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Traditional GBR procedures have been associated with frequent complications and compromised peri-implant esthetics. Tunneling techniques have been proposed as a promising alternative in this regard. More recently, a subperiosteal minimally invasive aesthetic ridge augmentation technique (SMART) was reported to have been clinically successful in a prospective case series. This technique includes the use of a bone graft/recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB combination delivered to the site by a tunneling method. However, published histologic information regarding the nature of the regenerated tissue has been limited. The current study evaluated the histologic and histomorphometric findings of four human specimens harvested at 2, 5, 9, and 14 months after ridge augmentation using the SMART method. Evaluations of the wound healing and bone regeneration sequence over time found that the ridge augmentation was the result of extensive new bone formation that progressed through the woven bone to lamellar bone stages, with remodeling of the xenogeneic graft material and replacement by patient bone. This is the first study utilizing sequential human specimens to histologically examine the chronology of wound healing following alveolar ridge augmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to analyze and compare the effects of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), in bone regeneration outcomes in maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA) procedures. The maxillary sinuses of 15 patients were grafted with DBBM alone (control group), DBBM mixed with A-PRF (PRF group), or DBBM mixed with PRGF (PRGF group). After a 6-month healing period, bone core biopsy samples were collected prior to implant placement for histologic and histomorphometric analyses, evaluating the mean percentages of mineralized tissue (MT), remaining bone graft material (RBGM), and nonmineralized tissue (NMT). Mean MT was 20.33% ± 11.50% for the control group, 32.20% ± 7.29% for the PRF group, and 34.80% ± 6.83% for the PRGF group. Mean RBGM was 24.00% ± 7.94% for the control group, 26.00% ± 7.78% for the PRF group, and 15.80% ± 8.23% for the PRGF group. Mean NMT was 55.66% ± 7.77% for the control group, 41.40% ± 8.32% for the PRF group, and 49.60% ± 5.68% for the PRGF group. No statistically significant differences (P > .05) were seen across the three groups for MT, RBGM, and NT. These findings suggest that adding A-PRF and PRGF to DBBM does not enhance new bone formation outcomes in maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. None of the two platelet concentrates were superior to the other in any of the variables assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autologous tooth-derived grafts (ATDGs) have gained popularity as bone substitute biomaterials, owing to their promising healing dynamics in vivo and to patient preference for repurposing hopeless teeth. Nonetheless, concerns exist regarding the biologic response of these ATDGs in preparation for implant placement and subsequent osseointegration. After 12 weeks of extraction socket healing, an implant with an acid-etched surface was placed using osseodensification osteotomy preparation and was retrieved after 16 weeks of integration. Histologic analysis revealed ≥ 64% of direct bone-to-implant contact at multiple regions of interest along the implant surface. Residual dentin particles were scarce and were never found in contact with the implant, suggesting that the ATDG did not interfere with implant osseointegration. Despite the overall trabecular structure of the adjacent maxillary bone with large marrow spaces, the implant surface was delineated with a continuous dense mineralized zone (thickness of 2 to 5 cell layers) with vital osteoblasts in the lacunae. These results suggest that the healing dynamics of ATDG are well aligned with implant osseointegration dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a commonly occurring reproductive disorder among the reproductive-aged women. Its global occurrence varies based on diagnostic guidelines, ethnicities, and locations of concern. Insulin resistance (IR) is commonly observed around 65–70% of women diagnosed with PCOS, representing a prevalent association. Consequently, the study was designed with an objective of illustrating the effect of insulin on mural and cumulus granulosa cells (GCs) of PCOS patients in comparison to normal ovulating women. This study is a case–control design, wherein a total of 80 participants were recruited meeting criterion of inclusion and exclusion, divided into 8 groups with each group consisting of 10 samples. The process involves the isolation and culturing of mural granulosa cells (MGC) and cumulus granulosa cells (CGC) with and without exposure to insulin. The proteins