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Background: An Oral irrigator, known as a dental waterjet (DWJ), is an adjunctive oral hygiene tool to remove dental plaque. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of oral irrigators on orthodontic patients' oral hygiene and periodontal status. Methods: A comprehensive search was undertaken in five electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane) up to 1 May 2024. Clinical trials comparing DWJ with other adjunctive tools or no adjunctive in healthy orthodontic patients were included. The outcome was periodontal health condition measured by periodontal indexes. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Random- effects meta- analyses of mean differences (MD) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were conducted and the overall quality of evidence was evaluated by GRADE approach. Results: Seven trials were included in the meta-analysis (Two with low, and others with unclear risk of bias). There was no statistically significant difference between automatic toothbrush (ATB) with DWJ and ATB alone in the gingival index (GI) (MD = 0.00; 95% CI -0.17- 0.18) (low quality of evidence). No statistically significant differences were found between (ATB + DWJ) and manual toothbrush (MTB) alone in the GI (MD= -0.11; 95% CI -0.31- 0.09) (very low quality of evidence). Also, no significant difference was detected between the two groups in the Plaque index (PI) (MD= -0.12; 95% CI -0.36- 0.11) (very low quality of evidence). There was no statistically significant difference between (MTB + DWJ) and MTB alone in the GI (MD= -0.06; 95% CI -0.16- 0.03) (very low quality of evidence). No statistically significant differences were revealed between the two groups in the PI (MD= -0.33; 95% CI -0.97- 0.32) (very low quality of evidence). No statistically significant improvements were found between these two groups in bleeding index (BI) (MD= -0.05; 95% CI − 0.12 − 0.01) (low quality of evidence). Conclusions: Adding DWJ to either manual or automatic toothbrushes did not significantly enhance oral health of orthodontic patients. Orthodontists could recommend their patients to use either of these toothbrushes with or without DWJ. Further clinical trials are needed. Trial registration number: The protocol of this study was registered on PROSPERO with the ID # CRD42023465849. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the value of bracketless invisible orthodontic treatment combined with restoration in patients with anterior esthetic restoration. Sixty-two patients requiring esthetic restoration of anterior teeth admitted to our hospital from May 2019 to August 2022 were selected and divided into observation group and control group according to random number table, with 31 cases in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with repair, while patients in the observation group were treated with bracketless invisible correction treatment combined with repair. The patients in both groups were treated with repair. After 2 weeks, dental esthetics, periodontal index related parameters, patients' esthetic acceptance of restorations, and satisfaction were compared. The aesthetic restoration effect of teeth in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in GI, SPD, PLI, and SBI levels before and after treatment between the two groups (P > 0.05). The acceptance rate of prosthesis aesthetics in the observation group was 100.00%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (83.87%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The satisfaction scores of restoration color, shape and coordination with adjacent teeth in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with simple restorative treatment, combined with bracketless invisible orthodontic treatment helps to further improve the esthetic restoration effect of anterior teeth, has less impact on the periodontal health of patients, and has higher patient acceptance and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Glycemic control and oral health have a two-way relationship. The objective of this study was to compare dental caries and gingival indices in type II diabetic patients based on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Methods. In this case-control study, 150 type II diabetic patients were studied in three groups with HbA1c below 7%, between 7‒9%, and above 9%. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and gingival index were determined by oral examination. Demographic variables were collected through patient files. A blood test was requested to measure HbA1c. The data were analyzed using SPSS 17, and the significance level was set at P

Abstract Background An Oral irrigator, known as a dental waterjet (DWJ), is an adjunctive oral hygiene tool to remove dental plaque. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of oral irrigators on orthodontic patients’ oral hygiene and periodontal status. Methods A comprehensive search was undertaken in five electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane) up to 1 May 2024. Clinical trials comparing DWJ with other adjunctive tools or no adjunctive in healthy orthodontic patients were included. The outcome was periodontal health condition measured by periodontal indexes. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Random- effects meta- analyses of mean differences (MD) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were conducted and the overall quality of evidence was evaluated by GRADE approach. Results Seven trials were included in the meta-analysis (Two with low, and others with unclear risk of bias). There was no statistically significant difference between automatic toothbrush (ATB) with DWJ and ATB alone in the gingival index (GI) (MD = 0.00; 95% CI -0.17- 0.18) (low quality of evidence). No statistically significant differences were found between (ATB + DWJ) and manual toothbrush (MTB) alone in the GI (MD= -0.11; 95% CI -0.31- 0.09) (very low quality of evidence). Also, no significant difference was detected between the two groups in the Plaque index (PI) (MD= -0.12; 95% CI -0.36- 0.11) (very low quality of evidence). There was no statistically significant difference between (MTB + DWJ) and MTB alone in the GI (MD= -0.06; 95% CI -0.16- 0.03) (very low quality of evidence). No statistically significant differences were revealed between the two groups in the PI (MD= -0.33; 95% CI -0.97- 0.32) (very low quality of evidence). No statistically significant improvements were found between these two groups in bleeding index (BI) (MD= -0.05; 95% CI − 0.12 − 0.01) (low quality of evidence). Conclusions Adding DWJ to either manual or automatic toothbrushes did not significantly enhance oral health of orthodontic patients. Orthodontists could recommend their patients to use either of these toothbrushes with or without DWJ. Further clinical trials are needed. Trial registration number The protocol of this study was registered on PROSPERO with the ID # CRD42023465849.

Purpose: This prospective study evaluated the effects of the metal-free crowns on the periodontal tissues of abutment teeth during a 12-month follow-up. Materials and Methods:: A sample of 24 patients (N = 32 abutment teeth) who needed a single-tooth restoration were enrolled to receive either a metal-ceramic (n = 21) or lithium disilicate (n = 11). The single-unit crowns were evaluated at baseline, 3-and 12-month follow-up. The periodontal parameters were evaluated: plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), radiographically and clinical crown fitting, bone resorption, and marginal finish lines. Statistical analyses were performed using the Exact Fisher and Mann-Whitney tests, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test as a post hoc test for Friedman (95 % confidence interval). Results:: The marginal finish line showed a statistical difference with a biomaterial type (p =.004). After a 12-months, a significant increase was observed in PI and mean PD for abutment teeth of metal-ceramic crowns. The metal-free crowns presented higher values for GBI and CAL (p2

