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Deep burrowing earthworms are important ecosystem service providers but their populations are reduced by arable cultivations. We need to both better understand the impact of changes in crop management on earthworms and implement practices to enhance their in-field populations. Two current trends in arable cropping are the increased use of non-inversion tillage and over winter cover crops. Lumbricus terrestris abundances were estimated using midden counting on two field trials comparing tillage and cover cropping management practices. The long running (8-year) field trial showed that shallow non-inversion tillage had significantly (p < 0.01) greater L. terrestris abundances at 4.3 middens per m2, in comparison to deep (ca. 20 cm) non-inversion tillage (3 middens per m2) and conventional ploughing (ca. 25 cm) (1.9 middens per m2), indicating that it is inversion rather than the depth of soil disturbance that is detrimental to their abundance. All trials showed that cover cropping with oilseed radish had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on L. terrestris midden counts, either during winter cover cropping or within the arable rotation. Field observations identified that 93% of middens were associated with crop leaves (still attached to the stem) incorporated into the burrow which may be a novel route of agrochemical exposure and needs further investigation.

This paper reviews the results of recent traffic systems research and concludes that the evidence shows that with sufficient ingenuity by farmers and their equipment suppliers to match operating and wheel track widths, the traffic management systems that reduce soil compaction should improve crop yield, reduce energy consumption and improve infiltration rates (which will reduce runoff, erosion and flooding). These together will improve agronomic, economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture. Low ground pressure alternatives may well be the option that best suits some farming enterprises and should not be discounted as viable traffic management methods. The paper also considers the implications for further work to improve the robustness of the experimental data.