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This article examines how ideological frames, certain context factors and emotions influence choice of a retributory, retaliatory or reconciliatory reaction in intergroup conflict situations. Hindu and Muslim respondents supporting secular multiculturalism and composite culturalism gave their reactions to three norm-violating situations of varying intensities. Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict preferred reactions across situations. Reconciliation in comparison to retaliation and retribution was the most preferred reaction of both Hindus and Muslims. Ideological beliefs also predicted preferred reactions of respondents. Muslims with composite culture beliefs preferred retribution over reconciliation in two out of three situations, while Hindus having composite cultural beliefs preferred reconciliation over retaliation only in one situation. Positive out-group attitudes favoured a reconciliatory reaction in both groups. Anger and fear influenced choice of reactions of Hindus but not of Muslims. For Hindus and Muslims, resource power favoured choosing retribution over reconciliation. However, Muslims with greater retaliatory power chose retaliation. Own group identity and fraternalistic relative deprivation (FRD) played only a minor role.

This article seeks to understand the collective victimhood of the Hindus, a majority group in India, relative to the feelings of collective victimhood of the Muslim minority. It studies the role that is played by feelings of collective victimhood (CV) along with ingroup identity, fraternalistic relative deprivation (FRD), intergroup emotions and relative power in responding to intergroup conflict situations. The results showed that Hindus reported collective victimhood in greater amount compared to Muslims. Muslims felt more FRD than Hindus. Hindus also carried more negative emotions as a consequence of experiencing collective victimhood. The preferred reaction of Hindus in conflict situations was of revenge and less of reconciliation. Collective victimhood of Hindus was explained by ingroup identity and negative emotions associated with the experiences of collective victimhood and fraternalistic relative deprivation. The action of revenge of Hindus and Muslims was explained by different sets of factors. Identity and CV-related negative emotions were more important in explaining the revengeful reactions of Hindus, while in the case of Muslims relative power, FRD and FRD-related negative emotions were found more efficacious. Results are explained in the context of current Hindu–Muslim relations in India.

The present study investigates emotional reactions that follow norm violations involving Hindus and Muslims in India. It also studies how in-group’s emotional reaction is predicted by the emotion that the group experiences in tandem with certain contextual factors, such as, fraternal relative deprivation (FRD), social identity, power to harm and resource power. Data were collected on 221 Hindus and 167 Muslims. Three different types of norm-violating situations were presented and subjects were asked to rate the extent to which they and their group will experience anger, fear or anxiety in such situations. Respondents were asked to choose between conciliation, retaliation and retribution as one of their preferred emotional reactions. Although, conciliation was the most preferred reaction for resolving conflicts for both, Hindus and Muslims, this preference changed from one situation to another. Across three situations, anger was the most intensely experienced emotion followed by the emotions of anxiety and fear. Anger evoked retaliatory reactions among Hindus while Muslims preferred a retributory reaction in situations involving strong norm violations. Multinomial logistic analysis showed that no emotion was consistently related with the preferred emotional reaction to norm violations across situations. For Hindus, fear in Situation 1 (personal humiliation of a group member) was associated with preference for retribution but with conciliation in Situation 3 (mocking of Gods and Goddesses). Similarly, anger enhanced the odds of Hindus for engaging in retaliation in Situation 2 (obstruction of in-group’s religious procession). As for Muslims, contextual factors, such as, resource power, power to harm in association with different negative emotions increased the odds for their preferred choices of emotional reaction.

This article focuses on a social intervention effort that has been going on for about 15 years to free a group of people who have been under debt bondage in rural India. They have worked as members of self-help groups (SHGs) and now are members of a producers’ company devoted to the cause of organic farming. The article investigates the role that is played by greed, altruism and social capital in sustainability perceptions of such villagers who only recently got exposed to the ways of an aspirational society. We found that greed and altruism played very little part in predicting sustainability perceptions, but social capital was a major predictor. While bonding social capital enhanced sustainability perception, bridging social capital reduced it. The results are understood in the overall social context of the Indian rural society and the social processes that unfolded during this intervention.