Abstract Introduction Metallic and elastomeric ligatures are widely used in orthodontics to secure the archwire within the bracket slots, but elastomeric ligatures have traditionally been associated with increased microbial colonization, which could adversely affect periodontal health. Aim This systematic review compares the periodontal effects of elastomeric and steel ligatures used for orthodontic fixed appliances. Methods Unrestricted literature search of 7 databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Virtual Health Library) up to July 2023 were performed for randomized / non-randomized clinical studies on humans comparing the two ligation methods during fixed-appliance therapy. After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment with the Risk of Bias (RoB) 2 or the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, random-effects meta-analyses of Mean Differences (MD) or Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were carried out, followed by assessment of certainty of existing evidence with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results A total of 11 studies (3 randomized / 8 non-randomized) with 354 patients (mean age 14.7 years and 42% male) were included. No statistically significant differences were seen for plaque index (5 studies; SMD = 0.48; 95% CI = -0.03 to 1.00; P = 0.07), gingival index (2 studies; MD = 0.01; 95% CI = -0.14 to 0.16; P = 0.89), probing pocket depth (2 studies; MD = 0; 95% CI = -0.17 to 0.16; P = 0.97), or Streptococcus mutans counts (4 studies; SMD = 0.40; 95% CI=-0.41 to 1.20; P = 0.21). Elastomeric ligatures were associated with moderately increased total bacterial load (3 studies; SMD = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.76; P = 0.03). Confidence in these estimates was low in all instances due to the inclusion of non-randomized studies with high risk of bias. Conclusions Existing low quality evidence indicates that ligature method does not seem to influence the periodontal health during fixed treatment, even if elastomeric ligatures are associated with a moderate increase of bacterial load. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42023444383)

Background and Objective: Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis are two chronic inflammatory diseases that are interrelated. Given the similarities between these conditions, the medications used by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may affect their periodontal indices. This study aimed to evaluate the periodontal index status in patients with RA undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 68 patients with RA in three treatment groups (20 on monotherapy, 24 on dual therapy, and 24 on triple treatment) and 20 healthy individuals with a plaque index (PI) below 35% in Ardabil, Iran during the second half of 2021. The monotherapy group included methotrexate or hydroxychloroquine; the dual therapy group included combinations of methotrexate with hydroxychloroquine, adalimumab, or infliximab; and the triple therapy group included combinations of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine with adalimumab, etanercept, sulfasalazine, or leflunomide. Periodontal indices, including Plaque Index (PI), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Gingival Index (GI), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP), were assessed. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in periodontal indices among the three treatment groups (monotherapy, dual therapy, and triple therapy). The mean BOP index in the control group was significantly higher compared to the three medication groups (P

