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Introduction: COVID 19 is an unknown virus affecting mankind creating a deadly experience to all. It is true for Bangladesh also. So the objectives of the present study are to find the clinicopathological features and outcome of COVID patients admitted to three COVID dedicated hospitals of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Methods: This was an observational study where a total of 209 patients admitted to three COVID dedicated hospital were recruited. Clinicopathological data were recorded and patients were under observation till discharge and thus outcome were recorded. Prior consent was taken from the patients and ethical clearance was also taken. Data were compiled and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences-20. Results: Among 209 patients most of them were male 139 (66.5%) and male to female ratio was 1.98:1. Age group distribution revealed more were aggregated in the age group of 41–50 years 36 (17.2%), 51–60 years 54 (25.8%), and 61–70 years 57 (27.3%). Among all 92 (44%) patients were reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive and 117 (56%) were probable cases. Fever was present in 195 (93.3%) cases, cough in 180 (86.1%), respiratory distress in 105 (50.2%) anosmia in 123 (58.8%), aguesea in 112 (53.58%) and lethargy was present in 143 (68.42%). Chest X-ray findings revealed 73 (34.9%) had bilateral patchy opacities, 20 (9.6%) had unilateral opacities 65 (31.1%) had consolidations, 6 (2.9%) had ground glass opacities, and 2 (1.0%) had pleural effusion. Supplemental O2 was given in 173 (82.8%) patients, Favipiravir in 59 (28.2%), Remdesivir in 111 (53.1%), Methylprednisolone in 87 (41.6%), Dexamethasone in 93 (44.5%), Antibiotics in 204 (97.60%), Toccilizumab in 34 (16.3%), plasma in 18 (8.6%), and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in 200 (95.7%) patients. Regarding outcome of the COVID patients admitted, 85 (92.4%) patients improved, 6 (6.5%) died who were RT-PCR positive and 107 (91.15%) improved, 9 (7.7%) died who were probable cases. Total death rate was 7.1%. Conclusion: The present study findings were some early activities among COVID patients in the years 2020. Male were more affected and middle age group people were the most victims.

Background: Bangladesh is declared as “Digital Bangladesh” however, medical students are least acquainted with the necessary information and communication technology (ICT) knowledge in the context of medical education. We have conducted a survey to know about digital equipment ownership, therefore, carried out a self-reported assessment of knowledge and utilization of ICT in relation to educational and clinical development. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, multi-centered questionnaire survey was conducted among the medical students during the period of October 2019. Results and Discussions: In total 467 medical students responded to the questionnaire in which 92% of the students owned a Google android smartphone and accessed the Internet on their devices. Sixty-nine percent of students have (1–5) medical-related apps in their device and drug formulary apps most commonly used 43%. Fifty-nine percent of students have gained their present computer knowledge through self-learning. For study work with fellow student, 90% of students preferred Facebook group, WhatsApp, and Viber. While there was a range of variation in the usage of nonacademic search engines 72% of Google and no usages were found for more dedicated academic services such as PubMed and Medscape. According to 74% of students, inadequate integration of ICT knowledge into their syllabus culminated in insufficient future professional skills. All students were keen on a basic ICT learning program at the beginning of their medical courses. Conclusion: The study revealed that to prepare medical students for using ICT in their academic work adequately, introducing ICT training at the initial stage of the undergraduate program and designing the curriculum to develop a multiplicity of skills is essential in addition to an integrated teaching method.

