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This narrative qualitative study explored how sorority members negotiated their identities within systems of hegemony with their student communities. Sorority members used women's empowerment discourse to rationalize how they consumed alcohol, engaged in frequent consensual sexual relationships, and navigated relationships with fraternity men and across their campus sorority/fraternity communities. Implications for practice included harm reduction, sex education, and supportive policies.

Background: Racism is a public health crisis impacting the health and wellbeing of adolescents. Finding valid tools to measure race-based discrimination, a form of racism, is necessary to accurately assess the effectiveness of programs aimed to reduce those experiences. Objectives: Our objective was to evaluate measurement invariance of a race-based discrimination scale by gender among a sample of youth (ages 13-19) from historically marginalized groups and to assess associations of race-based discrimination with sexual violence victimization and perpetration. Methods: We used pooled cross-sectional baseline data from two sexual violence prevention programs from 2015 to 2019. Male and female participants were from Manhood 2.0 (a cluster randomized trial) and Sisterhood 2.0 (a quasi-experimental study), respectively. All participants were recruited through community organizations from the same neighborhoods. In this study, we included all non-white youth with completed responses to the 10-item Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth (PRaCY) Scale. This study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh IRB. Results: We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (N = 749) and measurement invariance among male-identifying (n = 560) and female-identifying (n = 189) participants resulting in a unidimensional factor structure with weak factorial invariance by gender. Lifetime discriminatory experiences were common among all participants. Mean discrimination scores were associated with a significant increase in the odds of lifetime sexual violence victimization in males (OR = 3.03, 95%CI 1.43-6.42) and females (OR = 10.80, 95% CI 2.23-52.33), respectively. Conclusion: We confirmed construct validity of the PRaCY Scale among youth experiencing marginalization and found associations between experiences of discrimination and sexual violence victimization in both boys and girls.

Cyberbullying is a serious problem, and research on associations between different types of interpersonal violence and cyberbullying victimization is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine how the frequency of physical dating violence (PDV), sexual dating violence (SDV), and forced sexual intercourse (FSI) is associated with cyberbullying, and whether sex modified these associations among a nationally representative sample of US youth. 2017 and 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) survey data from 14,655 students were used. Youth reported the frequency of PDV, SDV, and FSI in a self-administered questionnaire, with aggregate categories of 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, or 4 or more times. Cyberbullying was also self-reported using a single-item measure. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the PDV, SDV, FSI-cyberbullying associations. Stratified analyses were used to determine if sex was an effect modifier of the PDV, SDV, and FSI-cyberbullying associations. Approximately 16% of students reported having been cyberbullied in the last 12 months. After adjustment, there was a statistically significant dose-response relationship between the frequency of SDV and cyberbullying (1 time: OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 2.30, 3.84; 2-3 times: OR = 3.53, 95% CI: 2.54, 4.93; [greater than or equal to] 4 times: OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 2.86, 6.95; referent 0 times). A similar dose-response relationship was observed for both PDV and FSI. Stratified analysis results suggest that sex may modify these associations. These results underscore the need to address youth dating violence as early as possible, with special attention to sex, as this may also prevent other types of victimization, like cyberbullying.

Purpose: This study examined predictors of sexual victimization among autistic and non-autistic college students. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether autistic students are more likely than non-autistic students to experience unwanted sexual contact and sexual assault, controlling for co-occurring diagnoses. We also aimed to determine whether students with other disabilities, specifically ADHD, learning disability (LD), and psychological disorders, are more likely than students without these disabilities to experience unwanted sexual contact and sexual assault. Methods: Autistic students (n = 270) and non-autistic students (n = 270) who had participated in a nationwide survey were matched on demographic characteristics and co-occurring diagnoses. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to address the research questions and evaluate predictors of unwanted sexual contact and sexual assault. Results: Autistic students were as likely as non-autistic students to have experienced unwanted sexual contact and sexual assault, controlling for co-occurring diagnoses. Regardless of autism diagnostic status, students with ADHD were more likely than students without ADHD to have experienced unwanted sexual contact and sexual assault. Conclusions: Although autism diagnostic status was not a significant predictor of unwanted sexual contact or sexual assault, other factors associated with increased risk of sexual victimization, such as co-occurring ADHD, are likely to be found in autistic populations. This study highlights the importance of educational, social, and institutional supports to decrease sexual victimization among college students with neurodevelopmental disabilities.

The incidence and nature of sexual violence at UK universities has been aligned with a 'rape culture', where sexual violence is taken-for-granted. Calls to change such a culture permeate literature from government, charities, regulatory bodies, and academia. This paper pulls out of the literature the strategies called to change rape culture. Focusing on three overarching strategies: "naming" sexual violence, "reporting" sexual violence, and "preventing" sexual violence. We carried out a website analysis of all UK universities that focused on gathering data along these three themes to ascertain the extent to which their websites supported changing the culture of sexual violence at their university. Many universities' websites had an online reporting tool and defined sexual violence, but many universities' websites did not have information about bystander initiatives (the prevention strategy we focused on). The research raises implications for universities to enhance their website pages for in-person bystander initiatives and to standardise definitions of sexual violence used in online reporting tools. Consequently, more research is needed into what definitions of sexual violence are used, the type of language used and the efficacy of online reporting tools.