Dental diseases are very prevalent in pet animals among which periodontal diseases are very common; by the two years of the age 80% of the pets will be having one or the other dental disease. The periodontal disease is characterised by loss of tooth attachment and the gingival recession. A total of 24 clinical cases were included in the study, in which complete oral cavity examination was carried out in an anaesthetised patient to record the clinical signs. Dental radiography was done to record the percentage of attachment loss. Radiography was taken in an anaesthetised animal by placing the cassette intra-orally for maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines, whereas for premolars and molars of maxilla and mandible, patient was positioned laterally with slight elevation of head. Attachment loss appeared as bone loss surrounding and across the tooth and this was calculated by measuring the alveolar margin from the cemento enamel junction relative to the root length. Based on the attachment loss staging of the periodontal disease was done. Staging the periodontal index helped in the treatment plans like chlorhexidine lavage, home care practices (tooth brushing, addition of dental treats, chews and prophylactic antibiotic therapy), dental scaling and tooth extraction procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis are two chronic inflammatory diseases that are interrelated. Given the similarities between these conditions, the medications used by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may affect their periodontal indices. This study aimed to evaluate the periodontal index status in patients with RA undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 68 patients with RA in three treatment groups (20 on monotherapy, 24 on dual therapy, and 24 on triple treatment) and 20 healthy individuals with a plaque index (PI) below 35% in Ardabil, Iran during the second half of 2021. The monotherapy group included methotrexate or hydroxychloroquine; the dual therapy group included combinations of methotrexate with hydroxychloroquine, adalimumab, or infliximab; and the triple therapy group included combinations of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine with adalimumab, etanercept, sulfasalazine, or leflunomide. Periodontal indices, including Plaque Index (PI), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Gingival Index (GI), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP), were assessed. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in periodontal indices among the three treatment groups (monotherapy, dual therapy, and triple therapy). The mean BOP index in the control group was significantly higher compared to the three medication groups (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the mean CAL and GI indices between the control group and the medication groups. The median PI in the control group was 29.6, and in the dual therapy group, it was 42.3, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of immunosuppressive drugs did not have a significant effect on the periodontal indices of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metallic and elastomeric ligatures are widely used in orthodontics to secure the archwire within the bracket slots, but elastomeric ligatures have traditionally been associated with increased microbial colonization, which could adversely affect periodontal health. Aim: This systematic review compares the periodontal effects of elastomeric and steel ligatures used for orthodontic fixed appliances. Methods: Unrestricted literature search of 7 databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Virtual Health Library) up to July 2023 were performed for randomized / non-randomized clinical studies on humans comparing the two ligation methods during fixed-appliance therapy. After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment with the Risk of Bias (RoB) 2 or the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, random-effects meta-analyses of Mean Differences (MD) or Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were carried out, followed by assessment of certainty of existing evidence with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: A total of 11 studies (3 randomized / 8 non-randomized) with 354 patients (mean age 14.7 years and 42% male) were included. No statistically significant differences were seen for plaque index (5 studies; SMD = 0.48; 95% CI = -0.03 to 1.00; P = 0.07), gingival index (2 studies; MD = 0.01; 95% CI = -0.14 to 0.16; P = 0.89), probing pocket depth (2 studies; MD = 0; 95% CI = -0.17 to 0.16; P = 0.97), or Streptococcus mutans counts (4 studies; SMD = 0.40; 95% CI=-0.41 to 1.20; P = 0.21). Elastomeric ligatures were associated with moderately increased total bacterial load (3 studies; SMD = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.76; P = 0.03). Confidence in these estimates was low in all instances due to the inclusion of non-randomized studies with high risk of bias. Conclusions: Existing low quality evidence indicates that ligature method does not seem to influence the periodontal health during fixed treatment, even if elastomeric ligatures are associated with a moderate increase of bacterial load. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42023444383) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the efficacy of periodontal-guided tissue regeneration (GTR) combined with orth‑ odontic treatment for patients with malocclusion and periodontal disease. Methods Ninety patients with malocclusion and periodontal disease were selected. According to the envelope method, they were divided into the conventional group and the GTR group, with 45 cases in each group. Patients in the conventional group received periodontal basic treatment and orthodontic treatment, and patients in the GTR group received GTR treatment based on the conventional group. The therapeutic effect, periodontal index, gingival inflammation index, quality of life and safety index were compared between the two groups. Results After treatment, the total effective rate in the GTR group was 95. 56% (43/45), which was higher than that ［82. 22% (37/45) ］ in the conventional group, with statistically significant difference (P<0. 05) . After treatment, gingival index (GI) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) in the two groups decreased, and those in the GTR group were lower than those of the conventional group (both P<0. 05) . After treatment, interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the two groups decreased, and those were lower in the GTR group than in the conventional group (all P<0. 05) . After treatment, the scores of oral health-related quality of life in the two groups decreased, and that in the GTR group was lower than that of the conventional group (P<0. 05) . The incidence of adverse reactions in the GTR group was 4. 44% (2/45), which was lower than that ［20. 00% (9/45) ］ of the conventional group (P<0. 05) . Conclusions GTR combined with orthodontic treatment can effectively improve the therapeutic effect of patients with malocclusion and periodontal disease, improve the periodontal health status, inhibit inflammation response, improve the quality of life, and reduce postoperative adverse reactions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal disease is a biofilm‐dependent chronic inflammatory condition triggered by a host response. Several factors impact systemic inflammation and could lead to changes in disease pathogenesis. Recently, studies have assessed the influence of nutritional patterns on the development of periodontitis. In the present cross‐sectional study, we evaluated the dietary inflammatory profile on periodontal conditions, focusing on clinical, subgingival microbial, and cytokine assessment of individuals with periodontal health or gingivitis. Methods: One hundred patients with periodontal health or gingivitis were included. Plaque index (PI), Bleeding on probing (BoP), the probing depth (PD), and the clinical attachment level (CAL) for each patient were assessed. Nutritional data and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) were recorded by two 24‐h food recalls on non‐consecutive days. Biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to assess the microbiome profile and inflammatory biomarkers were collected. Multiple regressions focused on the DII, age, and sex as predictors of periodontal conditions were done. Results: Age and moderate DII scores increased the risk of gingivitis by 1.64 and 3.94 times, respectively. Males with an elevated DII score had 27.15 times higher odds of being diagnosed with gingivitis and BoP (β = 6.54; p = 0.03). Elderly patients with a moderate or high DII score were less prone to gingivitis and increased BoP (p < 0.04) compared with younger subjects. Considering the DII, there were no differences in microbial alpha and beta diversity; however, distinct species abundance and a higher concentration of monocyte‐chemoattractant protein‐1 and interleukin 33 were seen in patients with a higher DII. Conclusion: A pro‐inflammatory diet significantly contributes to periodontal inflammation, modulating inflammatory biomarkers and affecting the subgingival microbial community in healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective study evaluated the effects of the metal-free crowns on the periodontal tissues of abutment teeth during a 12-month follow-up. A sample of 24 patients (N = 32 abutment teeth) who needed a single-tooth restoration were enrolled to receive either a metal-ceramic (n = 21) or lithium disilicate (n = 11). The single-unit crowns were evaluated at baseline, 3-and 12-month follow-up. The periodontal parameters were evaluated: plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), radiographically and clinical crown fitting, bone resorption, and marginal finish lines. Statistical analyses were performed using the Exact Fisher and Mann-Whitney tests, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test as a post hoc test for Friedman (95 % confidence interval). The marginal finish line showed a statistical difference with a biomaterial type (p =.004). After a 12-months, a significant increase was observed in PI and mean PD for abutment teeth of metal-ceramic crowns. The metal-free crowns presented higher values for GBI and CAL (p 2 < 0.05). Only distal cervical evaluation and dental biofilm formation in the abutment teeth showed a statistical difference between the groups at the 12-month follow-up. The supragingival margin metal-ceramic group revealed higher PI values (p 2 = 0.005) between the period and the subgingival margin of both biomaterials showed greater GBI scores (p 2 < 0.05). Metal-free crowns showed better periodontal outcomes compared to metal-ceramic crowns. Single-unit crown marginal location affects the periodontal tissue condition of the abutment teeth. The marginal fit was not changed regarding the biomaterial type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the clinical, cognitive, and psychomotor changes that emerged among patients with gingivitis and patients with periodontitis via mobile application assistance. Forty subjects were randomly and evenly distributed into test and control groups and were administered a professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) procedure. The clinical parameters examined were bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and the oral hygiene index (OHI-S). The test group was administered a mobile application intervention, namely PerioUICare, which provided users with continuous education and motivation and served as a daily dental hygiene reminder. The comparative results of the mean values of all parameters between the groups (inter-group) and within the groups (intra-group) after one- and three-month evaluations were analyzed. A one-month inter-group evaluation uncovered significant differences in the BoP, PPD, cognitive, and psychomotor scores of subjects with gingivitis and the BoP, OHI-S, cognitive, and psychomotor scores of subjects with periodontitis. A three-month inter-group evaluation revealed significant differences across all parameters except for PPD in subjects with periodontitis. The results of the intra-group comparison demonstrated statistically significant differences in all parameters in the test group but no significant differences in the cognitive and psychomotor scores of the control group. This study revealed that mobile application-based support for periodontal treatment can be considered effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between salivary immunoglobulins, plaque index, and gingival index in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for the reporting of observational studies was followed. The DM1 group had 38 children, and an equal number of volunteers matched by sex and age were recruited as controls. Clinical examination was performed for plaque index and gingival index determination. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected. Concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM were determined by ELISA test. Data were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman tests and a multiple linear regression model (p

The present observational study aims to investigate the prevalence of tooth wear (TW) in a cluster of Northern Greek adults aged 35–44 years and, additionally, to assess any probable associations and interrelationships between TW and periodontal condition and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional design was embraced identically to our previous study on senior citizens. A sample of 531 individuals was considered, and they were examined according to WHO guidelines for national pathfinder surveys by three calibrated dentists-examiners in different urban and rural areas of Northern Greece. Simplified Tooth Wear Index (TWI), Community Periodontal Index (CPI), Attachment Loss (AL) and simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) were screened and calculated in a patient-level approach. TW is quite prevalent among middle-aged adults in Northern Greece, although it remains lower compared to older age groups. All the aforementioned periodontal indices were correlated significantly with TW; moreover, a tendency was detected for there to be more tooth wear in older age participants within the specific age group, in men as compared with women, in persons with lower educational levels and in those residing in rural areas.

