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Toxocara canis of dogs and Toxocara vitulorum of cattle and buffalo are nematode parasites that cause serious economic and public health problems all over the world. This study aims to provide molecular data to identify and distinguish between Toxocara spp. from dogs, cattle and buffalo in Egypt. Moreover, constructing a phylogeny and phylogenetic relationships among these Toxocara spp. were performed through an analytic study of ATPase-6, a mitochondrial gene; 12S, small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and ITS-2, the second internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal gene. T. vitulorum from cattle and buffalo were found to be almost identical. The ATPase- 6 and 12S regions showed 87.78 % and 90.38 % nucleotide similarity between T. canis and T. vitulorum, while for the ITS-2 region, only 78.38 % was found. Analysis of the three studied genes revealed that each Toxocara spp. has distinct molecular characteristics. Moreover, it was revealed that these genes, especially the ITS-2 gene, are useful and sensitive molecular markers for classifying and studying the phylogenetic analysis and relationships among closely related Toxocara spp. All sequences obtained in this study were registered in the GenBank under the accession numbers: MG214149 -MG214157.

Materials decay naturally through a process called corrosion in which they react with their surroundings. It is possible to prevent mild steel from corroding in hydrochloric acid (HCl) by applying a variety of corrosion inhibitors. In this work, the novel mononuclear manganese coordination complex [Mn(Hbpz)2(NCS)2] showed promising properties that make it suitable for corrosion prevention applications. In this experiment, different experimental methods were used to evaluate its inhibitory potential. For example, weight loss (WL) showed a 96% reduction in corrosion rate at higher concentrations. EIS was evidence that the concentration effect increases Rct and reduces Cdl. Moreover, the polarization examination demonstrated that C3 is a mixed-type inhibitor. In addition, quantum mechanical and statistical methods were also used, and the effect of temperature was also determined. Besides, thermodynamic equations were used and calculated. The adsorption follows the Langmuir isothermal model and the simulation method confirmed the spontaneous adsorption nature of the complex, which improves the surface characterization results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To study the cluster of differentiation 8 population in the laryngeal mucosa of patients with laryngeal carcinoma. To our knowledge this is the first paper to address this issue. Methods: The study group included 40 patients with known laryngeal cancer who were scheduled for laryngectomy. The control groups included 10 smokers and 10 non-smokers who were scheduled for microlaryngeal surgery. Specimens from the three groups were processed for histopathological and histochemical evaluation. Results: In patients without cancer of the larynx, the number of cluster of differentiation 8 lymphocytes was greater in smokers than non-smokers. The number of cluster of differentiation 8 lymphocytes was greatest in smokers with laryngeal cancer, and the difference between this group and the two control groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: The study showed that smoking increased the number of cluster of differentiation 8 T-lymphocytes in the laryngeal mucosa. The increase was greatest in patients who had developed laryngeal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption and corrosion inhibition behavior of ( E )-2-methyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethylidene)aniline ( T ) at steel/1.0 M HCl interface was investigated using gravimetric and electrochemical methods at 308 K. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of new synthesized Tiophene Schiff base. The potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that this compound as mixed-type inhibitor. Data, obtained from EIS measurements, were analyzed to model the corrosion inhibition process through appropriate equivalent circuit model; a constant phase element (CPE) has been used. The inhibition was assumed to occur via adsorption of the components of the Thiophene derivative on the mild steel surface which can be approximated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Quantum chemical parameters are calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Correlation between theoretical and experimental results is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT After the January 2011 Egyptian revolution led to the fall of the pro-western dictator Hosni Mubarak and popular elections that brought Islamist parties to the political forefront, the international community speculated about the country's future. Discussion about Egypt's future involved diverse issues, among them globalization, the English language, and how Islam and modernity interact. In this paper, the authors examine the story of English and its widespread use in Egypt to illustrate how modernization and Islamization have contributed to the spread of the once colonial, now global language-English-in the Arab Republic of Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of some prepared compounds, namely 3,5-dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole (P1), 3(5)-amino-5(3)-methylpyrazole (P2), and 1′,3,5,5′-tetramethyl-1′ H-1,3′-bipyrazole (P3), on the corrosion behaviour of steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution as corrosive medium has been investigated at 308 K using weight-loss measurement, potentiodynamic polarisation, linear polarisation, and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Generally, inhibition efficiency of the investigated compounds was found to depend on the concentration and nature of the inhibitor. P3 was a better inhibitor than P1 and P2, and its inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of inhibitor, attaining 94% above 10 M. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly reveal that P3 acts essentially as a cathodic inhibitor. E (%) values obtained from different methods are in reasonably good agreement. EIS measurements show an increase of transfer resistance with inhibitor concentration. Partial π-charge on atoms was calculated. Correlation between the highest occupied molecular orbital energy E and inhibition efficiencies was sought. The temperature effect on the corrosion behaviour of steel in 1.0 M HCl without and with different concentrations of inhibitor P3 was studied in the temperature range 308 to 343 K. Thermodynamic data, for example heat of adsorption ( $$ \Updelta H_{\text{ads}}^{^\circ } $$), entropy of adsorption ( $$ \Updelta S_{\text{ads}}^{^\circ } $$) and free energy of adsorption ( $$ \Updelta G_{\text{ads}}^{^\circ } $$) were calculated by use of thermodynamic equations. Kinetic activation data, for example E, Δ H*, Δ S* and pre-exponential factor, were calculated, and are discussed. The inhibiting action of P3 on the corrosion of steel in 1-10 M hydrochloric acid was also studied by weight-loss measurement. The rate constant and reaction constant were calculated for the corrosion reactions. Adsorption of P3 on the steel surface in 1.0 M HCl follows the Langmuir isotherm model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition of C38 steel in molar HCl by N, N-bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]buthylamine (P1) and 5-{ N, N-bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl] amino} pentanol (P2) has been investigated at 308 K using electrochemical and weight loss measurements. Measurements show that these compounds act as good inhibitors without changing the mechanism of the corrosion process. Moreover, the inhibiting efficiency increases with the increase in concentration of the studied inhibitors. Compound P2 showed better protection properties even at relatively higher temperatures when compared to P1. The associated activation corrosion and free adsorption energies have been determined. P1 and P2 are adsorbed on the C38 steel surface according to a Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlation of the efficacy of some bipyrazoles, N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-cyclohexylamine (Bip 1), N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1ylmethyl)-ethanolamine (Bip 2), N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl) allylamine (Bip 3) and N,N-bis(3-carboethoxy-5-methylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (Bip 4), against the corrosion of mild steel in HCl is discussed using density functional approach B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations. The bipyrazole inhibitors exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency. The quantum chemical parameters calculated are, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the gap energy (DE), the dipole moment (μ), the softness (σ) and the total energy (TE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scierotinia head rot is a major disease of sunflower in the world, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping could facilitate understanding of the genetic basis of head rot resistance and breeding in sunflower. One hundred twenty-three F2:3 and F2:4 families from a cross between HA 441 and RHA 439 were studied. The mapping population was evaluated for disease resistance in three field experiments in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. Disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) were assessed. A genetic map with 180 target region amplification polymorphism, 32 simple sequence repeats, 11 insertion-deletion, and 2 morphological markers was constructed. Nine DI and seven DS QTL were identified with each QTL explaining 8.4 to 34.5% of phenotypic variance, suggesting the polygenic basis of the resistance to head rot. Five of these QTL were identified in more than one experiment, and each QTL explained more than 12.9% of phenotypic variance. These QTL could be useful in sunflower breeding. Although a positive correlation existed between the two disease indices, most of the respective QTL were located in different chromosomal regions, suggesting a different genetic basis for the two indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In France, screening for cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) during pregnancy is not recommended in routine. The transmission of CMV through breastmilk from mothers to preterm infants is frequent (15–20%). The frequency of neuro-sensorial handicap related to congenital CMV infection in very preterm infants is not well documented. We report the case of a female infant born at 30 weeks of gestation. At 15 days, she developed cholestatic jaundice. Urine cultures were positive for CMV. Diagnostic procedure showed no other cause for jaundice. At 40 days, the infant presented with hepato-splenomegaly, purpura and abnormal skin color related to a symptomatic, secondary CMV infection, probably transmitted through breastmilk. Ganciclovir was begun for 21 days. At 12 months, she presents with normal development. This observation raises questions about breastfeeding in very preterm infants. Unexplained prematurity could reflect recent infection or reactivation in the mother. Thus, because of the well-known risks of prematurity on one hand, and CMV infection on the other, we suggest that detection of CMV seropositive mothers should be considered before allowing breastfeeding. If the mother has serologic evidence of recent infection or reactivation, freezing breastmilk at –20 °C for 3 days may be an option in order to reduce virolactia, especially during early lactation. This may reduce the risk of postnatal vertical virus transmission with minimal logistical difficulties and without interrupting breastfeeding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objectives: Very premature birth carries a high risk of neurocognitive disabilities and learning disorders. Acquiring sufficient speech skills is crucial to good school performance. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 2006 to evaluate speech development in 55 children born very prematurely in 2000 at the Rouen Teaching Hospital (Rouen, France), free of cerebral palsy, compared to 6-year-old born at full term. A computerized speech assessment tool was used (Bilan Informatisé du Langage Oral, BILO II). Results: In the premature-birth group, 49 % of 6-year-old had at least 1 score below the 25th percentile on 1 of the 8 BILO II tests. Significant speech impairments were noted for 2 components of speech, namely, comprehension and phonology. Oral comprehension scores no higher than the 10th percentile were obtained by 23 % of prematurely born children (P <0.02 vs controls). On word repetition tasks used to test phonology, 21 % of prematurely born children obtained scores no higher than the 10th percentile (P <0.01 vs controls). An evaluation of sensorimotor language prerequisites (constraints) in 30 of the 55 prematurely born children showed significant differences with the controls for word memory, visual attention, and buccofacial praxis. Conclusion: The speech development impairments found in 6-year-old born very prematurely suggest a distinctive pattern of neurodevelopmental dysfunction that is consistent with the motor theory of speech perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]