhesions were re-evaluated. The tissues were also histopathologically investigated. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of peritoneal fluid were measured. HPLC analyses were conducted on the most potent EtOAc and MeOH extracts to determine the amount of the major compound, chlorogenic acid. Results The endometriotic volumes were found to be reduced significantly in the EtOAc extract-administered group to 30.1 mm 3 and in the MeOH extract-administered group to 34.7 mm 3 as compared to the control group. No adhesion was observed in the reference and EtOAc groups. Histopathological data also supported the results. Both EtOAc and MeOH extract-administered groups displayed significant remission in the levels of TNF-α, VEGF and IL-6. When the active extracts were subjected to HPLC analysis, chlorogenic acid was found to be the major compound and the amount of this compound was calculated as 0.5112±0.0012 mg and 1.7072±0.0277 mg/100 mg extract, repectively. Conclusions The results of the present study indicate that the effectiveness of the fruit extract of V. opulus could be partially attributed chlorogenic acid. Other phenolic compounds could potentiate the activity due to their amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]