Intimate partner violence and sexual assault are under-researched experiences in autistic people's lives. Recent research, however, has shown that autistic people are more likely to have been victimized than non-autistic people. This research, therefore, sought to explore the firsthand accounts of a range of autistic people about intimate partner violence and sexual assault. Twenty-four autistic adults with lived experience (6 male, 15 female, 3 non-binary) aged 25-61 years took part in semi-structured interviews online. They were asked about their experiences of intimate partner violence and sexual assault, whether and how they felt being autistic interacted with those experiences, and what recommendations they would have for improving education in the future. Almost all participants had repeated experiences of intimate partner violence and sexual assault, regardless of gender, and there were clear similarities in their stories. Six themes with subthemes were identified. These were "'experiences of abuse'", "'autism used against you'", "'poor family models'", "'impact of/on friendships'", "'handling trauma'", and "'recommendations for future practice'". Autistic people experience many of the same patterns of abuse as non-autistic people do, but there are unique autism-related vulnerabilities and outcomes. We found that there were a variety of responses to these experiences, and call for greater understanding so that autistic victims can be better supported.

Dating sexual violence (DSV) is a serious social problem among college students worldwide. This study examines the effects of gender role attitudes (GRA) in DSV and the mediating role of rape myth acceptance (RMA) among students of different sexual orientations in China. A total of 2134 Chinese college students (553 men and 1581 women, 1751 heterosexuals and 383 sexually diverse groups) participated in this study. We found that sexually diverse men have the highest DSV perpetration (47.13%) and victimization rates (40.23%) and that sexually diverse women have the most equal gender attitudes. RMA is identified as a mediator of the relationship between GRA and DSV perpetration and victimization among heterosexuals, but not among sexually diverse groups. The need for more sexually inclusive educational interventions to decrease DSV on college campuses is discussed.

Sexual violence is common on US college campuses and can result in negative health and academic outcomes. Credit-bearing courses are a possible innovative intervention, but few have been studied, and little is known about enrolled students' experiences. Our institution, located in the Southern United States, developed a semester-long class as a curricular intervention after our institutional climate survey results showed high rates of sexual violence among undergraduate students. Students enrolled in the course wrote a final reflection paper on what they found meaningful about the class (N = 62). Qualitative conventional content analysis was used to examine what students found most salient. Three overarching categories emerged: course content, course delivery and course impact, each with multiple themes. For course content, students wrote about 22 different topics from the class. For course delivery, students discussed the open forum to discuss sexuality, the importance of taking the course in their first year of college and the course structure. For course impact, students discussed gaining new knowledge, questioning prior assumptions, experiencing personal transformation and feeling empowered to act. Results indicated that students had a powerful class experience and that this kind of educational intervention has the potential to positively impact enrolled students.

This qualitative media study, undertaken within an interpretative research paradigm, aims to expand our knowledge of sexual violence perpetrated against learners in South African public and private schools. Due to ethical, normative and methodological barriers surrounding research on sexual violence in schools, South African English language newspapers were used as data source. The SA Media database was utilised to identify 153 relevant newspaper articles published in the period of 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2022. Themes were identified by means of qualitative content analysis. The findings shed light on the extent of sexual violence in schools, the acceptance and normalisation of teacher-on-learner sexual violence, the exploitation of learners' academic and athletic aspirations by teachers and coaches, and the imbalance of power and consequent abuse of power in a country where hegemonic masculinity prevails. Moreover, the study found teachers, coaches, caregivers, taxi drivers and fellow learners to be perpetrators of sexual violence. The study also highlights the negative effects of sexual violence on the victims' academic, mental, physical and social wellbeing. Drawing on Galtung's typology of violence, three dimensions of violence, namely personal or direct violence, indirect or structural and cultural violence were identified. This multidimensional interpretation emphasises the need to address this scourge on direct, structural and cultural levels.

This investigation explored hindsight bias in college students' perceptions of sexual assault. Participants read a vignette about a man and woman who met at a party with the conditions varied across the vignettes: the alcohol use of the characters, the outcome of the vignette, and in the rape outcome, the victim's actions after the assault. Hindsight bias was assessed using both the posttest-only method and the pretest/posttest method and for both the outcome of the vignette and post-outcome events. Results revealed significant evidence for the existence of hindsight bias with the pretest/posttest method. Additionally, results revealed some evidence for hindsight bias contamination in perceptions of vignette characters, but in ways contrary to those predicted by the Defensive Attribution Hypothesis (Shaver, 1970).

The current study used an intersectional framework to investigate international students' experiences of sexual violence and examine differences in contexts, consequences, and disclosure between international and domestic students. Secondary analyses (chi-squares, multivariate logistic regressions) were conducted on previously collected data. The sample consisted of 6,554 students, including 764 international students. Compared with their domestic peers, international students of all ages, genders, sexual orientations, minority status, grade levels, and time spent at university faced an increased likelihood of being the target of sexual violence. Contexts and disclosure of victimization did not vary by student status. International students reported more PTSD symptoms after campus sexual violence. Future studies are needed to determine why perpetrators target international students. Prevention and intervention efforts need to acknowledge diversity among international students and potential victims who could be men, women, LGBTQ+ students, undergraduate and graduate students.