Objectives: Pregnancy can lead to oral health issues, yet many women remain unaware of the potential negative impact on their pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the dental and periodontal health of pregnant women in Tehran, Iran, and identify its associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 221 pregnant women attending 12 randomly selected public health centers in Tehran, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire gathered data on background characteristics, oral health knowledge, and self-reported health. Periodontal status, oral hygiene, and dental health were assessed using bleeding on probing (BOP), simplified oral health (OHI-S), and decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) indices. Statistical analysis included simple and multiple linear regression (P

Objectives: Pregnancy can lead to oral health issues, yet many women remain unaware of the potential negative impact on their pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the dental and periodontal health of pregnant women in Tehran, Iran, and identify its associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 221 pregnant women attending 12 randomly selected public health centers in Tehran, Iran. A self- administered questionnaire gathered data on background characteristics, oral health knowledge, and self-reported health. Periodontal status, oral hygiene, and dental health were assessed using bleeding on probing (BOP), simplified oral health (OHI- S), and decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) indices. Statistical analysis included simple and multiple linear regression (P<0.05). Results: The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 42 years (mean: 27.9 years, SD: 5.5). On average, participants scored 4.1 out of 11 (SD: 1.7) for general oral health knowledge and 1.62 out of 4 (SD: 0.9) for knowledge about oral health during pregnancy. The mean DMFT was 8.28 (SD: 5.7), with 65.6% of women having fair oral hygiene according to the OHI-S. Participants reporting poor general health had more debris (B: 0.276, P=0.043), while those with higher general oral health knowledge had fewer missing teeth (B: -0.183, P=0.048). Conclusion: Despite partial free oral health care provided to pregnant women in Iran, the dental and periodontal conditions of the participants were unsatisfactory. Implementing motivational educational programs within the primary health care system could be instrumental in improving the oral health of pregnant mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pathologic tooth migration (PTM) is a complication of Stage III and IV periodontitis. This pilot study aims to analyze the periodontal response to orthodontic aligner therapy in stage IV periodontitis patients, by perio charting and digital orthodontic data obtained from intraoral scans. Following periodontal treatment of 21 recruited patients, 11 underwent clear aligner treatment. Periodontal data (Probing Pocket Depth—PPD, Recession Index—REC, Clinical Attachment Loss—CAL) were collected at baseline (T0), after periodontal treatment (T1), and at the end of the orthodontic treatment (T2). Digital data obtained at T1 and T2 were processed with the 3D software Geomagic® Control X™. Occlusograms obtained by the proximity sensors of the scans were converted into differently colored pixelated areas. These results were compared to highlight changes in clinical crown length or occlusal contact areas. The results showed a slight increase in the REC index and a statistically significant reduction of PPD and CAL at T1 and T2. Digital data showed a statistically significant decrease in terms of gingival recessions and clinical crowns at the end of orthodontic treatment. Hard occlusal contacts showed a statistically significant decrease by the end of the orthodontic treatment. The results are comparable to those reported in the scientific literature for fixed orthodontic treatment. Clear aligner treatment could be considered an option in patients with severe periodontitis, promoting final light occlusal contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Hormonal changes during pregnancy may act as a modifying factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, which is reported as a potential risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study was conducted to investigate the level of periodontal disease in pregnant women and identify the associated risk factors in a population of pregnant women in Kashan, Iran. Methods A total of 128 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were recruited. Demographic data, oral health behaviors, and socioeconomic status (SES) were determined using a standard questionnaire. The periodontal status was evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Results The mean age of the participants was 24.35±3.4. More than half of them (53.1%) were in the second trimester of pregnancy. A quarter of pregnant women had visited a dentist within the past year, of which more than 74% visited the dentist for pain or treatment. Approximately half of the participants (50.8%) brushed their teeth daily, but only 10% had a daily flossing habit. Periodontal screening was typically done using the CPI. Calculus had the highest score (49.2%) prevailing among the subjects, while the prevalence of periodontitis (pocket depth >= 3) was 35.2%. Pocket depth >= 3mm was less frequent in women with academic education, good SES, those without a history of pain, those who brushed their teeth twice a day or more, and those who visited the dentist (P < 0.05). Conclusion The findings of the present study showed that poor perceived oral health, a history of toothache, no daily use of toothbrushes and dental floss, low education level, and poor SES were associated with periodontal disease in pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of concentrated tinidazole gargle combined with Dentong Xiaoyanling on chronic periodontitis. Methods: Ninety-six (96) patients with chronic periodontitis admitted in Chun'an County Traditional Chinese Hospital, Qiandaohu Town, China between January 2021 and December 2022 were randomly divided into two groups: control group (treated with concentrated tinidazole gargle) and study group (treated with concentrated tinidazole gargle + Dentong Xiaoyanling). Periodontal indicators, Gingival sulcus factor (GSF), oral health status, clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant changes (p > 0.05) in periodontal indicators, GSF or oral health score between the two groups prior to therapy. However, following treatment with Dentong Xiaoyanling and/or concentrated tinidazole gargle, the periodontal indicators, GSF and oral health score of the two groups reduced significantly (p < 0.05), with more pronounced reductions in the study group. Clinical efficacy in the group treated with a combination of concentrated tinidazole gargle and Dentong Xiaoyanling was 91.67 %, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control group (75 %). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups pre- and post-treatment (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Treating chronic periodontitis with concentrated tinidazole gargle + Dentong Xiaoyanling alleviates local inflammatory reaction of gums, enhances recovery from symptoms and improves oral health. Future approaches will require a larger sample size from diverse clinical settings to confirm the effectiveness of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate and compare the oral neutrophil numbers (ONN) in saliva, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the periodontal parameters in smokers versus non-smokers with periodontitis, before and after nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Materials and method: 40 chronic periodontitis patients including 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers were enrolled in this quasi-experimental study. All patients were received the NSPT included instructing oral hygiene, scaling and root planing. At baseline (T0) and after NSPT 1 month (T1) and 3 months (T3), all patients were assessed for salivary ONN, GCF MMP-8, and clinical parameters like plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The differences between the two groups were analyzed using the independent sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test; and the differences between T0, T1 and T3 of each group were analyzed with paired-samples t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The ONN was significantly less in smokers than in non-smokers although there was no significant difference in other parameters between the two groups at baseline (p > 0.05). All clinical periodontal parameters reduced significantly after 1 month and 3 months of NSPT in both groups (p