released by untreated GCs and insulin-treated GCs were extracted, and complex protein mixtures were digested with trypsin, followed by tandem mass spectrometry analysis and data processing using bioinformatics. We found 595 proteins in both control and PCOS samples, of which 310 were contributed by MGCs and 285 by CGCs. The PCOS MGCs expressed 20%, both the normal MGCs and CGCs have equal representation of 16% by each, whereas the PCOS CGCs proteins contributed 15% of the total of the proteomic expression. However, the poor expression observed with the Insulin exposure, the Insulin treated PCOS CGCs contributes 13%, PCOS MGCs contributes 8%. The normal MGCs upon the Insulin treatment give 8% then and there only 4% of proteins expressed by normal CGCs after Insulin treatment. The Venn analysis widened on their precise expression topographies. The examination of strings exhibited important protein–protein interaction pathways. This is a pioneering investigation aimed to establish the link between hyperinsulinemia in localized follicular GCs and PCOS mechanisms by comparing them to control group. The examination of various attributes, mechanisms, and traits shown by genes and proteins in individuals with PCOS compared to control populations, alongside the investigation of the dynamics of these genes and proteins following exposure to insulin, holds promise for the formulation of novel hypotheses and strategies in the identification of new biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To report a case of molar‐incisor‐malformation (MIM) in a 7‐year‐old boy with a history of congenital infantile fibrosarcoma of the upper chest, which was surgically treated, without adjuvant radio/chemotherapy. Material and Methods: The boy presented with mobility and pain on percussion of the permanent mandibular first molars. The radiographic features were suggestive of MIM. Both teeth were extracted and processed for conventional light microscopic examination and non‐decalcified ground sections. Results: The microscopic features confirmed the diagnosis of MIM. Regular follow‐up was recommended. Conclusions: Medical interventions during hospitalization for cancer treatment, other than chemo/radiotherapy, may cause MIM by adversely affecting the function of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. Regular dental screening in paediatric cancer patients may reveal more MIM cases and help in elucidating its pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enones are widely utilized linchpin functional groups in chemical synthesis and molecular biology. We herein report the direct conversion of boronic esters into enones using commercially available methoxyallene as a three‐carbon building block. Following boronate complex formation by reaction of the boronic ester with lithiated‐methoxyallene, protonation triggers a stereospecific 1,2‐migration before oxidation generates the enone. The protocol shows broad substrate scope and complete enantiospecificity is observed with chiral migrating groups. In addition, various electrophiles could be used to induce 1,2‐migration and give a much broader range of α‐functionalized enones. Finally, the methodology was applied to a 14‐step synthesis of the enone‐containing polyketide 10‐deoxymethynolide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new exponentially fitted three term method is developed for the numerical treatment of a class of linear second order singularly perturbed differential-difference equations (SPDDEs) which involves the small delay in un-differentiated term. The solution of such equations with the interval and boundary conditions exhibits twin layer or oscillatory behaviour. The method uses the Taylor's series expansion for constructing an equivalent valid version of the original problem first and then, to derive a new three term finite difference recurrence relationship/scheme. The non-uniformity in the solution is resolved by the introduction of a suitable fitting parameter in the derived new scheme. Finally the resulting system of algebraic equations is solved by the well known "discrete invariant algorithm." Method is analyzed for the stability and convergence, and the theory is illustrated by solving several test example problems. Computational results are tabulated and compared to show the applicability, accuracy and efficiency of the method. Theory and computation show that the method is able to approximate the solution very well with second order convergence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use changes in the wake of urbanization have arranged the urban residential sites to be encircled by anthropogenic activities, resulting in greater exposure to air pollution. There are limited studies carried out on source apportionment of urban landscape-induced air pollution and their spatial representativeness for