This study aims to (1) comprehensively describe the design of web-based sexual violence information systems (SIM) in universities, (2) Describe sexual violence efforts in (3) Explore and explain the role of web-based Management Information Systems (SIM) in efforts to prevent sexual violence in Higher Education. This research was designed with the type of Research and Development research. This type is directed to show facts or events systematically and accurately regarding certain conditions as the focus of the study. The data collection method is carried out in three ways, including: (1) observation, (2) interview, (3) questionnaire, (4) documentation. All four are carried out in a planned manner to obtain complete and relevant data. The collected data are then analyzed using induction techniques, namely by drawing conclusions ranging from specific statements or facts to conclusions of a general nature. Research reports are presented in the form of detailed descriptive descriptions, equipped with product prototypes, images and tables as the scope of discussion. The findings of this study show that (1) the sexual violence management information system in higher education is a form of service that manages data into information with the support of website facilities as a medium of interaction, (2) efforts to prevent sexual violence in universities include task force making activities, training and workshops on sexual violence assistance, and (3) the role of web-based management information systems in preventing sexual violence in universities as a form of university commitment to make decisions / policies in developing educational institutions, and also helping service users (stakeholders) to channel their aspire for the development of institutions.

Because university campuses are microcosms of broader political and social climates, the increasingly polarized climates outside universities can permeate the classroom, challenging faculty who teach topics characterized by controversy and discomfort. We conducted a lesson study project at a college in the southeastern United States in three first-year courses from different disciplines to examine how the broader tensions of the #MeToo movement emerged and affected a class activity focused on gender. We sought to understand our students responses to a moment of discomfort generated by discussions of sexual roles, consent, and assault issues that are relevant in both this cultural moment and in the lives of many first-year college students. We observed responses ranging from affirmation to resistance in what felt at times like our own failure. Without this collaboration, each of us may have been left with a narrower view of what the students learned and an incomplete sense of our own work. What began as an investigation into students transformative learning experiences ended as a transformative experience in our own understanding of the acts of teaching and the complexities of student learning.

Pornography often depicts traditional gender norms and aggression paired with sexual behaviour. Among adolescents, exposure to pornography is related to unhealthy beliefs about gender, sex and relationships. Critical thinking about media may reduce the internalisation of unhealthy messages in pornography. However, there is a dearth of research examining how critical media attitudes are protective of youth in early adolescence. Using a US sample of ninth- and tenth-grade students (n = 558; M[subscript age] = 14; 53% female), this study examines how the relationship between frequency of pornography use and acceptance of traditional gender norms, dating violence and rape myths may be moderated by critical media attitudes. More frequent pornography use was related to greater acceptance of rape myths and gender norms, but only for adolescents who were less sceptical about media messages. For adolescents who were sceptical of media messages about sex, there was no relationship between pornography use and their acceptance of rape myths and gender norms. This study provides preliminary evidence of the protective influence that critical media attitudes may have on adolescents' sexual and relationship health. In an increasingly digital world, it is critical to provide early media literacy education as part of sexuality education to promote adolescents' health.

Background: College is a critical life stage for alcohol-related harms to others (AHTOs), gender, and sexual identity. We tested associations between inclusively-defined gender and sexual identities (separately) and AHTOs among college students. Methods: The Healthy Minds Study (n = 8,308) provided data about three AHTOs: (1) babysitting a drunk student, (2) alcohol-related unwanted sexual advance, and (3) alcohol-related sexual assault. Independent variables included gender and sexual identity. Results: One in four students (25.5%) reported babysitting, 6.2% reported unwanted advances, and 1.2% reported sexual assaults. Compared to cisgender males, cisgender females had higher odds of reporting babysitting (aOR = 1.36, p < 0.001) and unwanted advances (aOR = 2.59, p < 0.001); trans masculine students had higher odds of reporting sexual assaults (aOR = 4.49, p = 0.04). Conclusions: AHTOs are prevalent on college campuses, and cisgender female and trans masculine students have higher odds of experiencing them. Alcohol interventions may protect cisgender female and gender minority students from the drinkers around them.

Objective: To examine whether sexual assault prospectively predicts unhealthy weight management behaviors in college women. Method: Participants were female college students (N = 483) with monthly assessments across the first year, including the frequency and severity of sexual assault and unhealthy weight management behaviors. Results: Frequency of sexual assault prior to college predicted dieting, purging, and diet pill use, over the first year. Severity of those experiences predicted dieting and diet pill use. Frequency of sexual assault during the first semester predicted purging and diet pill use during the second semester. Severity predicted all three unhealthy weight management behaviors. Findings held consistently when controlling for socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and pre-college mood, anxiety, and eating disorders, as well as unhealthy weight management behaviors during the first semester in longitudinal analyses. Reverse models were non-significant. Conclusions: This research documents the detrimental effects of sexual assault on unhealthy weight management behaviors in college women, and highlights the importance of prevention and intervention.

Limited research exists around the complexities of scholars who identify as survivors and subsequently engage in research about sexual violence and the relationship between their own scholarship and survivor identities. As scholars of color and survivors, who work in higher education, we navigate our own trauma and the trauma of others on a regular basis. This study was a transformative opportunity to explore our own experiences with writing dissertations on campus sexual violence. Employing the concept of masking and unmasking, we engaged in a critical duoethnography to explore the depths of our survivor identity during and after writing our dissertations. Because we use duoethnography, we present transparency and value rather than findings and discussion. Our study fosters understandings regarding the relationship between survivorship and scholarship and how "unmasking" the dissertation process can be an act of resistance for marginalized doctoral candidates.