Introduction: There is an outbreak of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Chittagong, Bangladesh in the year 2018. Due to unavailability of data of HEV infections in this region, objectives of the present study are to find the viral load and genotype the HEV infections. Methods: It was an observational study done in a tertiary care hospital during one year. A total of 125 Ig-M HEV positive cases were recruited tested by ELISA. After collection blood samples those were sent to Sliea Gen L.L.C, Texas, USA for detection of viral load and genotype maintaining proper procedure. Ethical clearance was taken from the hospital authority and informed written consent was taken from all patients and funding was provided by Sliea Gen L.L.C. USA. Results: Among the total 125 study patients, male was 90(72') and female was 35(29') where 7(5.6') were pregnant. Among them most 45(36.0') were at age group 30-40 years. Mean ± SD of age was 33.78 ± 14.29 years. All (100') cases were Ig-M Anti HEV positive and 9(7.2') cases were also positive for HBsAg, 1(0.8') cases were Anti HCV positive and none was Anti HAV positive. Regarding viral load Log 4-6 were found in 55(44.0') cases and >Log 6 were found in 23(18.4') cases and again 30(24.0') cases had 1000-10,000 IU/ml, 25(20.0') cases had 1,0,000-1,00,000 IU/ml and 23(18.4') cases had 1.00,000- 10,00,000 IU/ml viral load. Genotype 1F was found in 68(54.4') cases as the only genotype and no other genotype was found in the sample. Conclusion: So, in this region Chittagong, Bangladesh genotype 1F is the main genotype found and also they showed variable viral load.

Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been rapidly increasing worldwide, and its early screening is vital to prevent the development of end-stage renal failure. Population-based studies on detection at early stage of kidney disease and its prevalence are scanty in our country. Hence, taking advantage of the observance of the World Kidney Day 2019, we conducted a screening program for kidney disease organized at the Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital premises among a low-income group of hospital staffs. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study among a low-income group of hospital staffs, working at our hospital. Age, body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure were documented, and urinary protein and serum creatinine were measured at a single sitting. Kidney function was estimated by calculating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Kidney function was classified according to the estimated GFR (eGFR) and Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. Results: A total of 101 hospital staffs were studied. Majority of the participants (38%) were in the age group of 30–39 years. Among all, 24% of the participants had proteinuria (trace to ≥1 plus). The distribution of eGFR was symmetrical, with the majority (79%) of participants in the 60–89 ml/min category, 6.9% in the 30–59 ml/min category, and only 13.9% of the study population had eGFR >90 ml/min. An inverse relation between eGFR and age and a direct relation between eGFR and BMI were observed. Conclusion: Proteinuria, low GFR levels, and consequently the possibility of high burden of CKD are prevailing in the studied participants, and further targeted population-based studies are warranted to clarify these issues.

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is an important public health problem worldwide and causing global disease burden contributing as cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), and end-stage renal disease and marked disability. Objectives: The objective was to investigate the correlation between anthropometric indices and dyslipidemia relating to newly diagnosed HTN and compare with normotensive individuals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study of 131 patients splitting two groups comprising 65 hypertensive patients as case and 66 normotensive patients as control underwent in a tertiary hospital. Different anthropometric indices and fasting lipid profile were evaluated between two groups with the help of SPSS software. Results: Among 131 patients, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 155.9 ± 9.18 in case group and 124.6 ± 22.06 in control group (P < 0.5) and diastolic pressure was 96.70 ± 6.10 in case group and 78.45 ± 6.98 in control group (P < 0.05). The mean ± SD body mass index was 24.23 ± 3.3 in case group and 22.13 ± 2.92 in control group (P < 0.05). Serum triglyceride was 251.13 ± 85.9 in case group and 256.5 ± 73.5 in control group (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were 230.2 ± 44.53 and 150.78 ± 32.9 in case group and 166.27 ± 30.45 and 98.9 ± 20.15 in control group (P < 0.05). Strong-positive correlation was found between high SBP and LDL (r = 0.517), high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and LDL (r = 0.560), and high DBP and TC (r = 0.514). Conclusion: Anthropometric measures and lipid profile are the important tools should be emphasized early to diagnose HTN.

Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a potentially life-threatening condition marked by left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and heart failure. The disease incidence is rising and most of the cases are identified now due to availability of widespread echocardiography and possible suspicion by cardiologist. Materials and Methods: This was hospital-based study conducted in the department of medicine of a tertiary hospital, Bangladesh. The study population consisted of postpartum patients admitted to medicine ward for evaluating dyspnea from January 2012 to January 2017. Totally 31 patients were diagnosed as PPCM and taken as a sample after exclusion of all criteria. Results: Most of the patients belonged to 20–24 years of age group (51.6%, n = 16) and most patients developed PPCM in primigravida (51.6%). About 67.7% admitted from rural area and 32.3% from urban area. Exertional breathlessness (45.1%, n = 14) and orthopnea (32.2%, n = 10) are the predominant symptoms in all age groups, while exertional breathlessness was 50% presentations from early age group and 14.3% from elder group, while orthopnea was Observed 70% from early age group. Nearly 9.3% of participants in the study had twin pregnancy. Association of gestational hypertension and diabetes mellitus was found in this study group as 12.9%, n = 4, and 16.1%, n = 5. Majority of the patients (35.5%, n = 11) had no specific electrocardiography changes; sinus tachycardia and ST-T changes were found equally (22.5%, n = 7). About one-third of the patients (29%, n = 9) were found to have severe LV systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF]

