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During the modern conflict in Northern Ireland, the paramilitaries played an important role in shaping communal identities. The loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) enjoyed significant support in the Protestant community and should be understood as one expression of Protestant insecurity. This article considers the nature of this manifestation of Protestant fear during the formative years after the formation of the UDA in 1971 and up to the end of Andy Tyrie’s leadership of the organisation in 1988. It argues that the evidence uncovered by an examination of paramilitary literature, as well as that of the loyalist political parties which were affiliated with the UVF and UDA, reveals a complex persona that cannot be understood as entirely violent and exclusive. Instead, after outlining evidence for moderation, it explores what this evidence can reveal about the emergence of political thinking within parts of the UVF and UDA, and concludes that the literatur...

A 46-year-old woman presented with a pelvic mass. At the time of operation a large, exophytic, multinodular tumor extended into the peritoneal cavity and right broad ligament from a pedunculated attachment to the uterus in the region of the right cornu. On external examination the lesion had the appearance of cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma. On microscopic examination bulbous processes were composed of benign smooth muscle arranged in interlacing fascicles or swirls; there was focal hydropic degeneration. Significant nuclear atypia, mitotic activity, and coagulative tumor necrosis were not encountered. No intravascular involvement was present. There was no demonstrable parent leiomyoma or intramural dissecting component, and thus the case differed from previously reported cases of both cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma and intramural dissecting leiomyoma. This tumor represents another variation in the group of benign uterine smooth muscle tumors with unusual growth patterns.

Background The development of lupus erythematosus-like (LE-like) features in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) has not been reported previously in the literature. Both diseases, however, have been etiologically linked to retroviruses. Objective Our purpose was to report four cases of patients with CTCL who developed LE-like features during the course of their disease, and to evaluate for evidence of antibodies to retroviruses in the sera of these patients. Patients Four patients with biopsy-proven CTCL with clinical or histologic features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evaluated for clinical and laboratory criteria for SLE. Only one patient demonstrated four American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria sufficient for the diagnosis of SLE. The remaining three patients demonstrated one or two criteria for SLE. In addition, the sera of these patients were examined by Western blot analysis for evidence of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I), human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I), or human intracisternal A-type particle type I (HIAP-I) retroviral proteins. Each patient demonstrated antibodies to some of the retroviral proteins examined. The sera of two patients reacted to proteins for HIAP-I, and the sera of two patients reacted to p24 gag proteins of HIV-I. No patient reacted to HTLV-I proteins. Conclusions Our report identifies four patients with CTCL who developed LE-like features during the course of their disease. Although the etiology of CTCL and SLE has not been well established, each has been linked to retroviruses. Evidence of antibodies to retroviral proteins was identified in each of our patients by Western blot analysis. Although the clinical and laboratory findings in these cases do not resolve the etiologic role of retroviruses in CTCL or SLE, they suggest that retroviruses may have a role in the pathogenesis of the clinical phenomenon reported in these four patients.

A polar low that developed over the western Bering Sea on 7 March 1977 and tracked across St. Paul Island is investigated using observations and the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5). A series of fine-mesh (20 km) simulations are performed in order to examine the structure of the cyclone and the airflow within it and to determine the physical processes important for its development. Observations show that the low formed near the ice edge in a region of moderate low-level baroclinicity and cold-air advection when an upper-level trough, or lobe of anomalously large potential vorticity (PV), broke off from a migratory, upper-level cold low over Siberia and advanced into the region. A full physics model experiment, initialized 24 h prior to the appearance of the polar low, produced a small, intense cyclone having characteristics similar to the observed low. The simulated low more closely resembled an extratropical cyclone than a typ...

The PSU-NCAR mesoscale model (MM4) is used to simulate a polar low that developed over Hudson Bay in December 1988. The structure and characteristics of the simulated low are documented, and results are presented of sensitivity experiments aimed at elucidating the physical mechanisms involved in the cyclogenesis. The low formed over an ice-free region in the eastern bay as an amplifying upper-level cold trough advanced into the region. The model depicted the polar low as a small, relatively shallow system embedded within the larger cold low. It resembled a miniature hurricane in structure but lacked hurricane-force winds. The lapse rate near its center was moist neutral to 550 mb (4 km); anticyclonic outlow occurred at and immediately below that level. The sensitivity experiments revealed that fluxes of heat and moisture from the region of open water and the associated condensation heating in deep organized convection were essential to the development. Sensible heating alone produced a relatively weak low and no low formed in an experiment with a completely ice-covered bay. The feedback between the surface fluxes and wind speed enhanced the intensification, especially in an experiment with the sea surface temperature raised by 8 °C. Winds of minimal hurricane intensity were attained in the latter experiment when the feedback effect was included but not when it was disallowed. A sizable impact of the ice-edge configuration was found. It is concluded that the Hudson Bay polar low formed as a consequence of latent heat release in deep organized convection that formed when an upper-level cold low moved over a relatively warm body of open water from which large fluxes of heat and moisture took place. Baroclinic forcing appeared to play little direct role in the low development. Instead, the configuration of the upstream ice boundary provided an important initiating and organizing mechanism. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.00123.x

