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Mount Karangetang, located on Siau Island, SITARO Archipelago Regency, is one of Indonesia’s 127 active volcanoes, making it the nation most susceptible to volcanic eruptions. In 2015, an eruption resulted in the displacement of as many as 465 residents, the destruction of four homes, and the loss of gardens, animals, and property. In February of 2023, Mount Karangetang’s volcanic activity increased once more. This project seeks to aid the local Regional Disaster Management Agency in implementing preventative measures or evacuating residents; an early warning system for Mount Karangetang’s eruption will be created. Temperature and seismicity information will be collected through sensors deployed throughout the facility. In the meantime, the distance data is measured based on the real size of the residential location, and the height of the heated clouds is received from the observation post. The current study focuses on the development of a fuzzy logic model with four input variables and a single output variable with three levels: alert, alert, and alert. Depending on the status of the alert, the system can also emit repeated sirens for a specified length. In this study, 81 rules are utilized to determine the status of a warning.

Salivary glands of rodents are rarely affected with spontaneous and induced malignancies. This may be linked with low physiologic cell renewal and the infrequency of cytolethal actions by xenobiotics. The genotoxic 2-acetylaminofluorene, carcinogenic for other organs, causes acute damage in salivary ducts. In the submandibular glands the damage is limited to the granulated convoluted tubules. They produce and release regulatory peptides including epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor. The partial chemical sialoadenectomy is repaired by sequential cell proliferation in the basal cell layer of interlobular ducts and in dilated intralobular ducts (day 4 and 6), in intermediate duct-like structures (day 6 and 8), and lastly in acini (day 8 and 12). This is associated with a transient loss of structural characteristics of striated ducts and acini (up to day 6) and of the immunoreactivity for S-100 protein (up to day 4). Actin immunoreactivity at the acinar base is increased from day 6 to 20. Analogous to the late postnatal differentiation of the granulated convoluted tubules, their structural characteristics and immunoreactivity for epidermal growth factor do not recover within 20 days. The acute lesion of the endocrine ductal segment is suggested to be causally involved with other systemic effects following treatment with 2-acetylaminofluorene. First, hypophagia with loss of body, liver and thymus weight may result from disturbed saliva production. Second, previous studies have shown a mitotic burst of the biliary epithelium and bloodborne lymphocyte-stimulating activities. Either effect could be brought about by regulatory peptides (see above), probably after elevated circulatory release from necrotic granulated convoluted tubules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of various bone morphogenetic proteins, receptors and signalling molecules in several human cancers could be shown, but little is known about the connection between BMP expression and clinical parameters and outcome. In vitro experiments demonstrated that bone morphogenetic proteins exhibit supporting and suppressing actions during tumor formation and progression. We could previously show that BMPs affect different tumor associated processes like apoptosis, cell cycle and differentiation in breast carcinoma cells depending on the time of exposure (Steinert et al., 2008). These results encouraged us to investigate the clinical relevance of BMP in breast cancer patients. We used tissue microarray technology to determine the BMP-2 expression in over 2000 specimen from breast cancer patients via immunochemistry. Furthermore we analyzed proteins that are involved in tumor-associated processes like apoptosis. The results were tested for significant correlations to histopathological parameters and overall survival. The immunohistochemical investigations demonstrated a weak to moderate expression of BMP-2 in 60% of the analyzed breast cancer specimen. Small, low-grade tumors exhibited a pronounced BMP-2 expression. The BMP-2 content showed an inverse correlation to the estrogen-receptor (p = 0.001) and to the proliferation (p = 0.001). The BMP-2 expression is positively correlated to the anti-apoptotic protein bcl2 (p = 0.024). The cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 (p = 0.001), p27 (p = 0.029) and p16 (p = 0.003), which inhibit the G1/S-phase transition, are significantly associated with BMP-2. In addition BMP-2 is positively correlated to the expression of SFRP1 (p < 0.001), a Wnt-antagonist which is supposed to be a tumor suppressor. The most prominent result was, that BMP-2 expressing tumors exhibited a significant increase in overall survival (p = 0.001). Grouping of the specimen according to clinical and immunohistochemical aspects showed a prognostic benefit of patients with a higher BMP-2 level especially for nodal-negative invasive-ductal breast carcinomas. In conclusion, BMP-2 could be identified as an independent prognostic marker for human breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]