Coal contains various organic and inorganic substances including trace quantities of the heavy metals. Therefore, the combustion of coals releases some of the ultimately to the environment of some heavy metals elements in the form of their oxides and in a redistribution of these heavy metals in the surface soil and water bodies, particularly in the vicinity of coal-fired power plants. The fly ash and pond ash of different thermal power stations of India were mixed with soil at different doses separately to compare their impact on crop produce and soil. The present study deals with the presence of the heavy metals in the coal ash and its movement through the amendment of coal ash to the soil and crop produce.

In India, thermal power plants presently produce 118×106 t of coal ash per annum, which is projected to exceed 440×106 t per annum by 2030. This huge quantity of coal ash not only has tremendous environmental concerns but also occupies large areas of land for its dumping, requiring urgent and appropriate measures for its safe disposal and gainful utilization on sustainable basis. In addition, reclamation of a vast area of wasteland for agriculture and forestry is another challenge for the country’s fast-growing population. The Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research has carried out a detailed study on the bulk utilization of coal ash in agriculture and forestry sectors under different agroclimatic conditions and soil types for last two decades. The demonstration studies for the popularization purpose were carried out in the waste/alkaline lands of farmers’ fields and the results of such investigations are reported in this paper. The productivity of various crops grown in the ash-amended tr...

The article seeks to create a space for the concept of ‘self as God’ in the discourse on self-psychology. It attempts to understand how the central concept of spiritual or divine self finds expression in the lives of ordinary Hindus and in their cultural practices. It is argued that Hindus seek an intimate relationship with their God and, in the process, attempt to realise divinity in self. The relationship with others, including children, teachers (Guru), nature and God is derived from this overriding idea of oneness of self and God. Some narratives of experiences of this oneness with God are given to anchor the later elaboration and analysis of this idea. Hindu rituals, the worship process, the status accorded to the Guru and to the young child (girl or boy) and even certain cases of healing and communication with family deities, as well as other deities reflect this intimacy with God. It is emphasised that the spiritual self should be seen only as one facet of self which acts in tandem with its other facets. The facet of self that assumes salience is a function of context, person’s needs and life stage.

Fly ash, a solid waste being generated during power generation in thermal power plants, contains most of the plant nutrients in sufficient quantities, which holds great promise for its bulk use in agriculture as a soil conditioner for reclamation of acidic soil and as a source of plant nutrients for the deficient soils. The beneficial inherent properties of fly ash prompted us to study its effect on the growth of different root crops under green house conditions. The present article deals with yield of various root crops grown with fly ash and mass balance of the trace elements in soil, fly ash, and crop produce.

PURPOSE Patients with beta-thalassemia (beta-tha) represent a group with lifelong transfusion-dependent anemias. This study aimed to describe the conjunctival changes and tear film parameters in these patients. METHODS A total of 52 patients (104 eyes) with beta-tha major and 22 normal control subjects (44 eyes) were studied during 1999 through 2000. Tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer test, rose Bengal staining, and cytologic evaluation of the conjunctival epithelium were performed in all subjects. The Papanicolaou and May-Grumwald-Giemsa staining procedures were performed on all smears. Patients and control subjects were compared for tear function parameters and conjunctival changes. RESULTS The BUT, Schirmer test, and rose Bengal staining values were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in beta-tha patients than in control subjects. Keratinized cells were observed in conjunctival samples in 41% of patients, with a decrease in the number of goblet cells per slide in 64% of patients. In 9% of beta-tha patients, there were a slightly greater number of inflammatory cells than in control eyes. CONCLUSION Ocular surface disorder of these patients was characterized by goblet cell loss and conjunctival squamous metaplasia. Our findings were correlated positively with the variable age. Epithelial damage by toxic reaction and disorder of tear quality and quantity are implicated as important factors in the pathogenesis of the ocular surface disease in beta-tha patients.

