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The high-accuracy detection of multiple distinct human emotions is crucial for advancing affective computing, mental health diagnostics, and human–computer interaction. The integration of deep learning networks with entropy measures holds significant potential in neuroscience and medicine, especially for analyzing EEG-based emotion states. This study proposes a method combining ResNet18 with differential entropy to identify five types of human emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and neutral) from EEG signals. Our approach first calculates the differential entropy of EEG signals to capture the complexity and variability of the emotional states. Then, the ResNet18 network is employed to learn feature representations from the differential entropy measures, which effectively captures the intricate spatiotemporal dynamics inherent in emotional EEG patterns using residual connections. To validate the efficacy of our method, we conducted experiments on the SEED-V dataset, achieving an average accuracy of 95.61%. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of ResNet18 with differential entropy is highly effective in classifying multiple distinct human emotions from EEG signals. This method shows robust generalization and broad applicability, indicating its potential for extension to various pattern recognition tasks across different domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of complex networks from electroencephalography (EEG) proves to be an effective method for representing emotion patterns in affection computing as it offers rich spatiotemporal EEG features associated with brain emotions. In this paper, we propose a novel method for constructing complex networks from EEG signals for emotion recognition, which begins with phase space reconstruction to obtain ordinal patterns and subsequently forms a graph network representation from the sequence of ordinal patterns based on the visibility graph method, named ComNet-PSR-VG. For the proposed ComNet-PSR-VG, the initial step involves mapping EEG signals into a series of ordinal partitions using phase space reconstruction, generating a sequence of ordinal patterns. These ordinal patterns are then quantified to form a symbolized new sequence. Subsequently, the resulting symbolized sequence of ordinal patterns is transformed into a graph network using the visibility graph method. Two types of network node measures, average node degree (AND) and node degree entropy (NDE), are extracted from the graph networks as the inputs of machine learning for EEG emotion recognition. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed construction method of complex networks based on the visibility graph of ordinal patterns, comparative experiments are conducted using two types of simulated signals (random and Lorenz signals). Subsequently, EEG emotion recognition is performed on the SEED EEG emotion dataset. The experimental results show that, with AND as the feature, our proposed method is 4.88% higher than the existing visibility graph method and 12.23% higher than the phase space reconstruction method. These findings indicate that our proposed novel method for constructing complex networks from EEG signals not only achieves effective emotional EEG pattern recognition but also exhibits the potential for extension to other EEG pattern learning tasks, suggesting broad adaptability and application potential for our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Amir Razmjou has commented on "Tunable Nanoscale Interlayer of Graphene with Symmetrical Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Architecture for Lithium Extraction." The author focused on the experimental results of the size of tunable nanoscale interlayer but completely ignored the value of the work. Based on the previous works of the phenomenon or theory of the appearance of morphological defects (cracks or pinholes) in graphene membrane, he provided his opinion that the selective separation of cations is due to the appearance of morphological defects (cracks or pinholes). Therefore, he made the conclusion that "the appearance of defects (cracks or pinholes) during bottom‐up synthesis of 2D nanochannels such as graphene oxide‐based membranes played important role in the selective transportation of Li+ ions." Amir only focused on the interlayer spacing value of around 0.48 nm, which is an average value obtained by experimental measurements, and commented it based on the theories without any analysis of this work. However, he overlooked the theory and practice value of tunable nanoscale interlayer of graphene and many other evidences of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]