Introduction: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is an act with nonfatal outcome, in which an individual deliberately initiates a nonhabitual behavior that, without intervention from others, will cause self-harm, or deliberately ingests a substance in excess of prescribed or generally recognized therapeutic dosage. Here, the objective of the present study was to demonstrate the sociodemographic profile and intention of DSH in our context. Methods: This prospective observational study was done during 1 year. A total of 51 cases were recruited. Sociodemographic data were collected and intension to DSH was assessed using Beck's Suicide Intent Scale. All patients were followed up until discharge, and data were analyzed using the SPSS-20. Results: Among all 51 cases female were the most common 48 (94.1%), Muslims were more 41 (80.4%), 31 (60.8%) were from urban origin, most were homemaker, 20 (39.2%) were single, 16 (31.4%) were poor, and most were at age group

Introduction: In countries like Bangladesh, tuberculous lymphadenopathy is a common extrapulmonary site. Its diagnosis and management is a challenge for the primary care physicians for its various clinical and pathological presentations. Hence, the objective of the present study is to describe the clinicopathological profile and outcome of lymph node tuberculosis (TB) cases in our setting. Methods: It was a prospective observational study done among 29 lymph node cases attending the outpatient and inpatient department of medicine of a tertiary care hospital in a period of 2 years. After written informed consent, clinical points are noted and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or biopsy of lymph node was done and histologically evaluated and the patients were followed up further. After collection of all data, it was compiled and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results: Among 29 cases, female patients (17, 58.6%) were more than the male (12, 41.4%) patients and most of the patients were at the age group of 21–30 years (48.3%). Most patients presented with fever (62.1%), weight loss (51.7%), night sweating 62.1%), anorexia (55.2%), and cough (27.6%). Among all, 20 (69%) patients presented with multiple enlarged lymph node group and 9 (31.0%) had involvement of single group. Cervical group involvement was the most common (25, 86.2%), and matting of lymph node was present in 20 (69%) cases. Among all, 24 (82.8%) cases were diagnosed by FNAC and 5 (17.2%) was diagnosed by biopsy. In microscopic evaluation, 18 (62.1%) cases had caseous necrosis, 27 (93.1%) had epithelioid cells and 8 (27.6%) had giant cells. Regarding other investigations, 8 (27.6%) patients had positive mantoux test (MT), 4 (13.8%) had concomitant pulmonary TB, and one case was found sputum positive for acid-fast bacilli. Regarding outcome evaluation, 20 (69%) cases were declared cured, 7 (24.1%) were lost to follow-up, one case died, and one cases was declared multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR) TB. Conclusion: In the study, bacteriological evaluation of the response to treatment cannot be done due to difficulty in obtaining follow-up specimens from the lymph node. Response was judged on the basis of clinical features and local examination findings.

Introduction: Snoring is a common health condition which is unexplored in the context of Bangladesh. Hence, the objective of the present study is to find out the frequency of snoring among the healthy Bangladeshi people attending tertiary care center in Chittagong using a questionnaire. Methods: It was a single center, cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Internal Medicine of a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh among 119 apparently healthy adults who were the attendants of patients. A “Snore Survey” questionnaire adopted from an Indian study which was based on Berlin questionnaire was used. Results: With a 88.1% valid response rate, present study included 63 (52.94%) male and 56 (47.06%) female. Among all, 47.9% of (57) individuals were