urban residential sites, and the present study addressed this issue. Characterization, dissemination analysis, and source apportionment of particulate matter (PM)2.5 in a residential area, Lucknow have been carried out. Samples of PM2.5 were collected during mid-winter 2021–2022 at near-road-locations (viz. L1, L2, L3, and L4) of the study area. Samples of PM2.5 chemical speciation were done by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography for 26-elements and 5-ions, respectively. Mean PM2.5 was recorded highest at L3 in the daytime and lowest at L4 in the nighttime with the values 166 μg/m3 and 76 μg/m3 respectively. ArcGIS-inverse distance weighing (IDW) simulations identified the representativeness of PM2.5 for the entire residential site. IDW mapping identified the PM2.5 propagation up to 200 m–500 m over the study area. The diversity in the concentration of PM2.5 observed within the residential area due to the influence of the respective day and night times, multiple sources mix and their spatial distribution. Chemical speciation data of PM2.5 applied to Positive Matrix Factorization version 5.0—as receptor model (PMF v5.0) run for individual sites separately and pool all four sites' data together as a single dataset, which ultimately confirmed seven factors. The PMF model outputs ascertained the mean apportionment of PM2.5 by the determined seven local sources that is, vehicular exhaust—21%, resuspended road dust—15%, cooking fuel emission—12%, waste burning—12%, diesel generator sets exhaust—10%, secondary aerosols—10%, and Construction and Demolition—7%. The remaining 13% mean contribution to PM2.5 was evidenced by unaccounted sources. The present study outcomes qualify the significance to undertake source apportionment studies in connection with urban landscape patterns for air pollution abatement specifically for rapidly changing cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The reproductive system is heavily dependent on ovarian follicles, which are made up of germ cells (oocytes) and granulosa cells (GCs), including cumulus granulosa cells (CGCs) and mural granulosa cells (MGCs). Understanding their normal and steroid-induced functions is the key to understanding the pathophysiology of endocrinal diseases in women. Objective: This study investigated the differentially expressed proteins by CGCs and MGCs of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and without subsequent exposure to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and functional differentiation. Design: The present study was observational and experimental study carried out in hospital involving 80 female patients undergoing IVF for infertility. Methods: In this study, we isolated CGCs and MGCs from the follicular fluid of both PCOS and non-PCOS patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). The cells were cultured and treated with DHEAS for 48 hours, and these cells were extracted, digested, and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry followed by processing of the results using open-source bioinformatics tools. Results: The present investigation discovered 276 and 341 proteins in CGCs and MGCs, respectively. DHEAS reduced the number of proteins expressed by CGCs and MGCs to 34 and 57 from 91 and 94, respectively. Venn results of CGCs revealed 49, 53, 36, and 21 proteins in normal CGCs, PCOS-CGCs, post-DHEAS, and PCOS-CGCs, respectively. Venn analysis of MGCs showed 51 proteins specific to PCOS and 29 shared by normal and PCOS samples after DHEAS therapy. MGCs express the most binding and catalytic proteins, whereas CGCs express transporter-related proteins. A protein pathway study demonstrated considerable differences between normal and PCOS samples, while DHEAS-treated samples of both cell lines showed distinct pathways. String findings identified important network route components such as albumin, actin, apolipoprotein, complement component C3, and heat shock protein. Conclusion: This is the first study to show how DHEAS-induced stress affects the expression of proteins by MGCs and CGCs isolated from normal and PCOS patients. Further studies are recommended to identify PCOS biomarkers from CGCs and MGCs expressed under the influence of DHEAS. Graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the meaning of iconography that constitute memes by reviewing a collection of memes propagated on social media related to the Kyle Rittenhouse shooting of protestors in Wisconsin. The authors collected 355 images from 37,774 tweets, supplemented by images found in Facebook groups, militia forums, and right-wing meme repositories related to Kyle Rittenhouse. The paper leads with an introduction to the American "alt-right" movement and the Rittenhouse shootings. The paper's methodology deconstructs each meme into a set of constituent parts. This provides a process for classifying memes based on their templates, "aesthetic," branding, events, iconography, and seemingly ambiguous references. This allows researchers to better attribute memes to specific socio-political and cultural groups, analyze the intent of the messaging, and situate memes in the broader knowledge base that, over time, solidifies into its own entity with its own kind of social and political agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated a novel injectable, self-setting, osteoconductive, resorbable adhesive that provides immediate implant stabilization. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six large canines had the mandibular second through fourth premolars and the first molar removed bilaterally. After 3 months, oversized osteotomies were prepared with only the apical 2 mm of the implant engaging native bone. One site had a novel resorbable, self-setting, mineral-organic adhesive (TN-SM) placed around the implant, a second site received bone graft, and a third site received only blood clot. Removal torque, standardized radiography, and histology were used to evaluate implant stability and tissue contact after 24 hours, 10 days, and 4 months. Results: Mean removal torque values after 24 hours were 1.4, 1.3, and 22.2 Ncm for the control, bone graft, and mineral-organic adhesive, respectively. After 10 days, these values were 5.7, 6.2, and 45.7 Ncm and at 4 months increased to 88.7, 77.8, and 104.7 Ncm, respectively. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic evaluations showed a lack of inflammatory reaction. Control defects were initially radiolucent in the coronal area; grafted sites revealed particles in the gap, with both conditions gradually filling with bone over time. At 10 days, histologic evaluation demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and intimate contact of mineral-organic adhesive to both the implant and bone, providing an osseointegration-like bond; control sites revealed no bone contact in the defect area, while the bone-grafted sites revealed unattached graft particles. At 4 months, much of the mineral-organic adhesive was replaced with bone; the control and grafted sites had some bone fill, and many of the defects demonstrated no bone-to-implant contact and were filled with soft tissue or isolated graft particles. Conclusion: The mineral-organic adhesive provides immediate (osseointegration-like) and continued implant stabilization over 4 months in sites lacking primary stability. Experimental sites demonstrated maintenance of crestal bone levels adjacent to the mineral-organic adhesive and soft tissue exclusion without the use of membranes in this canine model. These results demonstrate that this novel mineral-organic adhesive can enable implant osseointegration in a site where insufficient native bone exists to allow immediate implant placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this clinical study was to assess the outcomes of autologous tooth structure in alveolar ridge preservation procedures. Extraction sites were grafted with autologous tooth structure prepared from the extracted teeth, and histologic samples were obtained at varying intervals to allow observation of bone-healing dynamics over time. Grafted areas were occupied by dentin particles that had begun to connect via bridges of woven bone at 3 months posthealing, and vital bone was in direct contact with residual particles with no inflammatory infiltrate. Further clinical investigation is warranted on the comparative effectiveness of autologous tooth structure against established bone-substitute biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The new zoonotic viral infection, monkeypox, is a global health issue. Our study aimed at studying the epidemiology, clinical presentation, complications, case fatality rate, and transmission among the present cases of monkeypox infection. Methods: Articles were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases using the keywords "Monkeypox" [MeSH] or "Monkeypox virus" (MeSH). Narrative reviews, conference abstracts, commentaries, and articles in languages other than English were excluded. Results: From three databases, 1442 studies were identified. Seven hundred ten articles were excluded because they included data before 2022, leaving 732 items for screening. After filtering 320 data due to data duplication, 412 remained. Due to the inclusion of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews, comments, and articles in languages other than English, 257 were excluded. Eligibility based on full-text review was applied to the remaining 155, excluding 129. So, the study covered a total of remaining 26 articles. We studied 2352 confirmed cases from published literature, accounting for approximately 4% of infected cases worldwide. Around 81.71% of patients have a bisexual or men having sex