Sexual assault is a persistent problem on college campuses that disproportionately impacts sexual and gender minority identified students. Objective: This study explores how circumstances of the crime, disclosure to informal sources, training and campus climate are associated with reporting sexual assault to college officials by these students. Participants: A total of 409 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer/questioning college students who experienced sexual assault while attending their current four-year college. Results: Chi-square and t-test analysis found that reporting to college officials was significantly associated with the type of assault experienced, disclosure to a campus advocates, disclosure to a parent/guardian, and the campus climate for LGBTQ students. Conclusion: These findings suggest that practitioners and college officials may support reporting behavior amongst sexual and gender minority identified students through enhanced campus support systems and strategic educational efforts.

Objective: The current study examined the influence of rape myth acceptance on self-blame and psychological symptoms following a sexual assault. Participants: The sample included 280 female sexual assault survivors in college. Methods: In an online survey, participants completed the Sexual Experiences Survey -- Short Form Victimization, Updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire -- 9 item scale, and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Results: A significant indirect effect was found between acceptance of rape myths and PTSD symptoms via self-blame; acceptance of rape myths was positively associated with self-blame, which in turn was positively associated with PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Clinicians working with survivors of sexual assault should assess for endorsement of rape myths and self-blame, as challenging posttraumatic cognitions has been shown to reduce symptoms of trauma.

Men's negative attitudes toward women represent a known risk factor for sexual aggression perpetration. Sexual aggression is a widespread public health concern, especially among emerging adults, and is associated with a multitude of negative consequences. The current study evaluated whether pornography-related perceived peer norms, own approval, and self-reported use are associated with negative attitudes toward women in a sample of college men. Types of pornography examined included pornography (in general); pornography that included portrayals of bondage, whipping, and spanking but without explicit dissent (i.e., pornography that depicted bondage/physical aggression); as well as pornography consisting of sexually explicit rape depictions in which force is used. Self-report measures assessing the frequency of pornography exposure, self-acceptance of pornography use, and perceived peer norms were collected from 283 college men. A multiple linear regression model revealed that only perceived peer norms for acceptance of pornography that depicted rape was positively associated with negative attitudes toward women. Findings highlight the importance of better understanding and addressing perceived peer norms in sexual assault prevention programs for college men.

Contemporary critical literacy instruction primarily revolves around group discussion, yet the reflective nature of writing makes it an ideal strategy for supporting student sense-making about the world and how we operate within it. And semi-private reflective writing is especially necessary for instructional models that center text reading that feature characters who are learning to negotiate the power hierarchies that exist in their lives. Through cross-case generalized narratives, the author examines how college students participating in a critical literacy-informed book study relied on reflective journaling as an important tool for their understanding. Findings illustrate the utility of reflective journaling as a powerful tool for thinking about one's privilege, power, and role in maintaining oppression when employed in conjunction with opportunities for collective sense-making and group dialogue.

Previous studies have indicated that sorority members engage in high-risk alcohol consumption, putting them at increased risk of sexual victimization. In the current study, we examined the associations between sorority members' adherence to myths about sexual consent and assault related to alcohol misuse. Findings from the responses of 110 sorority members indicate that alcohol misuse is positively associated with personal belief alignment with common rape myths. We discuss implications for university administrators and college counselors.

In the United States, sexual violence in K-12 public schools saw a 55% increase in incidents from the 2015-2016 school year to the 2017-2018 school year. These incidents included sexual violence by school employees against students and peers against other peers. The current study estimated the overall weighted average number of sexual assault/sexual battery, rapes/attempted rapes, and overall sexual violence within districts and across the states using the 2017-2018 data gathered by the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC). The two-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) results showed that the average number of incidents of sexual assault/sexual battery per district across states was 3.74, with a variance of 61.81 per district within the states. The average variability in the average incidents of sexual assault/sexual battery between the states was 265. Finally, future studies should use moderators to explain the variations in sexual violence within and across states.

Sexual assault is a global threat to adolescent health, but empowerment self-defense (ESD) interventions have shown promise for prevention. This study evaluated the joint implementation of a girls' ESD program and a concurrent boys' program, implemented via a cluster-randomized controlled trial in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya, from January 2016 to October 2018. Schools were randomized to the 12-h intervention or 2-h standard of care. Students were randomly sampled to complete surveys at baseline and again at 24 months post-intervention. A total of 3263 girls, ages 10-14, who completed both baseline and follow-up surveys were analyzed; weights were adjusted for dropout. At follow-up, 5.9% (n = 194/3263) of girls reported having been raped in the prior 12 months. Odds of reporting rape were not significantly different in the intervention versus SOC group (OR: 1.21; 95% CI (0.40, 5.21), p = 0.63). Secondary outcomes, social self-efficacy (OR: 1.08; 95% CI (0.95, 1.22), p = 0.22), emotional self-efficacy (OR 1.07; 95% CI (0.89, 1.29), p = 0.49), and academic self-efficacy (OR: 0.90; 95% CI (0.82, 1.00), p = 0.06) were not significantly different. Exploratory analyses of boys' victimization and perpetration are reported. This study improved on previous ESD studies in this setting with longitudinal follow-up of individuals and independent data collection. This study did not show an effect of the intervention on self-reported rape; findings should be interpreted cautiously due to limitations. Sexual assault rates are high in this young population, underscoring a dire need to implement and rigorously test sexual assault prevention interventions in this setting. The trial was registered with Clinical Trials.gov # NCT02771132. Version 3.1 registered on May 2017, first participant enrolled January 2017.

