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Introduction Gaps in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance and control, including implementation of national action plans (NAPs), are evident internationally. Countries’ capacity to translate political commitment into action is crucial to cope with AMR at the human–animal–environment interface.Methods We employed a two-stage process to understand opportunities and challenges related to AMR surveillance and control at the human–animal interface in Argentina. First, we compiled the central AMR policies locally and mapped vital stakeholders around the NAP and the national commission against bacterial resistance. Second, we conducted qualitative interviews using a semistructured questionnaire covering stakeholders’ understanding and progress towards AMR and NAP. We employed a mixed deductive–inductive approach and used the constant comparative analysis method. We created categories and themes to cluster subthemes and determined crucial relationships among thematic groups.Results Crucial AMR policy developments have been made since 1969, including gradually banning colistin in food-producing animals. In 2023, a new government decree prioritised AMR following the 2015 NAP launch. Our qualitative analyses identified seven major themes for tackling AMR: (I) Cultural factors and sociopolitical country context hampering AMR progress, (II) Fragmented governance, (III) Antibiotic access and use, (IV) AMR knowledge and awareness throughout stakeholders, (V) AMR surveillance, (VI) NAP efforts and (VII) External drivers. We identified a fragmented structure of the food production chain, poor cross-coordination between stakeholders, limited surveillance and regulation among food-producing animals and geographical disparities over access, diagnosis and treatment. The country is moving to integrate animal and food production into its surveillance system, with most hospitals experienced in monitoring AMR through antimicrobial stewardship programmes.Conclusion AMR accountability should involve underpinning collaboration at different NAP implementation levels and providing adequate resources to safeguard long-term sustainability. Incorporating a multisectoral context-specific approach relying on different One Health domains is crucial to strengthening local AMR surveillance.

A retrospective longitudinal study assessing the explanatory and predictive capacity of body condition score (BCS) in dairy cows on disease risk at the individual and herd level was carried out. Data from two commercial grazing herds from the Argentinean Pampa were gathered (Herd A = 2100 and herd B = 2600 milking cows per year) for 4 years. Logistic models were used to assess the association of BCS indicators with the odds for anestrus at the cow and herd level. Population attributable fraction (AFP) was estimated to assess the anestrus rate due to BCS indicators. We found that anestrus risk decreased in cows calving with BCS ≥ 3 and losing ≤ 0.5 (OR: 0.07–0.41), and that anestrus rate decreased in cohorts with a high frequency of cows with proper BCS (OR: 0.22–0.45). Despite aggregated data having a good explanatory power, their predictive capacity for anestrus rate at the herd level is poor (AUC: 0.574–0.679). The AFP varied along the study in both herds and tended to decrease every time the anestrous rate peaked. We conclude that threshold-based models with BCS indicators as predictors are useful to understand disease risk (e.g., anestrus), but conversely, they are useless to predict such multicausal disease events at the herd level.

Background: In several mammals, subfertility or infertility associated with endometritis was reported. Although there have been studies about endometritis in bitches, the pathophysiological mechanisms it is not completely known. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX2 in clinically healthy bitches with normal uterine tissue and bitches with endometritis. Methods: Forty-eight mixed breed bitches in diestrus were used. Uterine biopsies were collected for diagnosis (normal endometrium [n = 15; NE], cystic endometrial hyperplasia [n = 1], atrophy [n= 2], acute endometritis [n = 9; AE], subacute endometritis [n = 7; SE] and chronic endometritis [n = 14; CE]). Immunostaining and quantification of positively stained cells was performed on full-thickness uterine biopsies. Data were analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Results: COX2 immunostaining was scattered and restricted to cells in the stroma in bitches with NE. However, in bitches with endometritis, strong staining was observed in the luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium, and stromal cells. Staining was also observed in inflammatory cells localized in the stroma as well as inside of the glands. The percentage of COX2 positive stromal cells in bitches with AE, SE and CE was significantly higher compared with NE (P