Purpose: This study aimed to obtain the oral health-related factors of patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) from family caregivers and to relate caregiver-perceived risk factors to dental treatment needs of patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 dyads of patients (mean [SD] age = 29.1 [8.4] years) and their family caregivers (mean [SD] age = 56.5 [9.5] years) were included. Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires by caregivers and oral examinations by a dentist. Oral health conditions of patients were analysed in different age groups using paired t-tests. Caregiver-perceived oral health conditions of patients and dentistassessed caries and periodontal disease were compared using Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Relationships between patient factors and treatment needs were analysed using multiple logistic regression. Results: Tooth pain, chewing difficulty, and reasons for the last dental visit were associated with high numbers of decayed teeth (DT) (p < 0.05). Overall oral health condition of patients rated by caregivers was related to high DT and the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score (p < 0.05). Well-maintained dental care of caregivers was associated with lower numbers of DT and less urgent treatment needs of patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There were caregiver-perceived factors indicating dental treatment needs of patients with IDD. Proxy reports by caregivers can be used as risk predictors for ongoing dental problems of patients with communication limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective: This randomized crossover trial evaluated periodontal indexes of two types of 3 x 3 retainers (a modified 0.032-in SS V-loop retainer and a conventional 0.0215-in SS coaxial wire retainer) after bonded for six months. Also, bonded failure rate, and a questionnaire about comfort, ease of cleaning and overall preference were recorded. Material and Methods: 15 patients were enrolled in this study who used both retainers for six months each, having a 15-day wash-out interval between each bonded retainer usage. The following periodontal index were recorded: Plaque Index (PI), Calculus Index (CI) and Gingival Index (GI). Patients answered a questionnaire to assess comfort, ease of cleaning and overall retainer-type preference. Rate of bonding failure was also evaluated. Results: V-Loop retainer showed higher PI (P

Objective: To investigate the relationship and diagnostic value of serum micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA)-205-5p and miR-28-5p expression with periodontal indexs and inflammatory response in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods: 102 CP patients who were admitted to stomatology department of our hospital from January 2021 to December 2022 were selected as the CP group, the CP patients were divided into 31 cases in the mild group, 37 cases in the moderate group and 34 cases in the severe group according to the severity of the disease, another 65 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The serum miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p expression were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) levels were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, the periodontal index [plaque index (PLI), gingival bleeding index (BI), attachment loss (AL) and probing depth (PD)] were examined by oral X-ray and probe. The correlation between the expression of miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p in the serum of CP patients and the periodontal indicators, and inflammatory indicators was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Value of serum miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p expression for the diagnosis of CP was analyzed by subject operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Compared with the control group, the serum miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p expressions were decreased in the CP group, and PLI, BI, AL, PD and IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were increased in the CP group (P<0.05). Serum miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p expressions were decreased in the mild, moderate, and severe groups in that order, and PLI, BI, AL, PD, and IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were increased in that order (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p expression in CP patients were negatively correlated with PLI, BI, AL, PD, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that, the area under the curve of serum miR-205-5p combined with miR-28-5p for CP diagnosis was 0.885 greater than 0.792 and 0.790 for miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p alone, respectively. Conclusion: The serum miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p low expression in CP patients, which is closely relate to periodontal indexes and inflammatory response, the serum miR-205-5p and miR-28-5p expression may become a CP auxiliary diagnostic index, and the miR-205-5p combine with miR-28-5p has a higher value in CP diagnosing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present observational study aims to investigate the prevalence of tooth wear (TW) in a cluster of Northern Greek adults aged 35–44 years and, additionally, to assess any probable associations and interrelationships between TW and periodontal condition and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional design was embraced identically to our previous study on senior citizens. A sample of 531 individuals was considered, and they were examined according to WHO guidelines for national pathfinder surveys by three calibrated dentists-examiners in different urban and rural areas of Northern Greece. Simplified Tooth Wear Index (TWI), Community Periodontal Index (CPI), Attachment Loss (AL) and simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) were screened and calculated in a patient-level approach. TW is quite prevalent among middle-aged adults in Northern Greece, although it remains lower compared to older age groups. All the aforementioned periodontal indices were correlated significantly with TW; moreover, a tendency was detected for there to be more tooth wear in older age participants within the specific age group, in men as compared with women, in persons with lower educational levels and in those residing in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare and analyze the clinical therapeutic effects of sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser and sodium hypochlorite alone for root canal disinfection in patients with pulpitis. Methods: Patients with pulpitis were divided into control group and observation group according to random number table method. Both groups received root canal treatment, while the control group received root canal irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. The observation group was irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser. Periodontal index, inflammatory index, life quality score and bacterial infection clearance rate of the two groups were compared before and 3 months after treatment. Results: The total effective rate of the observation group was 95.35%, which was higher than that of the control group 79.07% (p <.05). After 3 months of treatment, the periodontal index and inflammation level of both groups decreased, and the observation group was lower than that in the control group (p <.05). The life quality score and infection clearance rate of observation group were significantly higher than control group (p <.05). Conclusion: Compared with root canal irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite alone, sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser for root canal disinfection can significantly improve the therapeutic effect, relieve inflammatory reaction, and decrease bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have evaluated the association between sickle cell disease (SCD) and periodontal disease; however, their effect on the periodontal parameters remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate whether individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) increase the risks of periodontal disease more than those without. For the selection of eligible studies, an electronic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. The meta‐analysis was based on the inversion of variance using the mean difference (MD) of the continuous outcomes. The quality assessment of included studies was performed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. In total, 13 studies and 2381 participants were included in the qualitative analysis, while 9 studies were considered for the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis indicated that patients with SCD present similar Plaque Index, Clinical Attachment Level, Bleeding on Probing, and Probing Depth when compared to healthy patients (p >.05). However, the Gingival Index was higher for patients with SCD (p =.0002; MD: 0.20). Compared to healthy patients, patients with SCD did not have an increase in periodontal parameters, except for the gingival index. However, further well‐designed studies are recommended to reassess the association between SCD and periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This randomised controlled split-mouth study was aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a fluoride-containing adhesive (Clearfil Tri-S Bond Plus, Kuraray Noritake, Otemachi, Japan) and a conventional adhesive (3M Unitek Transbond XT, Maplewood, USA) on enamel demineralisation in orthodontically treated patients. Methods: Sixteen healthy patients who had need for correction of dental crowding were included in the study. Bracket bonding was performed using different adhesives (fluoride-containing and conventional) at random for opposite half jaw in a split-mouth design. 190 control, 190 experimental teeth were examined for bracket failure, gingival index, plaque index and enamel mineralisation parameters. Enamel mineralisation levels for each tooth for pre- and post-treatment time periods were examined using ICDASII (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) criteria and the DIAGNOdent Pen (KaVo, Biberach, Germany). Results: DIAGNOdent scores were statistically higher in the left half jaw which were control group (C) in left handed patients (p=0.038), while the scores were found to be significantly higher in the right handed patient which ipsilateral jaw were experimental group (E) (p=0.003). Conclusions: The effect of fluoride-containing adhesive on enamel demineralization and WSL (white spot lesion) formation was found to be no different than the conventional adhesive.