Summary Results are presented of a study comparing cerbB2 (neu or Her2) expression as assessed immunohistochemically in breast neoplasia using a panel of 6 commercially available antibodies. The antibodies were examined utilizing conventional formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue, and compared with molecular analysis of gene amplification. The aim was to determine the practical utility of each antibody, assessing ease of use, specific and non-specific staining characteristics, and expense, thus allowing a specific recommendation as to antibody of choice for immunohistochemical assessment of cerbB2 expression. Reassuringly, amongst the 38 breast lesions (36 carcinomas, 2 fibroadenomas) subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the panel of 6 antibodies (Ab), no gross discrepancy of staining pattern was seen. Of the 38 cases, 10 were positive (26%), where at least one Ab demonstrated clear cytoplasmic membrane staining. Of a total of 45 breast lesions (43 carcinomas, 2 fibroadenomas), including all those examined by IHC, the total number of cases showing cerbB2 amplification by DNA analysis was 14 (31%). Using the DNA amplification as a base line for comparison, one Ab (Ne. 4) was found to stain 6’ of the 14 cases of breast carcinoma that were assessed as showing amplification at the DNA level. Four Abs (1,3,5,6) stained 5 of these cases. However, Abs 3,4 and 6 displayed artefactual cytoplasmic staining (in the absence of membrane staining) that precluded the practical use of these reagents. Therefore, based on additional considerations of cost and ease of use, Ab No. 1 was finally chosen for recommendation from the 6 Ab panel.

Patterns in giant congenital nevi are classified as to extent of cellular involvement of the reticular dermis and by the quality of the fibrous matrix. In addition, classifications are influenced by degrees of cellular atypia. Two general categories are defined. In one, the phenomena are relatively independent of those operative at the dermal – epidermal interface. The lesions are characterized as dermal congenital tumorous dysplasias-blastomas. They are subdivided into major, intermediate, and minor categories and into mature and immature variants. In these variants, disparate populations in the patterns of nodules and plaques (lumpy-bumpy variants) qualify as dermal variants of minimal deviation melanoma as seen in the setting of giant congenital nevi. The respective melanomas in this category are small-cell malignant neoplasms (melanoblastomas of infancy and childhood). In a second category in the clinical setting of giant congenital nevus, rare childhood and some adult melanomas of a more common histologic type evolve from lentiginous and junctional components in patterns that recapitulate those of the dysplastic nevus syndrome. The suspicious areas in all categories are evaluated by the same clinical criteria. In the dysplasia -blastoma category, enlarging nodules must be biopsied. The criteria for the evaluation of lesions in the dysplastic nevus syndrome and in the category of minimal deviation melanoma have application to the unstable regions in giant congenital nevi.

From November 1976 to November 1978, the Southwest Oncology Group treated 254 patients with extensive (metastatic) small cell carcinoma of the lung with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy with and without BCG immunotherapy. Patients receiving BCG achieved a response rate of 50% versus those patients not receiving BCG of 46% (P = .704). Response duration was 20 weeks for the BCG arms and 23 weeks for the no-BCG arms; survival was 28 weeks for the BCG arms versus 29 weeks for the no-BCG arms. An adverse effect in patients surviving more than one year was detected; those continuing to receive BCG had significantly shorter survival, 60 weeks versus 85 weeks (P = .019). Toxicities of the programs were not affected by the addition of BCG immunotherapy. It appears that BCG immunotherapy has no beneficial effect on response rate or duration of response in programs using chemotherapy and radiotherapy for control of metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung. In addition, because of the adverse effect on long-term survival, we do not recommend the addition of BCG immunotherapy as a treatment modality in this tumor type.