Se probó si la administración de dos inyecciones de PGF2α en las primeras 48 h posparto disminuye la incidencia de retención de las membranas fetales (RMF) y de patologías uterinas en vacas lecheras. Se utilizaron 800 vacas de diferente número de partos, las cuales se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos tratamientos; PGF2α (n= 400) recibieron una inyección de PGF2α (500 μg de cloprostenol sódico) en las primeras 12 h posparto y una segunda inyección 48 h después; testigo (n= 400) no recibió PGF2α. Se registró la incidencia de RMF (vacas que no eliminaron la placenta de las siguientes 24 h posparto) y de patologías uterinas (metritis y endometritis), tasa de gestación en el primer servicio y porcentaje de vacas gestantes en el día 150 posparto. Las vacas testigo tuvieron mayor probabilidad de RMF (Odds ratio 1.69; P= 0.01) que las vacas tratadas con PGF2α. La proporción de vacas con patologías uterinas en el día 28 posparto fue menor (P= 0.01) en las vacas tratadas con PGF2α (29.8 %) que en las testigo (36.7 %). La tasa de gestación en el día 150 posparto fue mayor en las vacas con involución normal que en las vacas con patologías uterinas (Odds ratio 1.4, P=0.03). Se concluye que dos inyecciones de PGF2α en las primeras 48 h posparto (primeras 12 y 48 h posparto) disminuyen la incidencia de RMF y de patologías uterinas en vacas lecheras.

En el presente estudio se determinó la prevalencia de endometritis subclínica y su efecto en la tasa de gestación en vacas lecheras en manejo intensivo. Entre los días 35 y 45 posparto se seleccionaron 237 vacas sin patologías uterinas (vacas con útero involucionado y sin secreciones vaginales anormales); a todas ellas se les tomó una muestra citológica de endometrio mediante la técnica de Cytobrush. Los frotis se procesaron con la tinción de Diff-Quick. Se contaron un total de 200 células y se determinó la proporción de células polimorfo nucleares (PMN). Las vacas con ≥ 6 % de PMN se consideraron con endometritis subclínica. Cuarenta y tres por ciento (103/237) de las vacas presentó endometritis subclínica. Las vacas con puerperio patológico tuvieron mayor probabilidad de padecer endometritis subclínica que las vacas con puerperio normal (60 vs 36 %, respectivamente; razón de probabilidad= 2.69). Las vacas normales tuvieron mayor tasa de gestación en el primer servicio que la vacas con endometritis subclínica (31.4 vs 20.0 %; respectivamente; razón de probabilidad= 2.02) y la proporción de vacas gestantes en el día 120 posparto fue mayor en las vacas normales que en las vacas con endometritis subclínica (51.6 vs 37.9 %, respectivamente; razón de probabilidad= 1.98). Se concluye que la prevalencia de endometritis subclínica en vacas lecheras entre los días 35 y 45 posparto es de 43 %, lo cual disminuyó en un 11.4 % la tasa de gestación en el primer servicio y en un 13.7 % la tasa de gestación acumulada en el día 120 posparto.

The main aim of this study was to assess the associations between the timing of lameness clinical case occurrence in lactation with productive and reproductive performances in grazing Holstein cows. A cohort study was carried out on a dataset with records from a commercial dairy herd (Buenos Aires, Argentina) for cows that calved and were dried off from January 2010 through June 2017. The first recorded event of lameness per lactation was considered for the study. Criteria for lactation inclusion included not having uterine diseases, mastitis, or anovulatory cysts during the studied risk period (i.e., up to 200 DIM). Therefore, a total of 7156 out of 20,086 lactations were included in the statistical analysis. The association between lameness case occurrence in lactation (cows not lame (LG0) vs. lame cows between parturition and first service (LG1) vs. lame cows between first service and first pregnancy (LG2)) with productive (i.e., accumulated milk yield to 150 DIM (MILK150) and 300 DIM (MILK305)) and reproductive performances (hazard of insemination and pregnancy) was analyzed with linear regression models and proportional hazard regression models, respectively. Lame cows produced 161 and 183 kg less MILK150 and MILK305 than non-lame herd mates, respectively. Moreover, LG1 cows produced 216 kg less MILK150 and 200 kg less MILK305 than LG0 cows, and LG2 cows also produced 58 kg less MILK150 and 158 kg less MILK305 than LG0 cows. The LG1 cows had a lower hazard of service than LG0 cows (HR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.39–0.47). Furthermore, LG1 cows had a lower hazard of pregnancy than LG0 cows (HR = 0.52, 95%CI = 0.46–0.59) and took longer to get pregnant than LG0 cows (median [95%CI], 139 [132–144] vs. 101 [99–103]). Moreover, LG2 cows had a much lower hazard of pregnancy than LG0 cows (HR = 0.08, 95%CI = 0.05–0.12) and much longer calving to first pregnancy interval than LG0 cows (188 [183–196] vs. 101 [99–103]). In conclusion, cows that become lame in early lactation produce less milk and have lower hazards of insemination and pregnancy than herd mates that are healthy or become lame later in lactation. In addition, cows that become lame immediately after the voluntarily waiting period have the poorest reproductive performance (i.e., they have the lowest hazard of pregnancy and the longest calving to pregnancy interval).