Realo (2003) argues that Estonian society in public discourse is construed differently compared to the way it is in academic discourse. We suggest that such discrepancies arise because of the processes of social categorization, and also because scholars have focused more on universal attributes of individualism/collectivism (I/C) than on cultural processes. Our comments also draw attention to several theoretical and methodological problems associated with I/C.

We have correlated the clinical and histopathologic features of the eyes and central nervous system in a patient with Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome who died at age 11 years. The main ocular findings included degeneration of photoreceptors, marked thinning of the outer nuclear and outer plexiform layers, retinal gliosis, narrowing and obliteration of blood vessels with a perivascular cuffing of pigment cells, and degenerative changes in the retinal pigment epithelial cells with accumulation of melanolipofuscin. The positive findings in the brain included a symmetrical, partially destructive lesion of the globus pallidus, especially in its internal fibers and neurons; in addition, we noted gliosis, widely disseminated axonal spheroidal bodies, which were most numerous in the globus pallidus and pars reticulata, as well as deposits of iron. Our histopathologic findings implicate three possible mechanisms, namely, lipid peroxidation, a deficiency of fatty acid membrane components, and increased cGMP which, either singly or in combination, are responsible for a pathogenesis that is common to the eye and brain in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome.

Indian work organizations display a mixed set of values, characteristic of both western and non-western societies. A belief in Detachment is found to coexist with Materialistic Orientation. Collectivism with Individualism and Humanism with Power Orientation. To substantiate this, results from two studies on member integration. carried out in four public sector organizations (Prakash 1982) and a multinational organization (Katju 1986) are discussed. Personal values and organizational values in the two types of organizations were analysed. Factor analysis of these values in public sector organizations yielded factors based on indigenous as well as universal values. The value clusters in the case of the multinational organization were largely based on Universal values. Member integration in the public sector organizations was found associated with certain background variables. such as the level of professional education. the family's exposure to work organizations, prior work experience. etc. Nurtur...

Experimental retinal vein occlusion in monkeys was followed by an immediate increase in capillary permeability which was accompanied by retinal oedema. This functional capillary change was followed at about 6 hours after occlusion by structural damage to the capillary wall. Thrombus formation occurred in the damaged vessels, and areas of stasis were thus produced with associated retinal haemorrhages. Finally, there was complete loss of the capillary endothelium and pericytes, and the acellular capillaries were invaded by proliferating glial cell processes, so producing permanent capillary closure.

The clincopathological features and pathogenesis of secondary mosaic degeneration of the cornea (anterior crocodile shagreen of Vogt) are described. The structural basis for the normal anterior corneal mosaic pattern seems to lie in the particular arrangement of many prominent collagen lamellae of the anterior stroma that thake an oblique course to gain insertion into Bowman's layer. Since, at normal intraocular pressure, Bowman's layer is under tension, when viewed from the anterior surface the cornea appears smooth. By releasing the tension, however, a reproducible polygonal ridge pattern becomes manifest. It is suggested that a prolonged phthisical state of the eye is one condition wherein the mosaic pattern may become permanent and that, as a secondary event, this is followed by irregular calcification of Bowman's layer which particularly involves the ridges projecting into the epithelium. Biomicroscopically these ridges corresponded to the branching reticular arrangement of the mosaic opacities.

SiO 2 and GeO 2 have been found to have limited solubility in the Ni-Zn ferrite. SiO 2 having negligible solubility is seen to segregate as a dispersed phase, which reduces grain boundary mobility during sintering. Unreacted GeO 2 (m.p. ≃ 1100°C), on the other hand, forms a free flowing liquid phase, which wets the grain and promotes faster grain growth during sintering. The initial permeability decreases significantly with increasing GeO 2 additions. The bulk conductivity σ dc of the samples containing higher concentrations of these dopants shows an anamolous temperature dependence which is typical to the Schottky thermoionic emission. Such phenomena are discussed in terms of the second phase precipitation. The domain wall energy γ is also seen to increase significantly at higher dopant concentrations reflecting an increase in the internal stresses, caused primarily by these precipitates.