Recent estimates of mean meridional motions and eddy diffusion coefficients in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere are used to study the roles of mean circulation and eddy mixing in determining the spread of tungsten 185 injected into the lower stratosphere in the Hardtack test series of 1958. The observed distribution of tungsten 185 is reproduced satisfactorily for a period of 18 months after the injection, provided that the diffusion coefficients estimated from heat flux data are reduced by a factor of about 8. The mean meridional circulation is found to play a minor role in the transport process, its chief contribution being to raise the center of maximum concentration by 2 to 3 km in the equatorial region, in agreement with the observations. The mean residence time for a tracer injected into the equatorial stratosphere between 18 and 20 km is found to be about 10 months, with most of the transport into the troposphere occurring at middle latitudes.

A case of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is reported in which the patient had higher than expected antibody titers against the Epstein-Barr (EBV) and rubella viruses. In addition, high anti-EBV titers in family members physically separated suggest an altered immunologic reactivity which could be important in the development of the massive lymphadenopathy associated with this syndrome. The relationship of this syndrome to the EBV along with its histologic characteristics suggest that it may represent a peculiar, late sequelae of infection with this virus, or an atypical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis in an immunologically defective individual.

The problem of the equilibrium (unaccelerated) drift of an ice floe (no internal resistance) is solved by a treatment similar to Shuleikin's. Curves of drift angle, drift speed, and wind factor as functions of wind speed are computed for two different sets of parameters and compared with Shuleikin's curves for one of the sets. As a test of the theory, drift angles, drift speeds, and wind factors were plotted against wind speed for 107 periods between July 1, 1957, and August 31, 1958, in which the drift of station Alpha was essentially unaccelerated. The data exhibited considerable scatter, and it was necessary to compute mean drifts in various wind categories in order to bring out the empirical relationships. The observed drift angles were smaller than the theoretical in all wind categories, though the departures were not as great for our curves as for Shuleikin's curve. The graphs of drift speed and wind factors also exhibited systematic deviations from the theoretical curves, the ice drifting faster than the theoretical speed in light winds and slower in strong winds. In explaining the deviations between observation and theory six sources of error are considered: navigation errors, errors due to residual accelerations, errors due to use of averaged data, errors due to variations in parameters, errors caused by gradient currents, and errors attributable to internal stresses. Although part of the scatter is found to be the result of the navigation errors, it is concluded that gradient currents and internal stresses are probably the main causes of drift anomalies. Evidence from the present study and from other sources suggests that a permanent current of about 3 cm sec−1 exists in the region of the drift of Alpha. This would account for the above-normal drift in light winds. The below-normal drift in strong winds is believed to be the result of internal resistance, though tests failed to show this conclusively.

Two years of rocket wind data from Ascension Island (8°S) and Barking Sands, Hawaii (22°N), were used in conjunction with routine balloon observations in a study of the mean zonal wind distribution and the annual and semiannual zonal wind variations in the equatorial stratosphere and lower mesosphere. Four main results were found: (1) The long-term mean zonal wind near the equator is easterly in the stratosphere and westerly in the lower mesosphere. The speed of the easterlies varies from near zero at the tropopause to about 15 m sec−1 between 30 and 40 km. (2) The annual cycle increases rapidly in amplitude outward from the equator. At Ascension Island the maximum amplitude is located at a height of 40 km and has a value of about 20 m sec−1. The maximum value of nearly 50 m sec−1 at Barking Sands occurs at a higher level, approximately 60 km. Maximum westerlies are achieved in early winter or late fall near the stratopause and a month or two later in the lower stratosphere. (3) The semiannual cycle is strongest at the equator, where it attains a maximum amplitude of 30 m sec−1 near 50 km. Strongest west winds occur shortly after the equinoxes in the lower mesosphere and progressively later at the lower levels. (4) In summer a core of maximum east winds (or jet stream) appears to exist at 15° latitude in the layer between 40 and 45 km.

From a study of five cases of pronounced fronts in the upper troposphere, it is concluded that the “waterspout” model offers the most satisfactory solution to the problem of connecting frontal boundaries and tropopauses. Composite cross sections of temperature, potential temperature, normal wind component and potential vorticity are presented for the five cases. On the basis of the potential vorticity measurements it is suggested that the most likely explanation for the formation of the high-level front is a folding of the tropopause.