The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the properties of the different types of orthodontic retainers, identify their differences and define which type of device is most effective and less harmful to periodontal health. Methods: A literature search was carried out by a reviewer by consulting PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Medline full text, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Science Direct electronic databases for biomedical and health literature as well as the grey literature and setting up the search from December 2010 without any restriction about articles languages. Results: The results showed that patients who wear retainers for a long period have significant differences in clinical parameters compared to patients without retainers. The type of retainer chosen also significantly influences the overall periodontal health of patients. Fixed retainers, both glass-fibre reinforced and steel wire retainers, proved to be the retainer type with the highest plaque and calculus accumulation values compared to removable retainers. In addition, among fixed retainers, glass-fibre reinforced retainers proved to be those that mostly promote the plaque and calculus accumulation in the application site. Conclusion: Fixed retainers are the best devices to maintain the alignment of mandibular anterior teeth in the long term. Among these devices, stainless steel lingual retainers, plain or braided, should remain the first choice. Although they are also susceptible to periodontal complications, their effect on periodontal health can be considered statistically insignificant if compared to glass-fibre reinforced retainers which, showing worse periodontal complications, should not be used.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic periodontitis share common risk factors and evidence exists showing an association between the two conditions. Aims: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the gingival and periodontal status of patients having COPD and their comparison with nondiseased individuals. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study recruited 60 patients (30–60 years) with COPD (Group A) and 60 healthy controls (Group B). Patients having cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and other comorbid illnesses except COPD were excluded from the study. A complete general physical and medical examination of all the patients was completed, case history was recorded, and investigations such as total blood count, chest X-ray, and pulmonary function tests were undertaken. Each patient's gingival and periodontal status as evaluated by an experienced periodontist and oral hygiene simplified index, gingival index (GI) (Loe and silliness), and periodontal index (PI) (Russell's) were recorded. Results and Discussion: Group A patients were significantly older than Group B. There was no statistically significant difference in both groups concerning gender. Group A had 45%, whereas, in Group B, 36.7% of the patients had lower socioeconomic status. In Group A, a higher body mass index >30 kg/m2 was observed in 38.6% of the patients as compared to 26.9% in Group B (P > 0.05). In Group A, higher values of oral hygiene simplified index (2.97 ± 0.02), mean GI (1.96 ± 0.01), and mean PI (4.85 ± 0.01) were observed as compared to Group B (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study supports an association between COPD and chronic periodontitis. Early detection and treatment of chronic periodontitis may benefit patients with COPD.

Objectives: Our primary purpose was to examine the association between cardiovascular risk scores and the state of periodontal health within a rural community in India. Additionally, we aimed to explore the potential for incorporating assessments of periodontal health as an indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and Methods: In total, 2100 study participants aged 30 and older were included in our research. We developed a semistructured questionnaire to collect information on sociodemographic factors, and the Framingham risk score questionnaire was utilized to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Results: We discovered a significant Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.761 between the CAD risk score and the cardiac power index (CPI) among our study participants. Similarly, the Spearman correlation coefficient between CAD risk levels and CPI was 0.654, with both values demonstrating statistical significance (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results strongly indicate that incorporating CPI as one of the risk assessment factors for CVD is highly recommended. Presently, community education on dental health is predominantly centered around school-based initiatives. However, we propose expanding this educational effort to encompass all community members. Educating individuals about the importance of periodontal health in CVD is vital since maintaining good periodontal health can prevent or alleviate morbidity associated with heart conditions.

Background. Recent advances in alternative medicine have led to the introduction of various new herbal products for treating gingivitis as the most prevalent gingival disease. The present study clinically evaluated the effect of a herbal mouthwash consisting of 5 herbal extracts (Myrtus communis, Quercus brantii, Punica granatum, Portulaca olerace, and Boswellia serrata) on periodontal indices. Methods. Fifty patients with plaque-induced gingivitis were included in this randomized, dou­ble-blinded clinical trial and divided into two groups. Following scaling and root planing (SRP), they were prescribed 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (group 1) and herbal mouthwash (group 2) twice a day for 14 days. Both groups received saline mouthwash for the subsequent 14 days (wash-out time). Then, they used the mouthwashes in a cross-over manner for an additional two weeks. Probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI) were recorded at baseline and after each period of mouthwash use. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, using generalized estimating equation (GEE) linear regression and paired t-test. P