Introduction: Little is known about the epilepsy patients attending in a psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) in the context of Bangladesh. Hence, the aim of our study was to see the frequency and pattern of patients of epilepsy attending in a psychiatry OPD in our context. Methods: One-year patient data were explored from January 2016 to December 2016 recorded in a register book of the psychiatry OPD by consultants themselves and data were extracted manually. The diagnosis was collected, and data were analyzed by Microsoft Xcel. Results: Among the total of 1474 patients visiting the OPD in the year 2016 at the psychiatry OPD, total epilepsy cases were found in 209 (14.2%) patients. Among them, generalized tonic–clonic seizure was found 144 (9.8%), absence seizure 38 (2.6%), partial seizure 5 (0.3%), temporal lobe epilepsy 4 (0.3%), myoclonus 1 (0.1%), and unclassified 17 (1.2%). Electroencephalography confirmation was done in 60 cases which was 4.1% of total patients. Hence, confirmed cases of epilepsy were 4.1%, and probable cases were 10.1% of total patients attending OPD. Conclusion: In conclusion, we can say that visiting of epilepsy patients in a psychiatry OPD is a common behavior and we need to develop expertise in this field more.

Brain abscess is a common neurosurgical condition in developing countries like Bangladesh. Usually, it has some etiology. The present case was a 25–year-old male with poor socioeconomic status from a rural area of Chittagong, Bangladesh, and was admitted in our hospital and diagnosed as a case of multiple brain abscesses. He was investigated as per available facility and resources in our hospital, but no sources of abscesses were found. Planning of surgery was done at the 4th day of admission after getting all the reports, but on the 5th day, the patient died and the source and etiology of abscesses were unexplored as no provision of postmortem study is available in our country for such patients.

Introduction: Mental disorders constitute a higher burden on low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Mental disease is poorly recorded, and data are not easily available in countries like Bangladesh. Hence, the aim of the present study was to observe the pattern of mental diseases found in a tertiary care center during 1-year survey. Methods: One-year patient data were explored from January 2015 to December 2015 and were extracted manually manually from the register book. All diagnosis were collected, and data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: Among the 1474 patients, most were in the age group of 11–20 years (388 [26.3%]) and 21–30 years (437 [29.6%]), next age group was 31–40 years (243 [16.5%]). One-hundred and twenty (8.1%) and 33 (2.2%) patients were found in two extremes of age 61 years, respectively. Males were 736 (49.9%) and females were 738 (50.1%). Male:female ratio was 1:1. Schizophrenia (360, 24.4%) was the most common psychiatric disease found which was next to major depressive disorder (187, 12.7%). Bipolar mania was found in 175 (11.9%) cases, and bipolar depression was found in 19 (1.3%) cases. Some other diseases such as generalized anxiety disorder was found in 57 (3.9%), obsessive-compulsive disorder in 35 (2.4%), phobic anxiety in 12 (0.8%), and panic disorder in 76 (5.2%) cases. Conclusion: In Bangladesh, burdens of mental disorders are high but largely unrecognized and underresearched area. To improve the mental health services in Bangladesh, further well-designed epidemiological and clinical research is required.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health challenge. Health care workers (HCWs) have an extra risk of getting infected from their workplace. This study aimed at estimating prevalence of HBV infection and vaccination compliance among HCWs in a tertiary hospital in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from a stratified survey conducted in a tertiary care hospital Chittagong, Bangladesh among HCWs in the year 2012. A proportionate to size random sample was drawn per HCWs category. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors. With 10 ml collected venous blood enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were used to test sera for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), and total hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). Descriptive models were used for analysis with the software SPSS-20. Results: Among the 113 participants, the overall seroprevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc was 8%, 30.1%, and 48.7%, respectively. Fifty-four (47%) subjects were vaccinated. A significantly higher prevalence of vaccination compliance rates was observed among doctors (100%) and nurses (44.4%) than technicians (45%) and assistants (47.8%). Among the 113 subjects, 2 (22.8%) doctors were anti-HBc-positive though all of them were vaccinated and 19 (52.8%) nurses, 7 (17.5%) technicians, and 6 (30.0%) assistants were anti-HBc-positive. Among all the participants, 30.7% HCWs were susceptible to infection of HBV and could potentially be protected through vaccination. Conclusions: A significant numbers of HCWs are unvaccinated even at health care center of tertiary care level suggesting a need for early implementation of HBV vaccination program.