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Purpose: To detect the possible safety signal of purine antimetabolites associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia through disproportionality analysis in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Methods: A case/non‐case retrospective disproportionality analysis was performed in the publicly available FAERS database using AERSmine (2004Q1–2021Q3). Four models were developed to explore the signal strength of PAs among different populations with possible confounding factors. Reporting odds ratio (ROR) and Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) was used as the data mining algorithm for the analysis. A value of ROR‐1.96SE > 1 and PRR ≥ 2 with an associated X2 value of 4 or more was considered the threshold for a signal. Results: A total of 7073 reports associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia were present in the database, of which 899 reports were associated with purine antimetabolites. A crude signal strength of ROR 15.76(14.70–16.91) was obtained for purine antimetabolites associated PJP, with the highest signal strength reported with fludarabine and thioguanine [ROR 19.63(17.42–22.13); 19.45(13.21–28.63)]. Stratifying the cases based on autoimmune disorders and the cancer population revealed an ROR of 3.33(2.46–4.50) and 2.93(2.26–3.79) respectively. The highest risk of PJP with use of PAs was observed amongst children with a higher risk of nearly 2 times than the adult population [ROR 11.57(9.16–14.62)]. Conclusions: Our study provided evidence on the occurrence of PJP with the use of purine antimetabolites among the autoimmune and cancer population. We identified signals for PJP with azathioprine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, cladribine, fludarabine, and clofarabine. More research with a superior epidemiological study design of a defined population is required to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of lipid nanovesicles (LNVs), like liposomes, transferosomes, and ethosomes, strengthens transdermal drug delivery. The composition of lipid vesicles is similar to that of skin, so these can easily penetrate through the skin. Modifications in the design of lipid vesicles help enhance skin permeation; therefore, dose reduction is possible. Ultradeformable vesicles are superior to conventional lipid vesicles because of their better stability. Various methods used to prepare LNVs are the classical cold method, ethanol injection method, ether injection method, and film hydration method. The method of preparation is crucial because it drastically affects the characteristics of vesicles. The vesicles are evaluated for their physicochemical and biological properties. Since vesicular systems are more susceptible to physical, chemical, and biological degradation, their stability is critical and challenging. The transdermal applications of LNVs spread across all areas like antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer drugs and the delivery of proteins and peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]