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Rural areas have been marginalized when it comes to flexible, quality transportation research. This review article brings together papers that discuss, analyze, model, or experiment with demand-responsive transportation systems applied to rural settlements and interurban transportation, discussing their general feasibility as well as the most successful configurations. For that, demand-responsive transportation is characterized and the techniques used for modeling and optimization are described. Then, a classification of the relevant publications is presented, splitting the contributions into analytical and experimental works. The results of the classification lead to a discussion that states open issues within the topic: replacement of public transportation with demandresponsive solutions, disconnection between theoretical and experimental works, user-centered design and its impact on adoption rate, and a lack of innovation regarding artificial intelligence implementation on the proposed systems.

The public's awareness of pollution in cities is growing. The decrease of carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil-fuel-powered cars stands out among the different viable alternatives. To this purpose, more sustainable options, such as carsharing fleets, could be used to replace private automobiles and other services such as taxis. This type of vehicle, which is usually electric, is becoming more common in cities, providing a green mobility option. In this research, we use multi-agent simulations to examine the efficiency of the current taxi fleet in Valencia. After that, we evaluate various carsharing fleet arrangements. Our findings demonstrate the possibility for a mix of the two types of fleets to meet present demand while also improving the city's sustainability.