This article analyses discussion of a narrative concerning sexual consent in a 2019 Spanish television series broadcast on Netflix called "Les de l'Hoquei" ("The Hockey Girls"). A thematic analysis was conducted on 105 comments made in response to three posts on the show's official Instagram account (all dated 27 May 2019), which summarise the series' storyline about the absence of sexual consent in the relationship between two main characters. The findings revealed two contrasting views. On the one hand, there were comments that interpret the situation by referring to stereotypes of romantic love, ignoring the conflict over sexual consent and instead treating the break-up as a problem that the couple should resolve in their own private way. On the other hand, there were comments that identify what happened as a situation of sexual non-consent, where the aspects that generated the most controversy were the use of the word 'rape' and the male character's responsibility for not having heeded the non-verbal signals given to him by his partner. From the perspective of relationships and sex education, it is concluded that audiovisual content and exchanges on social media can be useful tools when it comes to learning to acknowledge non-verbal signs of non-consent.

Objective and Methods: The study examined sexual victimization among college students with disabilities (n = 187) using an online survey at a large southern university. Students reported one or multiple disabilities: physical disabilities, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)/Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), learning disabilities, and emotional disabilities, with most students reporting more than one disability. Results: Overall, 71% of the sample experienced one or more types of lifetime sexual assault and/or rape, and 51% reported sexual victimization since attending the university. There were no significant differences in experiencing sexual assault and/or rape between students with one disability compared to students with more than one disability. Conclusions: Considering the high rates of sexual victimization among students with disabilities, and the dearth of research focusing on the context of sexual assault in this population, future research and research-based prevention initiatives are needed. Findings can inform future prevention efforts to address sexual violence among students with disabilities on campuses.

Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a serious public health concern, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning (LGBTQ+) youth report higher rates than their heterosexual and cisgender peers. This qualitative study aimed to understand LGBTQ+ students' perspectives on how middle and high school environments can better prevent and address SV. Methods: In partnership with a school-based LGBTQ+ support group in Washington State, we recruited 31 LGTBQ+ students ages 13-18 for virtual interviews (n = 24) and for providing text-based answers to interview questions (n = 7). We used inductive thematic analysis to analyze data and identify themes. Results: To prevent and respond to SV, students highlighted schools having: (1) access to gender-neutral spaces; (2) LGBTQ+ competency training for staff; (3) enforcement of school policies (eg, SV, anti-bullying) and accountability; (4) LGBTQ+-competent mental health support; and (5) comprehensive sexual health education that addresses LGBTQ+ relationships and SV. Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity: Students expressed the need for changes in school physical and social environments to address SV among LGBTQ+ youth. Conclusions: Incorporating youth perspectives, particularly LGBTQ+ youth at high risk of SV, can help schools implement strategies that are supported by youth and thus potentially more sustainable and effective.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between sexual identity-behavior concordance and discordance with meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement behaviors in adolescents. Participants were US adolescents who reported a history of sexual partners from the 2015-2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 19688; 49.3% female). A sexual identity-behavior variable indicated response agreement (concordance) and disagreement (discordance) between self-reported sexual identity and the sex of sexual partners. The 24-hour movement behaviors included meeting recommendations for physical activity, screen use, and school night sleep. Sex-specific and weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze associations between sexual identity-behavior concordance and discordance with meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement behaviors controlling for pertinent covariates. Discordant heterosexual males (OR = 0.47, p = 0.015), concordant gay males (OR = 0.31, p < 0.001), and bisexual males (OR = 0.39, p = 0.001) had lower odds of meeting physical activity recommendations compared to concordant heterosexual males. Bisexual males (OR = 0.44, p = 0.004) and bisexual females (OR = 0.73, p = 0.008) had lower odds of meeting screen use recommendations compared to concordant heterosexuals. Discordant heterosexual, concordant gay, and bisexual male adolescents were less likely to meet physical activity recommendations while there was a lower likelihood of meeting screen use recommendations in both male and female bisexual adolescents. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2021.2010157

Humane Acts Bystander Intervention Training curriculum (HABIT) aims to reach students less inclined to learn from liberal and more-feminist education offered in current curricula. Using moral foundations theory to encourage bystander intervention in potential sexual assault situations, the authors taught and assessed 137 diverse students within an urban university's First Year Seminar course. Results indicated the curriculum improved the inclination to intervene in those deemed least likely to intervene.

Though a relationship between sexual assault and suicidal thinking is established, fewer studies explore complex coping mechanisms for these college student treatment issues. We hypothesized that the relationship between sexual assault and suicide ideation was mediated by binge eating concerns and that treatment for recent sexual assault would also result in greater change in eating concerns and suicidal thoughts. An eating concerns subscale and an item assessing suicidal thoughts from the Collegiate Center for Mental Health (CCMH) 2018-2019 data set were completed during treatment (n = 53,016). Results supported the hypotheses, revealing eating concerns as a significant partial mediator. Moreover, recent sexual assault survivors, particularly men, experienced greater changes during treatment than clients with other presenting concerns. Findings suggest problematic coping strategies that may increase the likelihood of suicidal thinking following sexual assault. Practitioners should monitor students' eating concerns and emphasize emotional regulation strategies to reduce suicidality. Limitations of correlational methodology and small effect sizes are also discussed.