Stratospheric wind data for Canton Island (3°S) and Nairobi, Kenya (2°S), reveal that during the period July 1955–February 1960 alternate bands of easterly and westerly winds progressed downward from the highest level of observation (30 km) at intervals of approximately 1 year, suggesting the presence of a 2-year zonal wind oscillation in the equatorial stratosphere. The bands circle the entire globe, reach their greatest strength near 25 km, are about 10 km deep at intermediate levels, move downward at about 1 km per month, and weaken and become erratic near the tropopause. On the basis of ozone measurements it is argued that the downward propagation represents a wave motion, not a mass transport. The periodic appearance of westerly momentum at the equator suggests the presence of disturbances in the tropical stratosphere which transport momentum in a preferred manner.

Six patients with peculiar angioblastic lesions associated with lymphoid infiltrates and a tissue eosinophilia are described. In 2 of the cases the newly formed vessels are apparently of arterial origin. The lesions which are solitary or multiple present as tumor-like swellings in the subcutaneous tissue of the head and neck. In addition, one patient had multiple cutaneous lesions distributed over the trunk and extremities. A significant blood eosinophilia was present in 2 cases. The disease is benign, but in its active phase may be mistakenly diagnosed as angiosarcoma. The lesions apparently respond to therapy with adrenocorticosteroids and to irradiation. Spontaneous remissions also occur.

Minimal deviation melanomas are uncommon nevomelanocytic tumors of indeterminate risk that appear as pigmented or nonpigmented skin nodules and are clinically diagnosed as Spitz nevi, hemangiomas, or malignant melanomas. They are characterized histologically by expansile growth in the papillary dermis with reticular dermal infiltration (minimal deviation type) or without reticular dermal invasion (borderline type). The tumors exhibit lesser cytologic atypia in their vertical growth phase (histologic variance) than observed in common forms of melanoma. A retrospective study of outcome in 21 patients with minimal deviation melanoma (mean tumor thickness by Breslow's measurement = 3.6 mm) disclosed recurrent disease in only 3 patients after a mean observation period of 57 months, supporting the impression that these tumors are not as biologically aggressive as common malignant melanomas. The histologic subtypes of minimal deviation melanoma are reviewed along with a discussion of the concept of histologic variance.

Summary Histological variance within premalignant melanocytic dysplasias and melanomas reflects the biological progression of neoplasia. In general, the more severe cytological atypia, the more advanced the stage of neoplasia, and the more likely true melanomatous transformation (vertical growth or level III invasion) will be present. Histological variance may be seen in disparity between the cytology of the premalignant precursor and the vertical growth component and in the expression of normally latent phenotypic options such as desmoplasia and neurotropism. The pattern of superficial spreading melanoma (severe atypism, large epithelioid cells in pagetoid growth) is universal and qualifies as the common final pathway. Breslow's criteria of measurement are useful in formulating therapy in melanomas showing the common final pathway but may not accurately relate to the biological potential of minimal deviation variants i.e. those with mild to moderate melanocytic atypia. Examples of such variants are lentigo maligna melanoma, melanomas arising in pigmented spindle cell nevus, Spitz nevus, cellular blue nevus, dermal nevus and melanomas histologically resembling halo nevus.

The pigmented epidermal cyst (black keratinous cyst) is peculiar to the Negro race. Ninety-seven % of our cases occurred in Negroes. Thirty-seven % of the epidermal cysts in Negroes were heavily pigmented. A relationship between the black keratinous cyst and hemochromatosis has been proposed. A change in the degree of pigmentation is more significant than the histologic demonstration of melanin pigment.

Satellite infrared images of a series or train of four polar lows are presented, and the synoptic environment of the lows is documented with the help of operational analyses prepared by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The analyses reveal that the disturbances formed in a shallow baroclinic zone of small static stability close to the region of maximum 1000–500 mb thermal wind and that the flow was of the reversed shear type. The observed characteristics of the disturbances were in partial agreement with those obtained from a linear, quasi-geostrophic, dry baroclinic model. The wavelength of maximum instability in the model of approximately 500 km was in satisfactory agreement with the observed wavelength. The computed phase speed was somewhat larger than the observed speed, a result attributed to the effect of organized deep convection in retarding the actual motion. The large growth rate of the 500 km wave was qualitatively consistent with the rapid growth of the systems as seen on the satellite images. It is argued, however, that baroclinic instabilty alone was not capable of accounting for the rapidity of the developments and that some other mechanism, presumably latent heat release in organized deep convection, also played an important part in the growth. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00314.x