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COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although fluoride plays an essential role in preventive dentistry because of its cariostatic potential, the excessive consumption of fluoride may result in the adverse health effects of dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis. The aims of the present study were (i) to determine the permissible fluoride level relative to air temperature in sixteen cities representing the thirteen administrative regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and (ii) to aid the different authorities in adjusting the fluoride level in their regions to the appropriate levels in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse health effects in humans. The annual mean maximum temperatures (AMMTs) were obtained from the website of the General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection, the Saudi National Portal, that has maintained records of the monthly ambient temperature measurements for the last twenty-two years (January 1995-December 2017). The optimal fluoride level for each administrative region was calculated by the Galagan and Vermillion formula that is used universally to estimate the permissible fluoride level and the allowable water consumption as a function of ambient temperature. The optimal fluoride level in the potable water for the sixteen cities, representing the 13 administrative regions in Saudi Arabia, was calculated to be 0.32-0.42 ppm. The fluoride content of water in Saudi Arabia was found to vary considerably, being high in certain areas, adequate in others, and occasionally being low and needing supplementation. Of the sixteen cities representing the 13 administrative regions, the cities of Al Qassem, Al Riyadh, Hail, and Najran reported levels of 1.11, 1.01, 1.02, and 0.64 ppm, respectively and were found to have an unacceptable level of risk for the occurrence of dental fluorosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a facultative anaerobic bacterium. HP is a normal flora having immuno-modulating properties. This bacterium is an example of a microorganism inducing gastric cancer. Its carcinogenicity depends on bacteria-host related factors. The proper understanding of the biology of HP inducing gastric cancer offers the potential strategy in the managing of HP rather than eradicating it. In this article, we try to summarize the biology of HP-induced gastric cancer and discuss the current pharmacological approach to treat and prevent its carcinogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]