This paper explores teenage girls' responses to general advice, and formal prevention messages, designed to reduce sexting-related risk and prevent harm. We conducted workshops with seven groups of girls (28 in total), aged 16-17 years, in a New Zealand city. Each group participated in a series of three workshop sessions. Drawing on a Freirean 'problem-posing' approach, we designed the workshops as spaces in which girls were invited to observe and critically discuss norms related to sharing nudes as well as harm prevention messages. Girls noticed the problematic gender and sexual politics that shape abstinence-based models that target girls (implicitly) to not send nudes, but which leave boys who distribute or otherwise misuse them out of the picture. Participants navigated a careful path between attending to risk and protection on the one hand, and endorsing their right to freedom of expression on the other. We argue for a subtle, but significant, shift away from a focus on sexting safety to a focus on the prevention of image-based sexual coercion, harassment and abuse. This reframing would help to direct prevention efforts to the gendered drivers and dynamics of harm perpetration, and the ways in which they are problematically socially ignored or condoned.

To address sexual assault on college campuses, many universities have adopted affirmative consent. Despite the adoption of these policies, there has been little research understanding the nuances of sexual consent. Drawing from sexual script theory, this study uses qualitative methodology to explore how college students understand sexual consent. Constant comparison analysis of focus groups revealed six themes relating to students' attitudes and behaviors pertaining to sexual consent. Study implications are discussed.

This essay details research into feminist digital activism in the Australian context through analysing the themes that emerged from the Teach Us Consent website. It provides a preliminary analysis of its contents as a means to continue and deepen the conversation around issues of gender, consent, and the education system. It also examines the difficulties and potentials of this digital type of feminist activism and research while highlighting the importance of technology as a 'testimonial space' [Gilmore 2017. "Tainted Witness: Why We Doubt What Women Say About Their Lives." New York: Columbia University Press, 159].

Group therapy is an effective modality to treat various mental health concerns and is proven to have significant interpersonal benefits. Despite the high prevalence of sexual violence amongst college-aged women, there are limited contemporary models for providing a trauma-specific group for this population. This article describes an innovative eight-session group for victims and survivors of sexual violence. Offered in a university setting, this semi-structured group incorporates psychoeducation about trauma, self-compassion and mindfulness techniques, coping skill development, trauma processing, expressive and creative therapeutic outlets, and peer connections in a confidential, affirming environment. The theoretical grounding and evidence-based framework underpinning this group is described, along with a detailed account of the weekly group sessions. Quantitative and qualitative data from the pilot study are reported, with preliminary results suggesting this is an effective group therapy model for improving post-traumatic stress symptoms, well-being, resilience, and self-compassion. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

This article focuses on the concept of masculinity as violence and how hegemonic masculinity ultimately serves as a secondary form of violence among men who survived sexual violence in college. I used Jackson and Mazzei's concept of "thinking with theory" framing both hegemonic masculinity and administrative violence as theoretical frameworks to understand how masculinity as violence mediates these college men's lived experiences. This study was a secondary analysis of interview data from 15 cisgender and transgender men who survived sexual violence during college between 2005 and 2015, using a qualitative collective case study approach. Findings included: (1) the inevitability of masculinity as violence; (2) masculinity as violence and its impact on coping; (3) the shame, fear, and frustration of masculinity as violence; and (4) systemic administrative (masculine) violence in higher education.

The viral #MeToo movement of recent years eventually moved from adult celebrities to harassment in K-12 schools. While many may think of sexual activity and/or harassment beginning in high school, the truth is that many middle school students engage in these behaviors as well. Adolescents have a natural curiosity about their bodies and burgeoning sexuality, but adults often ignore this. Schools should provide more comprehensive sex education in an effort to better inform adolescents and prevent nonconsensual sexual behaviors among younger students.

Background: Justice-involved youth report experiencing elevated levels of peer victimization. However, the links between the various forms of peer victimization and specific types of charges are unclear. Objective: The current study advances our understanding of peer victimization among justice-involved youth by examining how experiencing overt and relational victimization are linked to specific charges among detained youth. Method: Detained youth (N = 268; 74.6% male) responded to questions regarding peer victimization experiences and the detention facilities provided charge information. Results: Analyses indicated that experiencing overt victimization was associated with increased risk for being detained for arson-related charges, and those detained with an arson-related offense reported higher mean levels of overt victimization than those detained for other charges. Experiencing relational victimization was associated with increased risk for being detained for a sex-related crime, and youth detained for a sex-related crime reported higher levels of relational victimization than youth detained for other charges. In contrast, youth detained for theft-related charges reported lower levels of both overt and relational victimization than those detained for other reasons, but neither form of victimization was uniquely associated with risk for being detained for theft. Conclusions: These results suggest experiencing overt and relational victimization are uniquely associated with specific charges among detained youth, with more research needed to understand these links.

Principles focused evaluation (PFE) can complement existing formative and outcome evaluation plans by identifying Effectiveness Principles (EPs), an operationalization of values and standards that guide practitioners during program implementation. To date, however, few examples of PFE are available in the literature. This description of the application of PFE to the Washington State Rape Prevention and Education (RPE) sexual violence prevention program provides an example of how this flexible approach can augment an existing evaluation plan to distill shared evaluation components across different organizations implementing diverse prevention programming. Specifically, we describe the process used by a team of practitioners, funders, evaluation consultants and state-level sexual violence prevention technical assistance providers to identify EPs, operationalize indicators for each EP, and develop and test an EP measurement approach. In this process, the seven very different RPE-funded organizations, each serving a unique community, were able to identify and endorse shared, core EPs. This description illustrates PFE's promise for augmenting a shared evaluation approach and identifying common guiding tenets across uniquely situated organizations in a larger community of practice.

