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The solvent type plays a crucial role in influencing the extraction of active compounds from natural materials. The peel of kapul fruit (Baccaurea macrocarpa) is known to contain flavonoid compounds with notable antibacterial properties. This study aimed to quantify the total flavonoid content in kapul fruit peel extract by evaluating the effects of different solvent types using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. The analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. The total flavonoid content of the kapul fruit peel extract varied significantly across different solvents: 4.7238 ± 0.5807 mgQE/g for ethanol, 2.9699 ± 0.1539 mgQE/g for ethyl acetate, and 2.0417 ± 0.4236 mgQE/g for n-hexane. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference in flavonoid content among the three solvent extracts. These results highlight the importance of solvent selection in maximizing the extraction efficiency of flavonoids from kapul fruit peel, which may have implications for its potential therapeutic applications.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) is a food rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, minerals, carbohydrates, and flavonoid compounds. Flavonoids have several pharmacological activities, including as antioxidants to ward off free radicals. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of pumpkin fruit. The extraction of pumpkin fruit was done by the maceration method in a 70% ethanol solvent. The total flavonoid test used the colorimetric method with a 10% AlCl3 reagent and quercetin as a positive control. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results obtained for the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of pumpkin fruit amounted to 1.741 mgQE/g ± 0.2438 and an IC50 value of 379.44 ppm, including the category of weak antioxidant, compared with the positive control.

Abstract Embelia borneensis known sekilang used by the Dayak Kenyah tribe of Long Temuyat Village, Malinau, North Kalimantan as a fish poison and leech repellent. Sekilang bark extract contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and content of saponins in the methanol extract based on different maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet extraction methods. Saponin content was determined by the gravimetric method. The results showed that the type of saponin contained in sekilang bark extract was triterpenoid saponin. The average saponin content with maceration method was 24.87%, reflux method was 28.97 and soxhlation method was 29.99%. The results of data analysis with one-way anova statistical test showed that there was a significant difference between extraction methods on saponin content of sekilang stem bark with sig value of 0.009 with a significant level of 0.05 (5%).

Plants as medicinal ingredients have potential as antimicrobials and antioxidants, with various molecules that can protect the human body from pathogens and cellular oxidation. This is closely related to the secondary metabolitescontained in these plants. Currently there are several bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, therefore it is necessary to find an alternative to overcome this resistance by conducting research on medicinal plants. Sekilang (Embeliaborneensis) is a plant that is used by the Dayak tribe in Kalimantan as an ingredient for catching fish, repelling leeches and hair care and does not rule out having medicinal properties. So it is necessary to do research on these plants, especially the bark. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of sekilang bark extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Extraction of the active substance was carried out by maceration with ethanol solvent and antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the bark extract of sekilang contains saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. The results of the antibacterial activity test against Propionibacterium acne at a concentration of 2.5%; 5% ; 10% and 20% are 6.5 mm, respectively; 8.36 mm ; 7.5mm; 7.33mm. Antibacterial activity against Staphyllococus epidermidis at a concentration of 2.5%; 5% ; 10% and 20% are 7.0 mm, respectively; 7.7mm; 6.33mm; 7.8mm. It was concluded, that the bark extract of sekilang have antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne and Staphyllococus epidermidis with moderate category. The positive control used was clindamycin and the negative control was Dimethyl sulfoxy.

Empirically, kawao (Millettia sericea) leaves are used to treat fever and toothache. The development of medicinal plants into traditional medicines needs to be pursued. The first step that can be taken is characterization. Characterization is useful for knowing the quality of a simplicia, so that these results can be used as a reference for further research development. The research objective was to determine the specific and non-specific characteristics of kawao leaf simplicia. The research that was conducted was non-experimental research. The research stages included plant determination, manufacturing of simplicia, testing of specific and non-specific characteristics of simplicia. The results of the specific characterization of the macroscopic / organoleptic test showed that the leaves were elongated, dark green in color, had a distinctive smell (aromatic), bitter taste, pinnate leaf bone arrangement, tapered leaf tips, rounded leaf base, flat leaf edge, thick leaf flesh, leaf width 8 - 9.5 cm and 21 - 27 cm long. The simplicia powder is dark green, has a distinctive smell (aromatic) and has a bitter taste. Microscopic test showed that the identifier of simplicia consisted of vascular bundles, lower epidermis, anomocytic type stomata, hair covering and parenchyma. The average water soluble extract content was 35.5%, the ethanol soluble extract content was 10.5%, and the phytochemical screening results were positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids. The non-specific characteristics of the water content averaged 6.75%, the total ash content was 4.28% on average, the acid insoluble ash content was 1.47% on average. Keywords: Millettia sericea leaves, specific characterization, non specific characterization

Serunai (Chromolaena odorata L.) is a medicinal plant, including the Asteraceae family. Serunai is used to treat wounds, mouthwash to treat sore throats, coughs, malaria drugs, headache medications, antidiarrheals, antimicrobials, antispasmodics, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory and diuretic agents. Serunai plants contain chemical compounds tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic content of the leaves of serunai using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. The stages of the research include plant determination, sampling, making of simplicia leaf of serunai, making extract by maceration method, phenolic compound test, determination of total phenolic levels by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, comparing gallic acid. The results obtained by an average of total phenolic levels of ethanol extract of serunai is 171.30368 ± 1.9694 mg GAE / g means that in every gram of ethanol extract of flattened leaves is equivalent to 171,30368 mg gallic acid.

