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• Acutely following concussion, various gait alterations are seen which can correlate with degree of deficit and help guide prognosis. • There are currently no reports in the literature that assess gait alteration in the seconds to minutes following concussion. • Dynamic and postural assessments may identify more subtle gait deficits and therefore assist in more accurate diagnosis of concussion. • Technology and standardised assessments should be used to recruit and analyse concussion patients in the future. Understanding gait alterations immediately post-concussion can improve identification, management and prognosis of concussion. To identify and define gait characteristics immediately post-concussion. A review of electronic databases was conducted using terms gait alteration AND mTBI OR concussion. 172 reports were identified. After restricting to English and human studies, 158 remained. Reports were screened to include studies assessing quantifiable gait change post-concussion. 12 studies were included. Multiple gait features are altered post-impact: stability, step length, walking speed and postural control. There is evidence that postural measures in gait initiation and termination may identify more subtle deficits. There is paucity of data evaluating the impact of concussion on gait function acutely and the authors identified no studies examining immediate changes. Acutely post-concussion, various gait alterations are seen and correlate with degree of deficit and prognosis. Slowed gait, instability and postural control are several features. Dynamic gait and postural assessments identify more subtle gait alterations. Given the absence in literature, high quality prospective studies examining immediate gait alterations post-concussion would contribute to improved assessment, management and prognostication. Given difficulty in participant recruitment, technological and standardised gait assessments should be used to assess force of impact and immediate gait alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many African Americans served in the Union navy during the Civil War. Aside from their regular duties, they often supplied music and entertainment for their shipmates that bridged ethnic and racial divisions.

by Harry S. Ashmore. New York: Pantheon Books. $25.00 (cloth). Historians have a rather uneasy relationship with the world of letters. Today's professional writers of history--most of them affiliated with [...]

by James Goodman. New York: Random House. $14.00 (paper). Historians have a rather uneasy relationship with the world of letters. Today's professional writers of history--most of them affiliated with universities--tend [...]

by David L. Chappell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. $35.00 (cloth). Historians have a rather uneasy relationship with the world of letters. Today's professional writers of history--most of them affiliated [...]

edited by Melvyn Stokes and Rick Halpern. Providence: Berg Publishers. $19.95 (paper). Historians have a rather uneasy relationship with the world of letters. Today's professional writers of history--most of them [...]

by Charles B. Dew. New York: W. W. Norton. $27.50 (cloth). Historians have a rather uneasy relationship with the world of letters. Today's professional writers of history--most of them affiliated [...]

edited by John C. Inscoe. Athens: University of Georgia Press. $40.00 (cloth). Historians have a rather uneasy relationship with the world of letters. Today's professional writers of history--most of them [...]

by Richard B. McCaslin. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. $29.95 (cloth). Historians have a rather uneasy relationship with the world of letters. Today's professional writers of history--most of them affiliated with [...]

The dentition of 27 enslaved African Americans from archaeological sites in Maryland and Virginia were examined. All 17 males and 7 of the 10 females in this study exhibited enamel hypoplastic defects indicative of systemic nutritional and disease stresses interfering with amelogenesis. Estimates of the ages of occurrence of these defects show that most occur between 1.5 and 4.5 years of age, 0.5-3.75 years later than historically documented weaning age (9-12 months of age) in similar plantation populations. Comparisons are made with studies of dental enamel hypoplasia in contemporaneous enslaved and free African American populations, including our data on 75 individuals from the First African Baptist Church cemetery in Philadelphia. These populations were highly stressed. While there appears to be a modest effect of early weaning stress, no direct relationship of peak frequencies to weaning age can be shown. These data raise questions about the attribution of peak hypoplasia frequencies to age at weaning or 'post-weaning' stresses in previous paleopathological studies. High hypoplasia frequencies during the middle years of enamel development are more likely the result of a combination of 1) multiple environmental stresses, 2) differences in hypoplastic susceptibility in enamel, and 3) random factors. KEYWORDS: African Americans, Slavery, Hypoplasia, Weaning

Race, War, and Remembrance in the Appalachian South. By John C. Inscoe. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, c. 2008. Pp. xvi, 395. Paper, $25.00, ISBN 978-0-8131-9300-7; cloth, $50.00, ISBN 978-0-8131-2499-5.) [...]

Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862-1865. By Noah Andre Trudeau. (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1998. Pp. 576. $29.95.) Noel Andre Trudeau's Like Men of [...]