This study examined specific circumstances precipitating onset sexual offenses in a sample of 278 Australian male youth who have sexually harmed. Offense narratives--a description of how the onset offense was initiated, interactions and behavior that took place leading up to, and during, the offense, and how the offense ended--were qualitatively coded to identify how the sexual offense incidents manifested, particularly the motivations that interacted with opportunities to engage in sexual offending behavior for the first time. Three overarching themes emerged: sexual curiosity and/or gratification in the context of usual activities, broader non-sexual offending behavior that resulted in an opportunistic encounter with the victim, and peer-related influences in the manifestation of sexual offending. The findings highlight the importance of ecosystemic and situational factors in the commission of youth-perpetrated sexual offending which could be addressed to prevent sexual violence.

In this manuscript, we use Reason and Kimball's (2012) Theory to Practice Model to illustrate our experience building a Center dedicated to addressing dating and sexual violence among college students. We provide details of the context in which we work, highlight the processes we engaged in to recruit a broad swath of campus community members to engage in our collective work, and describe some initial outcomes of our work. We conclude with recommendations for campus leaders wishing to explore theory to practice in the context of addressing dating and sexual violence among college students.

Background: Youth identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) and/or transgender/gender nonconforming (TGNC) are at increased risk of violence. School policies and practices may mitigate this risk. Methods: Researchers merged data from the 2016 New Mexico School Health Profiles and the 2017 New Mexico Youth Risk and Resiliency Survey. Researchers employed multivariable logistic regression to test the associations between school-level measures and violence outcomes. Results: Genders and sexualities alliances (GSAs) were associated with reduced odds of lifetime forced sex among all, heterosexual cisgender, and LGB students, reduced odds of sexual violence among heterosexual cisgender students, and reduced odds of dating violence among LGB students. Inclusive sexual health education was associated with reduced odds of lifetime forced sex among LGB and TGNC students, reduced odds of sexual violence among LGB students, and increased odds of dating violence among heterosexual cisgender students. Inclusive teacher training was associated with increased odds of lifetime forced sex among TGNC students. Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity: Inclusive sexual health education and the presence of active GSAs may have the greatest potential for reducing violence, especially among LGB and TGNC students. Conclusions: Findings highlight the important role of school policies and practices in addressing violence.

Landmark research from before the 2010s shows that college women rarely held institutions responsible for allowing rape-prone party contexts to persist and failing to support survivors. Yet the college landscape has changed profoundly since these studies were published, with prominent anti-rape campaigns and new guidelines to Title IX policy. To update a research stream that has provided the basis for theorizing about sexual violence in college peer cultures, we examine 121 intensive interviews with 68 women who are at heightened risk of party rape because of their involvement in historically White sororities. Several key findings emerged. First, women were highly invested in the Greek party circuit. Second, participants blamed institutions for failing to do more to keep them safe. Reflecting their focus on institutions, women also proposed that institutional authorities change their policies so sororities could move parties out of fraternity houses and into sorority houses. Third, women took on the labor of trying to protect themselves and other women at parties by designating monitors. However, they reported that with this system, other women could be deemed responsible, not for being assaulted but for failing to prevent rape. Finally, women found ways to identify and exclude men they deemed "rapey" from Greek gatherings. However, boycotting an entire fraternity was more controversial and harder to sustain. Overall, women's preferred prevention strategies reflect a strong desire to avoid disturbing the Greek party scene. Implications for research and policy on gender and sexual violence prevention in higher education are discussed.

Conventional systematic reviews offer few insights into for whom and how interventions work. 'Realist reviews' examine such questions via examining 'context-mechanism-outcome configurations' (CMOCs) but are insufficiently rigorous in how evidence is identified, assessed and synthesised. We developed 'realist systematic reviews', addressing similar questions to realist reviews but using rigorous methods. We applied this to synthesising evidence on school-based prevention of dating and relationship violence (DRV) and gender-based violence (GBV). This paper reflects on overall methods and findings, drawing on papers reporting each analysis. Drawing on intervention descriptions, theories of change and process evaluations, we developed initial CMOC hypotheses: interventions triggering 'school-transformation' mechanisms (preventing violence by changing school environments) will achieve larger effects than those triggering 'basic-safety' (stopping violence by emphasising its unacceptability) or 'positive-development' (developing students' broader skills and relationships) mechanisms; however, school transformation would only work in schools with high organisational capacity. We used various innovative analyses, some of which aimed to test these hypotheses and some of which were inductive, drawing on available findings to augment and refine the CMOCs. Overall, interventions were effective in reducing long-term DRV but not GBV or short-term DRV. DRV prevention occurred most effectively via the 'basic-safety' mechanism. 'School-transformation' mechanisms were more effective in preventing GBV but only in high-income countries. Impacts on long-term DRV victimisation were greater when working with a critical mass of participating girls. Impacts on long-term DRV perpetration were greater for boys. Interventions were more effective when focusing on skills, attitudes and relationships, or lacking parental involvement or victim stories. Our method provided novel insights and should be useful to policy-makers seeking the best interventions for their contexts and the most information to inform implementation.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/nonbinary, and queer (LGBTQ +) adolescents experience considerable disparities in dating violence and sexual assault victimization relative to heterosexual and cisgender peers. These disparities may be driven in part by the disruptive effects of heterosexism and cissexism on school-based and family relationships. To quantify the potential roles of these processes and identify priorities for prevention efforts, we estimated the extent to which dating violence and sexual assault victimization in LGBTQ + adolescents could be reduced by eliminating sexual orientation and gender modality inequities in school adult support, bullying victimization, and family adversity. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional, population-based survey of high school students in Dane County, Wisconsin (N = 15,467; 13% sexual minority; 4% transgender/nonbinary; 72% White) using interventional effects analysis, adjusting for grade, race/ethnicity, and family financial status. We found that eliminating inequities in bullying victimization and family adversity could significantly reduce dating violence and sexual assault victimization in LGBTQ + adolescents, particularly sexual minority cisgender girls and transgender/nonbinary adolescents. For instance, eliminating gender modality inequities in family adversity could reduce sexual assault victimization in transgender/nonbinary adolescents by 2.4 percentage points, representing 27% of the existing sexual assault victimization disparity between transgender/nonbinary and cisgender adolescents (P < 0.001). Results suggest that dating violence and sexual assault victimization in LGBTQ + adolescents could be meaningfully reduced by policies and practices addressing anti-LGBTQ + bullying as well as heterosexism- and cissexism-related stress in LGBTQ + adolescents' families.