Objectives: Due to the important influence of glycemic control on oral health, this study aimed to compare the gingival index and decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin and metformin. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 130 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin and metformin were studied in two groups based on the type of treatment. The information for DMFT and gingival indices were obtained using the oral examination. In the insulin group, participants received insulin Lantus 0.2 unit/kg once daily, and in the metformin group, participants received metformin tablets 500 mg every 12 hours. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured by lab test in all participants. Finally, HbA1c, the information of DMFT, and gingival indices were compared between the two groups. Results: The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in decayed, missed, and restored teeth, as well as the overall DMFT index between the two groups. The gingival index was significantly higher in the insulin group (P = 0.046). Conclusions: Gingival health of insulin users is poorer than metformin users, but it seems that type of diabetes treatment does not affect the DMFT index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Dental implants are one of the most accepted methods for tooth replacement, function and esthetic improvement. Sinabionic dental implant (Nikkasht Asia, Iran) was manufactured by grade 5 titanium alloy with Sandblasted, large grit, Acid-etched (SLA) and hydrophilic surface with a porosity of 1.2 to 1.8 µm. The aim of this study was clinical and radiological evaluation of Sinabionic implant system at 3, 6 and 12 month intervals after implant placement surgery. Material and Methods: After obtaining written consent from the patients, 53 Sinabionic implants (Niktash Asia, Iran) were evaluated in this study. Pocket depth, bleeding on probing, pus, mobility and pain were evaluated in clinical examination and bone resorption in mesial and distal were assessed in the radiographic examination by one sample t test. Results: 5 failures were observed of 53 implants and 32 implants were successful according to the accepted criteria, which includes 60.4% and the Survival rate of these implants was reported to be 90.6%. Conclusion: Clinical and radiographic evaluations of Sinabionic implants indicated success and survival rate less than the accepted standard range. It is strongly recommended that the structure (micro and macro geometry) and surface quality of the implant be modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental plaque is a biofilm structured in an extracellular matrix of polymers of host and microbial origin; the microorganisms can coexist in harmony with the host, thus guarantying oral health. Environmental modifications can lead to dysbiosis and onset of oral diseases; in fact, plaque is the etiological agent both of periodontal disease and dental decay. The use of an effective oral hygiene index should be considered as a relevant goal for the clinicians and the researchers, and consequently, numerous plaque indices have been proposed during the years. The present literature review aims primarily to obtain a complete summary of these scores to assess plaque deposits. It is useful because the clinician/researcher will select the right scoring method for the specific situation only if he knows the available options and if he is aware of both their strengths and weaknesses. This review applies a basic classification of plaque indices that distinguishes the ones that use non-quantitative methods from the ones that use quantitative methods. Non-quantitative methods are more subjective because they are based on the ability of the clinician to point out the presence or the entity of deposits, while quantitative methods introduce objectifiable means to measure plaque deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plaque removal rates are influenced by toothbrush design as well as brushing methods. Aim: The study aimed to determine the efficacy of a manual U‑shaped toothbrush when compared to a regular toothbrush in removing dental plaque from teeth in children aged 8–10 years. Materials and Methods: Our research included 40, 8–10‑year‑old children. Stage I included days 0–7, while Stage II covered days 8–15. A disclosing agent was used to identify and score the dental plaque. During Stage I of the study, Group I was given a regular toothbrush, and Group II was given a U‑shaped toothbrush. During Stage II of the study, the cross‑over of interventions was carried out. Loe‑Silness gingival index and Turesky modification of the Quigley‑Hein index were measured on the 8th and 16th day. Unpaired t‑test/independent samples t‑test were performed for comparison between the groups. Results: The intergroup evaluation of plaque scores on various surfaces between the two groups revealed statistically significant differences (P = 0.05) between the mean plaque scores at stage I on the labial surface (P = 0.001) and the lingual surface (P = 0.002) between the two groups. Comparing gingival health scores of various surfaces between the two groups, mesial, labial, distal, and lingual surfaces revealed statistically significant differences (P = 0.05) at stage II and lingual surfaces at stage I and stage II, respectively. Conclusion: The experimental U‑shape toothbrush significantly reduced the extent of plaque on the lingual surfaces and improved the gingival index scores, which helped improve gingival health and oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate and compare the oral neutrophil numbers (ONN) in saliva, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the periodontal parameters in smokers versus non-smokers with periodontitis, before and after nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). 40 chronic periodontitis patients including 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers were enrolled in this quasi-experimental study. All patients were received the NSPT included instructing oral hygiene, scaling and root planing. At baseline (T0) and after NSPT 1 month (T1) and 3 months (T3), all patients were assessed for salivary ONN, GCF MMP-8, and clinical parameters like plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The differences between the two groups were analyzed using the independent sample t -test and the Mann-Whitney U test; and the differences between T0, T1 and T3 of each group were analyzed with paired-samples t -test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The ONN was significantly less in smokers than in non-smokers although there was no significant difference in other parameters between the two groups at baseline (p > 0.05). All clinical periodontal parameters reduced significantly after 1 month and 3 months of NSPT in both groups (p < 0.01). PPD of non-smokers was significantly lower than those of smokers at T1 and T3. ONN and MMP-8 level showed a significant decrease in non-smoking subjects, while there was no significant difference in smoking ones after NSPT (T1 and T3). At 1 month after treatment, ONN tended to reduce in non-smokers whereas to increase in smokers significantly. Smoking reduced ONN, impaired treatment effect in reducing PPD, and changed the MMP-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid to NSPT. Identifier NCT04974502 in CLinicalTrials.gov [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic periodontitis share common risk factors and evidence exists showing an association between the two conditions. Aims: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the gingival and periodontal status of patients having COPD and their comparison with nondiseased individuals. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study recruited 60 patients (30-60 years) with COPD (Group A) and 60 healthy controls (Group B). Patients having cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and other comorbid illnesses except COPD were excluded from the study. A complete general physical and medical examination of all the patients was completed, case history was recorded, and investigations such as total blood count, chest X-ray, and pulmonary function tests were undertaken. Each patient's gingival and periodontal status as evaluated by an experienced periodontist and oral hygiene simplified index, gingival index (GI) (Loe and silliness), and periodontal index (PI) (Russell's) were recorded. Results and Discussion: Group A patients were significantly older than Group B. There was no statistically significant difference in both groups concerning gender. Group A had 45%, whereas, in Group B, 36.7% of the patients had lower socioeconomic status. In Group A, a higher body mass index >30 kg/m2 was observed in 38.6% of the patients as compared to 26.9% in Group B (P > 0.05). In Group A, higher values of oral hygiene simplified index (2.97 ± 0.02), mean GI (1.96 ± 0.01), and mean PI (4.85 ± 0.01) were observed as compared to Group B (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study supports an association between COPD and chronic periodontitis. Early detection and treatment of chronic periodontitis may benefit patients with COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To compare and analyze the clinical therapeutic effects of sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser and sodium hypochlorite alone for root canal disinfection in patients with pulpitis. Methods Patients with pulpitis were divided into control group and observation group according to random number table method. Both groups received root canal treatment, while the control group received root canal irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. The observation group was irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser. Periodontal index, inflammatory index, life quality score and bacterial infection clearance rate of the two groups were compared before and 3 months after treatment. Results The total effective rate of the observation group was 95.35%, which was higher than that of the control group 79.07% (p

This study aims to evaluate the clinical, cognitive, and psychomotor changes that emerged among patients with gingivitis and patients with periodontitis via mobile application assistance. Forty subjects were randomly and evenly distributed into test and control groups and were administered a professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) procedure. The clinical parameters examined were bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and the oral hygiene index (OHI-S). The test group was administered a mobile application intervention, namely PerioUICare, which provided users with continuous education and motivation and served as a daily dental hygiene reminder. The comparative results of the mean values of all parameters between the groups (inter-group) and within the groups (intra-group) after one- and three-month evaluations were analyzed. A one-month inter-group evaluation uncovered significant differences in the BoP, PPD, cognitive, and psychomotor scores of subjects with gingivitis and the BoP, OHI-S, cognitive, and psychomotor scores of subjects with periodontitis. A three-month inter-group evaluation revealed significant differences across all parameters except for PPD in subjects with periodontitis. The results of the intra-group comparison demonstrated statistically significant differences in all parameters in the test group but no significant differences in the cognitive and psychomotor scores of the control group. This study revealed that mobile application-based support for periodontal treatment can be considered effective.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of the systemic administration of azi-thromycin (AZM) as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on the clinical and microbiological variables of patients with periodontitis Material and Methods: Eighteen volunteers received NSPT combined with placebo or AZM (500 mg/day) for 3 days (n=9/group). They were monitored clinically for probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), O'Leary index (OI), bleeding on probing (BoP) at baseline and during the first, third and sixth month and microbiologically, at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after therapy, by conventional polymerase chain reaction tests. Results: Fourteen patients completed the study (n=7/group). Differences statistically significant were observed among both groups. The experimental group presented: A PPD mean (p=0.04) significantly lower and PPD reduction (p=0.02), at 6-months post NSPT. Regarding changes (∆), at the third month post NSPT, there was a significant increase in the number of shallow sites (p