with men (MSM) preference. Approximately 30.18% of confirmed cases were HIV positive. Male sex was also identified as a risk factor in our review. Conclusion: Monkeypox human-to-human and human-to-animal transmission are rising. Thus, it is essential to do research on the prevention, clinicodemographic trends, and treatment of monkeypox. Understanding this will enable us to treat monkeypox patients with a targeted and focused approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the title of the present article shows, it highlights the three philosophically integrated areas – (1) pramāṇa-epistemology (theory of comprehensive knowledge involving both perception and inference), (2) logic (although a part of pramāṇa-epistemology, it has two modes, namely, inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning), and (3) language (or semantics, i.e. the double negation theory of meaning, which falls under inference). These are interconnected as well as overlapping within the Buddhist mainstream tradition of the process philosophy as opposed to the substantialist philosophy. The same is the case with the three celebrated Buddhist thinkers – Vasubandhu, Dignāga (also spelt as Diññāṇa), and Dharmakīrti – who develop their radical and critical views focusing on these areas in historical-cum-philosophical order. It is worth noting that within the same mainstream Buddhist tradition, each one of the three thinkers picks up the problematic issues from their predecessors – from the Buddha to their immediate predecessors respectively – for their solutions against the backdrop of the two conflicting mainstream traditions – Buddhist and non-Buddhist. The central focus of these thinkers is first to identify the crucial issues, doctrinal principles, terminology, and methodology in their own ways and conceptual frameworks, which generate not only the mutual conflicts in the course of dialogues but also strengthen their positions by means of their new radical ideas, innovations, terminologies, methodologies, and doctrinal principles. As a result, the three selected areas and their crucial issues are explained, elaborated, and interpretated for better understanding. All of which are rooted in the Buddha's path of wisdom, ethics, and liberation from the human predicament (duḥkha-nivṛtti). In this grand project of the deepest concerns, the Buddha utilized multiple strategies like understanding and controlling the problematic nature of the mind (Pāli citta, manasa) and its concomitance (Pāli cetasika, dhammā) by means of the concentrative meditation (Pāli jhāna, Sanskrit (hereafter Skt., dhyāna), cultivation of knowledge (Pāli vijjā, Skt. vidyā) and conduct/moral purity (Pāli caraṇa, Skt. ācaraṇa), destruction of afflictions/defilements (Pāli kilesa, Skt. kleśa), critical and logical thinking with valid arguments, and so on. His disciples also treat him as the possessor of valid method, arguments, meaning, practice, and purpose (Skt. pramāṇabhūta, the term used by Dignāga). He believed in the common humanity as the community of sufferers and the autonomy of every human being (Pāli attakāra), but strongly rejected the hierarchy of humanity on the basis of caste, birth, and dogmatic religious identity. For these reasons, following the Buddha and his celebrated followers like Vasubandhu, Dignāga, and Dharmakīrti, my task in this article is how to clearly and elaborately discuss the above identified issues and theories, first to understand them for myself and then logically prove the whole process of knowledge and the designed purpose through communication to those who have the intention to hear and understand the framework of common language for their benefits. I wish the readers like students and young teachers benefit from my research work. Further, since my learning of the Tibetan language is zero, but comfortable in Sanskrit and Pāli, I have been heavily dependent on three great modern thinkers who have widely written independently and also translated the Buddhist Tibetan texts, which were translated from the original Sanskrit texts now lost, into English in the areas of Buddhist epistemology, logic, and semantics. These modern scholars are Masaaki Hattori, Shoryo Katsura, and Richard Hayes. Besides them, I have also little benefitted from some other scholars who have worked in the same areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic analysis of experimentally, solar parameters of photogalvanics has been studied for performance analysis using the D-R-S (Dye-Reductant-Surfactant) system as alizarin cyanine green-EDTA-sodium stearate system. A H shaped photogalvanic system was used under investigation for innovative results. Different scientific instruments were used in methodology set up i.e., microammeter, digital pH meter, and light source (200 W Philips bulb), multi-meter, calomel electrode (saturated), Pt