Background: Sexual violence (SV) prevalence remains high among U.S. college campuses; prevention strategies may benefit from addressing socially oppressive beliefs, including racism, sexism, and heterosexism that all directly link to attitudes and beliefs related to SV. Aims: The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential efficacy of a novel student-driven, theater-based intervention in shifting beliefs regarding racism, heterosexism, and SV. Method: Data were utilized from paired pre- and posttest surveys (n = 272) from undergraduate students, at a university in the Southeastern United States, who attended a student-driven theater production covering topics of SV, heterosexism, and racism. The survey included questions on rape myth acceptance, heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, perceived racism on campus, and relevant respondent demographic information. Results: After viewing the theater production, participants demonstrated significant decreases pretest-posttest in rape myth acceptance, ([delta]M = 0.04, SD = 0.25), t(261) = 2.57, p = 0.01, heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, ([delta]M = 0.09, SD = 0.36), t(267) = 3.32, p = 0.0001, and an increased pretest-posttest in perceived racism on campus, ([delta]M = -0.15, SD = 0.47), t(266) = -5.15, p < 0.0001. For rape myth acceptance and heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, no apparent differences were present by race, gender identity, sexual orientation, or year in school. Only White and mixed-race students' levels of perceived prevalence racism increased when examined by race. Implications: Findings from this study suggest that theater interventions may not only be an effective tool for addressing SV on campus, but also targeting other forms of discrimination, including sexism, homophobia, and racism among students.

Little focus has been afforded to LGBT+ students' study abroad experiences. We conducted a systematic literature search and synthesis which identified 13 articles either with a focus on or inclusion of participants who were LGBT+ studying abroad. We coded included articles' key information, including participant demographics; program duration, location, and academic focus; study methodology; and study results. The majority of studies used qualitative methods, and we note that gay and bisexual male students are severely underrepresented. Key findings also include issues of homophobia/transphobia, race and ethnicity disparities, community policing, sexual assault and rape, and methodology. We suggest that researchers on LGBT+ abroad focus on gay and bisexual male participation and focus on how queer community is formed abroad and regulated by its members. Furthermore, we recommend future research include demographic questions inclusive of LGBT+, employ more mixed methods or quantitative approaches, and measures emphasizing intercultural and academic gains for LGBT+ students.

This study examined whether knowledge of sexual consent buffers the relationship between risk factors for sexual violence (SV) and SV perpetration among first-year college men. The study data were drawn from a longitudinal study with 1144 first-year college men. A series of generalized linear models were conducted to examine whether knowledge of sexual consent moderated the relationship between SV risk factors and SV perpetration. Knowledge of sexual consent moderated the effect of hypermasculinity (P < 0.001), binge drinking (P < 0.001), rape-supportive social norms (P = 0.007) and peer support for SV (P < 0.001) such that there was a positive association between risk factors and SV perpetration among those with lower, but not higher, knowledge of sexual consent. Knowledge of sexual consent did not significantly moderate the relationship between SV perpetration and outcome expectancies for non-consensual sex (P = 0.387) and pornography use (P = 0.494). Knowledge of sexual consent may counteract risk factors for SV perpetration among young college men. The findings highlight the need for consent education to be incorporated in youth comprehensive sexual education to increase knowledge of sexual consent prior to college and campus-based SV prevention programming delivered to college students.

Amid seemingly endless media reports of sexual misconduct in our various institutions and particularly our schools, calls for better addressing gender injustice through education have again proliferated. In light of these calls, it continues to be important to appreciate the difficulties of teaching and activism in this area within the context of education. This paper highlights some of these difficulties from the perspectives of a small number of senior students at an elite independent school in the United States of America (USA). Drawing on a broader project that sought to identify new educative approaches to addressing gendered violence, the paper considers difficulties associated with (1) the adult-centred ways in which particular issues and knowledge about sex and sexuality are explored; and (2) the limits of student-only spaces for gender justice work especially given the discomforts of examining the gendered dimensions of sexual consent. Recognising these difficulties and tensions, the paper highlights the significance of feminist-informed adult allyship.