Background: Probing of the periodontal pocket is an essential part of the diagnosis of periodontal disease and 15-77% of untreated periodontal patients experience pain during probing. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the pain perceived by patients with dental plaque-induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis during periodontal probing and the main objective includes the evaluation of the relationship between pain perceived during periodontal probing and gingival inflammatory parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 475 participants were recruited into the study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group-A (Gingivitis Group - 275 patients) and Group-B (Chronic Periodontitis Group - 200 patients). Clinical parameters included analysis of bleeding on probing, simplified gingival index, pocket depth on probing, and clinical attachment level. Pain score was recorded using the HP VAS scale and all patients participated in the study after a detailed explanation of the study protocol. Results: A significant difference in pain perception was noted between groups, highlighting the role of the degree of inflammation in the examination of periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, we can conclude that pain perception is directly correlated with the degree of inflammation in periodontitis rather than plaque-induced gingivitis during periodontal probing. Therefore, some form of adjuvant topical anesthesia may be considered in order to reduce pain levels in severely inflamed patients, to encourage continued acceptance of supportive periodontal therapy.

Today's prevalence of obesity is dramatically increasing and a two-way interaction between higher body mass index (BMI) and oral health is described in scientific litterature. Accordingly, the present study was aimed to evaluate the relation of BMI and oral health indicators. In this cross-sectional study, 240 individuals according to their BMI were placed in the following experimental groups; underweight (BMI<18), normal weight (18≤BMI≤24.9), overweight (25≤BMI≤29.9) and obese (30≤BMI). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and decayed, missed and filled teeth (DMFT) were obtained. Data was analyzed by SPSS 26 using descriptive tests and one-way ANOVA at the level of 0.05. The mean age and sex distribution of participants of experimental groups had no significant difference (p>0.05). GI and BOP were significantly lower in normal weight persons than individuals with high BMI (p<0.05). DMFT, the number of decayed, missed and filled teeth was approximately similar in all experimental groups (p>0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a positive significant relation between GI as well as BOP with BMI (p=0.000). Based on the results achieved by the present study, although periodontal health status of overweight and obese individuals was significantly compromised compared to normal weight persons, the dental health status was not affected by BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke is a severe that restricts the individual's functions, effects the oral health. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral health and vitamin D levels in stroke patients in rehabilitation units. Methods: Participants with stroke, and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were recruited for the study. Oral Health Impact Scale‐14 (OHIP‐14), Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI) were assessed for all participants. Barthel Index (BI), Brunnstrom Recovery Scale (BRS) and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) assessed for the stroke patients. Vitamin D levels of each participant were recorded. Results: The stroke patients' DMFT index and OHIP‐14 values were higher than those of the healthy controls (p <.05). However, no significant differences were observed in terms of CPTIN, PI, or GI scores (p >.05). No statistically significant difference was determined in the DMFT index, OHIP‐14 scores, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), PI (Plaque Index) and GI (Gingival Index) scores according to vitamin D levels among the stroke patients (p >.05). Stroke patients' functional scores (BRS, MAS and BI), vitamin D levels and oral health status (OHIP‐14, DMFT, CPITN, PI and GI) were subjected to correlation analysis. This revealed significant negative correlation between BRS (arm, hand and leg), and BI and OHIP‐14 scores (p <.05). Conclusion: Although the DMFT index and oral health‐related quality of life were adversely affected in stroke patients, no relationship was found between vitamin D and oral health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The present study was conducted to assess and compare the effectiveness of Terminalia chebula mouthwash to chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque and gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods A double blind randomised control trial was conducted among chronic gingivitis patients. They were randomly allocated into two study groups: 1) Terminalia chebula mouthwash (n = 30); 2) chlorhexidine (active control) (n = 30). Plaque index and gingival index was used to assess the reduction in plaque and gingival inflammation. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare the effect of both mouthwashes using SPSS version 17 with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Our result showed that Terminalia chebula mouthrinse is as effective as chlorhexidine in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation. The results demonstrated a significant reduction of gingival bleeding and plaque indices in both groups over a period of 15 and 30 days as compared to the baseline. Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that Terminalia chebula may prove to be an effective mouthwash. Terminalia chebula extract mouthrinse can be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine mouthrinse as it has similar properties without the side-effects of the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the properties of the different types of orthodontic retainers, identify their differences and define which type of device is most effective and less harmful to periodontal health. A literature search was carried out by a reviewer by consulting PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Medline full text, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Science Direct electronic databases for biomedical and health literature as well as the grey literature and setting up the search from December 2010 without any restriction about articles languages. The results showed that patients who wear retainers for a long period have significant differences in clinical parameters compared to patients without retainers. The type of retainer chosen also significantly influences the overall periodontal health of patients. Fixed retainers, both glass-fibre reinforced and steel wire retainers, proved to be the retainer type with the highest plaque and calculus accumulation values compared to removable retainers. In addition, among fixed retainers, glass-fibre reinforced retainers proved to be those that mostly promote the plaque and calculus accumulation in the application site. Fixed retainers are the best devices to maintain the alignment of mandibular anterior teeth in the long term. Among these devices, stainless steel lingual retainers, plain or braided, should remain the first choice. Although they are also susceptible to periodontal complications, their effect on periodontal health can be considered statistically insignificant if compared to glass-fibre reinforced retainers which, showing worse periodontal complications, should not be used. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathologic tooth migration (PTM) is a complication of Stage III and IV periodontitis. This pilot study aims to analyze the periodontal response to orthodontic aligner therapy in stage IV periodontitis patients, by perio charting and digital orthodontic data obtained from intraoral scans. Following periodontal treatment of 21 recruited patients, 11 underwent clear aligner treatment. Periodontal data (Probing Pocket Depth—PPD, Recession Index—REC, Clinical Attachment Loss—CAL) were collected at baseline (T0), after periodontal treatment (T1), and at the end of the orthodontic treatment (T2). Digital data obtained at T1 and T2 were processed with the 3D software Geomagic® Control X™. Occlusograms obtained by the proximity sensors of the scans were converted into differently colored pixelated areas. These results were compared to highlight changes in clinical crown length or occlusal contact areas. The results showed a slight increase in the REC index and a statistically significant reduction of PPD and CAL at T1 and T2. Digital data showed a statistically significant decrease in terms of gingival recessions and clinical crowns at the end of orthodontic treatment. Hard occlusal contacts showed a statistically significant decrease by the end of the orthodontic treatment. The results are comparable to those reported in the scientific literature for fixed orthodontic treatment. Clear aligner treatment could be considered an option in patients with severe periodontitis, promoting final light occlusal contacts.