electrode, and circuit key. The photogalvanic parameters were studied using H cell glass tubes as PP (Photo-Potential), PC (Photo-Current), CF (Conversion Efficiency), FF (Fill-Factor) & PA (Performance Analysis). The experimental results are as follows: 733.0 mV, 477.0 mA, 1.7984%, 0.2640 and 180.0 minutes. The observed electrical outputs are better than previously published electrical outputs with respect to alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), often known as a heart attack, is a medical emergency that is the top cause of mortality for both men and women worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that it is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot, also known as coronary thrombosis. Due to the regional impending of blood supply, heart muscles become damaged. Uric acid has been shown in large cohort studies to be an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. As serum uric acid (SUA) is an early predictor hence study will help to devise a better remedy for AMI. AIM: This study aims to study the levels of SUA in patients with AMI as compared to the control. OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of this study is to examine SUA levels in patients with AMI and to correlate uric acid levels with associated mortality in AMI. The secondary goal is to predict AMI early diagnosis, better management and treatment, and prognosis. METHODS: The current study was conducted at the department of biochemistry and the central investigation laboratory at our institute, in partnership with the department of medicine, intense cardiac care units, medical intensive care units, and emergency and private hospitals. A total of 100 patients were investigated. There were 50 instances of AMI and 50 age-matched healthy controls. The Microlab 300 analyzers (semi-autoanalyzer) were used to assess SUA concentrations, and the comparisons between the two groups were examined using an unpaired t-test. A P < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. RESULTS: There was a substantial rise in the mean level of SUA in cases on the 0, 3rd, and 7th days were 8.503 + 2.976 mg/dl, 5.472 + 2.683 mg/dl, and 4.992 + 1.707 mg/dl day, respectively, which were higher than controls group (3.976 + 0.947 mg/dl). Comparison between control and AMI SUA on 0 and 3rd days was found to be more significant than the 7th day. There was a substantial rise in blood uric acid levels in cases when compared to healthy controls (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Thus, the study shows that blood uric acid levels play a significant role in the diagnosis and therapy of AMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ring‐expansion strategies are valuable synthetic tools that take benefit of existing ring structures and evade the unfavorable enthalpic‐and entropic effects that arise with end‐to‐end cyclizations. One potentially important class of such reactions is the Dowd–Beckwith reaction, the ring‐expansion of ketones via alkoxy radicals. The exciting advancement in this research area is starting to show its potential, as demonstrated by applying this methodology in strategy‐level bond formation to synthesize complex natural products. This Review aims to provide the first comprehensive survey of the development of the Dowd–Beckwith reaction spanning three decades from the initial report to the present day, thus providing the readers with great detail about the contributions of this reaction to organic synthesis. We hope that this review will further disclose the salient features of the Dowd–Beckwith reaction for synthetic applications and encourage the development of new, more advanced applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmentation plays an essential role in the design of the automated karyotyping system (AKS). It is pivotal to segment interphase cells and other debris usually found in the input G metaphase images. The performance of AKSs is considerably less when interphase cells and debris are present in the input images. In this article, two semantic segmentation models are proposed. For this experiment, an annotated dataset is generated from the G banded metaphase images which are prepared at Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Inspired by the results of UNet, a lighter version L‐UNet is developed and experimented with. It shows the validation IoU (Intersection over Union) of 0.9809 and F1‐score of 0.9903 on the RCC dataset and the test IoU of 0.9720 and F1‐score of 0.9858 on the CRCN‐NE dataset. As backbone semantic segmentation models are state of the art, an efficient model, Eff‐UNet, is also proposed here. In this model, EfficientNetB03 acts as the backbone that extracts powerful features and UNet acts as the decoder that predicts the segmentation map. It performs with the validation IoU of 0.9842 and F1‐score