Tumbuhan sekilang (Embelia borneensis Scheff.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat Dayak untuk menangkap ikan , pengusir lintah dan sebagai bahan untuk perawatan rambut. Pemanfaatan tumbuhan secara empiris dapat dikembangkan menjadi suatu produk berbasis bahan alam. Hal ini harus didukung dengan adanya data penelitian. Sebagai langkah awal dilakukan karakterisasi simplisia dan ekstrak etanol kulit batang sekilang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik spesifik dan non spesifik simplisia dan ekstrak kulit batang sekilang. Tahap penelitian meliputi determinasi tumbuhan, pengumpulan bahan baku, pembuatan simplisia, pembuatan ekstrak, uji organoleptik, uji mikroskopik, skrining fitokimia, penetapan kadar sari larut air, penetapan kadar sari larut etanol, penetapan kadar air, penetapan kadar abu total dan kadar abu tidak larut asam . Hasil uji mikroskopi serbuk kulit batang sekilang menunjukkan adanya fragmen pengenal serabut sklerenkim, sel batu, kristal oksalat bentuk prisma. Kadar sari larut air rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak kulit kayu sekilang adalah 7,5% dan 80%. Kadar sari larut etanol rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 6% dan 30%. Kadar air rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 9,5% dan 12%. Kadar abu total rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak 5 % dan 8,5 %. Kadar abu tidak larut asam rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 1% dan 0,5%.

Tumbuhan sekilang (Embelia borneensis Scheff.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat Dayak untuk menangkap ikan , pengusir lintah dan sebagai bahan untuk perawatan rambut. Pemanfaatan tumbuhan secara empiris dapat dikembangkan menjadi suatu produk berbasis bahan alam. Hal ini harus didukung dengan adanya data penelitian. Sebagai langkah awal dilakukan karakterisasi simplisia dan ekstrak etanol kulit batang sekilang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik spesifik dan non spesifik simplisia dan ekstrak kulit batang sekilang. Tahap penelitian meliputi determinasi tumbuhan, pengumpulan bahan baku, pembuatan simplisia, pembuatan ekstrak, uji organoleptik, uji mikroskopik, skrining fitokimia, penetapan kadar sari larut air, penetapan kadar sari larut etanol, penetapan kadar air, penetapan kadar abu total dan kadar abu tidak larut asam . Hasil uji mikroskopi serbuk kulit batang sekilang menunjukkan adanya fragmen pengenal serabut sklerenkim, sel batu, kristal oksalat bentuk prisma. Kadar sari larut air rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak kulit kayu sekilang adalah 7,5% dan 80%. Kadar sari larut etanol rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 6% dan 30%. Kadar air rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 9,5% dan 12%. Kadar abu total rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak 5 % dan 8,5 %. Kadar abu tidak larut asam rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 1% dan 0,5%.

Putat plant (Planchonia valida) is a medicinal plant that grows in Mahulu, East Kalimantan. Empirically putat leaves are used to treat skin diseases and reduce black spots on the face. Characterization is the initial stage to determine the quality of an extract. Non-experimental research was conducted to determine the specific and non-specific characteristics of putat plants. Samples in the form of putat shoots were obtained from Mahulu Long Melaham Village, Long Bagun District, Mahakam Ulu Regency, East Kalimantan. The stages of the research include plant determination, sample collection, processing of simplicia, extraction using maceration methods, specific and non specific extracts characterization. Specific characteristics of putat leaf extract include organoleptic test in the form of thick extract, blackish brown color, characteristic odor, bitter taste, average water soluble extract content of 62.50% and ethanol soluble extract 48.75%. Secondary metabolites of putat leaf ethanol extract are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The non-specific characteristics of putat leaf extract include average water content of 23.00%, ash content of 6.47% and acid insoluble ash content of 0.06%. Keywords: Planchonia valida, Characterization, Ethanol extract

