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Aim: To test the hypothesis that the use of rhBMP2 in established defects requires additional growth factors such as rhVEGF to accomplish effective bone repair. Materials and Methods: Horizontal/vertical defects of 2 cm length and 1 cm height were created bilaterally in the alveolar crest of the maxillae of 18 minipigs together with the extraction of all premolar teeth and one molar tooth on both sides. After 3 months of healing, defects were augmented with 0.5 g particulate PDLLA/CaCO3 composite loaded with 400 µg rhBMP2/50 µg rhVEGF165 on one side and 800 µg rhBMP2 on the other in 12 test animals, whereas defects in six control animals were sham operated and left unfilled on one side and augmented with blank carriers on the other. After 4 and 13 weeks, the animals were evaluated each for area of new bone formation (mm²) and bone density (area %). Results: Augmentations with carriers loaded with 800 g µrhBMP2 failed to induce significantly more bone than in the augmentations with unloaded carrier after 4 and 13 weeks (p =.1000, p =.381). Augmentations with carriers loaded with 400 µg rhBMP2 and 50 µg erhVEGF165 resulted in significantly increased bone formation after 13 weeks (p =.024) compared to blank carriers. Soft tissue in augmentations with combined rhBMP2/rhVEGF165 loading exhibited numerous microvessels compared to soft tissue in augmentations with rhBMP2. Conclusions: It is concluded that effective bone regeneration in augmentations of established alveolar ridge defects may require the application of rhVEGF additionally to rhBMP2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]