of 0.9920 on the RCC dataset and the test IoU of 0.7545 and F1‐score of 0.7778 on the CRCN‐NE dataset. To derive this model, 25 encoder–decoder architectures are evaluated with various top‐performing CNNs (convolutional neural networks) as encoders and segmentation networks as decoders. Results are further compared with various segmentation models and the best results are obtained from the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This pilot study evaluated and compared the degree of new bone formation following maxillary sinus graft using three different bone graft materials. Materials and Methods: Patients with an edentulous posterior maxilla (unilateral or bilateral) were included in this study and underwent a two-stage procedure. Each sinus was randomly assigned one of the three graft materials: anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM), anorganic equine bone mineral (AEBM), or mineralized cancellous bone allograft (MCBA). Bone core samples were obtained from the lateral wall of the grafted sites at least 8 months after maxillary sinus graft. Bone quality was evaluated during bone core retrieval. The samples were histomorphometrically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests at the significance level of α = .05. Results: A total of 28 sinuses (14 unilateral and 7 bilateral) from 21 subjects, with a mean age of 61.5 (range: 33 to 75) years, were included in the study. Twenty-eight bone cores (ABBM [n = 9], AEBM [n = 9], and MCBA [n = 10]) were obtained at a mean healing time of 9.1 (range: 8 to 12) months. Six maxillary sinus membrane perforations (≤ 5 mm) were noted and repaired during surgery (21.4%). Histomorphometric analysis of the harvested bone cores revealed statistically significant differences in the percentage of vital bone, residual bone materials, and connective tissue/marrow among the different graft materials (Kruskal-Wallis; P < .05). The percentage of vital bone in the MCBA group (32.0% ± 12.4%) was significantly greater than those in the ABBM (10.9% ± 8.9%) and AEBM (9.1% ± 5.9%) groups (P < .05). The percentage of residual bone materials in the MCBA group (5.5% ± 5.7%) was, however, significantly less than those in the ABBM (34.3% ± 12.1%) and AEBM (38.9% ± 5.3%) groups (P < .05). There were no significant differences in the percentage of vital bone and residual bone materials between ABBM and AEBM (P = 1.0). Newly formed bone and residual graft materials were integrated into the surrounding tissue with no sign of inflammation or foreign-body reaction. Conclusion: Within the confines of the study, MCBA has significantly greater new bone formation than ABBM and AEBM. AEBM showed comparable histomorphometric results in all parameters (percentage of vital bone, residual bone materials, and connective tissue/marrow) to ABBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Maxillary sinus augmentation has been a predictable procedure. However, in-depth analysis of tissue healing after sinus grafting with simultaneous implant placement is limited. This study aimed to compare histologic outcomes after sinus grafting with a synthetic bone graft compared with a xenograft. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled split-mouth study was conducted to compare bone formation around microimplants (2.00 mm, Dentium) placed at the time of maxillary sinus augmentation with a synthetic material (Osteon, Dentium) (OST) and deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss) (BIO) as the control group. Four microimplants per subject (n = 13) were placed bilaterally for intrasubject comparison (two implants per side/patient). Bone cores with osseointegrated microimplants were harvested for histomorphometric analysis 6 to 8 months after sinus augmentation surgery. Results: Histologic analysis revealed newly formed bone deposited on the microimplant surface and bridging to bone graft material in both groups. Further, there was no histologic evidence of signs of inflammation in all specimens. In general, bone-to-implant contact was comparable and ranged from 6.1% to 67.0% with a mean of 38.4% ± 11.61% in OST and from 10.5% to 57.0% with a mean of 34.58% ± 12.55% in BIO. However, a significantly higher percentage of bone-to-implant contact in the first four threads of the grafted area was noted in OST compared with BIO (P = .016). Conclusion: The synthetic OST was found to be equivalent to BIO in new bone formation and clinical success after sinus augmentation in conjunction with microimplant placement. Although there are some statistically significant differences in the histologic outcomes, the clinical relevance of these needs to be further evaluated. Nevertheless, the findings of this study indicate that this synthetic alloplast would be a viable alternative to an allograft material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]