Empirically, singkil leaves are used as uric acid medicine. Preliminary research data on the characterization of simplicia and singkil leaf extract (Premna corymbosa Rottl & Willd) have not been reported. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of simplicia and young and old leaf extracts and their chemical content. The simplisia extraction was done by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. The research stages are starting from sampling, plant determination, simplisia making, maceration extraction, characteristic examination and phytochemical screening. Result of characterization of simplicia, macroscopic of singkil leaves have green color, tip of tapered leaf, root of blunt leaf, rompang, jagged leaf edge, round and round leaves shape, pinnate leaf bone, thin leaf meat, leaf length 10.9 to 15 cm. Leaf width 6.3 to 9.6 cm. Microscopic observations found fragments of stodata type identifiers of diasitik, parasitic, spiral vein formation, hair cover, glandular trichomes. Water content of young leaves 8%, 5.5% old leaves, 3% water soluble sari content, 1.5% old leaves, 2% ethanol soluble sugary leaves, 1.5% leaflets, young leaf ash content 4,86%, old leaf of 7.01%, ash content of young leaf acid 2,20% and old leaf 3,14%. Moisture content of young leaves 17,5%, 17% old leaves, 0% water soluble leaf extract, 1% old leaf, soluble ethanol extract 0,5%, old leaf 4%, young leaf ash content 38, 5%, 11.6% old leaves, ash content of young leaf acids 1.51%, old leaves 2.33%. Secondary metabolites of simplicia and extracts are known to contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids / terpenoids.

Secara empiris, daun singkil digunakan sebagai obat asam urat. Data penelitian awal tentang karakterisasi simplisia dan ekstrak daun singkil (Premna corymbosa Rottl & Willd) belum pernah dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui karakteristik simplisia dan ekstrak daun singkil muda dan tua serta kandungan kimianya. Ekstraksi simplisia dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dari pengambilan sampel, determinasi tumbuhan, pembuatan simplisia, ekstraksi secara maserasi, pemeriksaan karateristik dan skrining fitokimia. Hasil karakterisasi simplisia, makroskopik daun singkil memiliki warna hijau, ujung daun meruncing, pangkal daun tumpul, rompang , tepi daun bergerigi, bentuk daun bulat telur dan bulat, susunan tulang daun menyirip, daging daun tipis, panjang daun 10,9 hingga 15 cm . Lebar daun 6,3 hingga 9,6 cm. Pengamatan mikroskopik ditemukan fragmen pengenal stomata tipe diasitik , parasitik, berkas pembuluh bentuk spiral, rambut penutup, trikoma glandular. Kadar air daun muda 8%, daun tua 5,5%, kadar sari larut air daun muda 3%, daun tua 1,5%, kadar sari larut etanol daun muda 2%, daun tua 1,5%, kadar abu daun muda 4,86%, daun tua 7,01%, kadar abu tidak larut asam daun muda 2,20% dan daun tua 3,14%. Kadar air ekstrak daun muda 17,5%, daun tua 17%, kadar sari larut air daun muda 0%, daun tua 1%, sari larut etanol daun muda 0,5%, daun tua 4%, kadar abu daun muda 38,5%, daun tua 11,6%, kadar abu tidak larut asam daun muda 1,51%, daun tua 2,33%. Metabolit sekunder simplisia dan ekstrak diketahui mengandung flavonoid, tanin, saponin dan steroid/terpenoid.

Secara empiris, daun singkil digunakan sebagai obat asam urat. Data penelitian awal tentang karakterisasi simplisia dan ekstrak daun singkil (Premna corymbosa Rottl & Willd) belum pernah dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui karakteristik simplisia dan ekstrak daun singkil muda dan tua serta kandungan kimianya. Ekstraksi simplisia dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dari pengambilan sampel, determinasi tumbuhan, pembuatan simplisia, ekstraksi secara maserasi, pemeriksaan karateristik dan skrining fitokimia. Hasil karakterisasi simplisia, makroskopik daun singkil memiliki warna hijau, ujung daun meruncing, pangkal daun tumpul, rompang , tepi daun bergerigi, bentuk daun bulat telur dan bulat, susunan tulang daun menyirip, daging daun tipis, panjang daun 10,9 hingga 15 cm . Lebar daun 6,3 hingga 9,6 cm. Pengamatan mikroskopik ditemukan fragmen pengenal stomata tipe diasitik , parasitik, berkas pembuluh bentuk spiral, rambut penutup, trikoma glandular. Kadar air daun muda 8%, daun tua 5,5%, kadar sari larut air daun muda 3%, daun tua 1,5%, kadar sari larut etanol daun muda 2%, daun tua 1,5%, kadar abu daun muda 4,86%, daun tua 7,01%, kadar abu tidak larut asam daun muda 2,20% dan daun tua 3,14%. Kadar air ekstrak daun muda 17,5%, daun tua 17%, kadar sari larut air daun muda 0%, daun tua 1%, sari larut etanol daun muda 0,5%, daun tua 4%, kadar abu daun muda 38,5%, daun tua 11,6%, kadar abu tidak larut asam daun muda 1,51%, daun tua 2,33%. Metabolit sekunder simplisia dan ekstrak diketahui mengandung flavonoid, tanin, saponin dan steroid/terpenoid.