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The aim of this study was to determine the physiological, hematological parameters and ANAE positivity of donkeys in Kyrgyzstan. Animals (n=24) were clinically examined and blood samples were taken. The average pulsation and respiration rates of male and female donkeys were measured as 52.25±9.27; 49.16±4.80 beats/minute and 18.41±4.21; 18.58±3.30 breaths/minute, respectively. HGB, MCV, MCH and MCHC values did not different in the groups. RBC and WBC values were higher in females. Mean ANAE-positive PBL ratio of donkeys was found as 42.90±1.18%. Consequently, some physiological, hematological values and ANAE-profile were determined and advised as reference values of donkeys in Kyrgyzstan.

Chia seed, known as Salvia hispanica L., is an oval-shaped, one-year herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family with small seeds of white, gray or black (mostly) color. It is used as a popular functional food for its health effects associated with its rich nutrient content. Studies have shown that the essential oils of chia seed oil have an antimicrobial effect on chia and the product it is added to. It has been determined that this antimicrobial effect generally exerts an inhibitory and bacteriostatic effect on microorganisms such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, studies have found that the flavonoids and tocopherol found in Chia are the basic structures responsible for the antioxidant capacity of the seed. Studies on the antioxidant capacity of chia seeds and extract have been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect the cell against oxidative stress. In this review study, it was aimed to compile the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chia seeds, whose area of use is gradually expanding, and to evaluate its contribution to functional food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical mastitis is one of the most common mastitis forms of dairy herds. Besides its economic importance, it has a serious zoonotic potential due to the spread of bacteria and toxins through milk. Among the many bacterial pathogens that may cause mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus is probably the most important contagious agent in the mammary gland as it causes chronic and profound infections. This microorganism produces a virulence factor and various toxins that facilitate its pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate some important toxins (Panton-Valentine leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, exfoliative toxin), genes (luk-PV, tst-1, eta, atb, etd) and antibiotic resistance in S. aureus isolates from cows' milk with subclinical mastitis in Western Turkey. Materials for the study consisted of 31 S. aureus isolates obtained from 200 subclinical mastitis milk samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm bacterial identification and to determine toxin genes. Antimicrobial resistance to eight antibiotics belonging to eight antimicrobial families was determined by the disc diffusion method. Fifteen (48.4%) isolates were found to harbor one or more toxin genes. None of the investigated isolates harbored etb gene, while eleven (73.3%), five (33.3%), four (26.6%) and two (13.3%) isolates had etd, luk-PV, tst-1, eta genes, respectively. A total of five toxin gene profiles were obtained. While all isolates were resistant to penicillin G, sixteen (51.6%) of them were found to be multidrug resistant. A total of 10 antibiotic resistance phenotypes were determined. The results show that there was a wide variety of S. aureus isolates that can lead to mastitis due to the toxin gene diversity. In addition, the high number of multi-resistant isolates to antibiotics show that there is a serious problem of antimicrobial resistance in the farms where these materials were obtained. It is thought that the presence of S. aureus isolates with the toxin gene in raw milk may be a potential threat to public health if they are consumed without adequate heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylamide is an important industrial chemical; it also is formed in starch-rich foodstuffs during baking, frying and roasting. Most acrylamide exposure occurs by ingestion of processed foods. We investigated possible immunotoxic effects of extended administration of low doses of acrylamide in rats. To do this, we measured alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) activities in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Male and female weanling Wistar rats were administered 2 or 5 mg acrylamide/kg/day in drinking water for 90 days. Peripheral blood was sampled at the end of the administration period. We found ANAE staining in eosinophils and T-lymphocytes, but not in monocytes, platelets, B-lymphocytes and neutrophils. ACP-ase was found in B-lymphocytes. We found a significant reduction of the ratio of ANAE:ACP-ase in lymphocytes of the experimental animals compared to controls. We found no statistically significant differences between the doses or sexes. We found that acrylamide ingested in processed foods might affect the immune system adversely by decreasing the population of mature T- and B-lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on antioxidant system enzymes, blood lipid profile and histologic structure of liver and pancreas in rats. We used 40 8-week-old male Wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into five groups of eight: control, vehicle, BPA-5, BPA-50 and BPA-500. BPA was dissolved in ethanol, then mixed with corn oil. The control group was untreated. The vehicle group was given the ethanol-corn oil mixture. The BPA 5, BPA 50 and BPA 500 groups were given 5, 50, and 500 µg/kg body weights/day, respectively. After 8 weeks, blood and tissue samples were obtained from the animals and plasma GSH, TBARS, SOD, GPx, CAT, NO, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, insulin and glucose were measured. The sections were stained using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. BPA significantly decreased the levels of GSH, SOD, GPx and CAT, and increased the levels of TBARS and NO in plasma. There was no significant difference among the groups in plasma insulin and glucose levels. The percentage of insulin immunoreactive cells in islets increased significantly in the BPA-500 group. The H-score of the BPA-5 and BPA-50 groups decreased significantly compared to controls. We found that BPA caused oxidative stress and disruption of pancreatic β-cell function. Therefore, BPA is a risk factor for animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the concentrations of goblet and immune cells in conjunctival imprints and tissues of canines with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) before and after cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. Twelve dogs with bilateral KCS were assigned to three groups: untreated, treatment group 1, and treatment group 2. The treatment groups were treated topically with 2% ophthalmic CsA solution for 45 days; CsA treatment group 2 was followed for an additional 30 days after discontinuation of the drug. Schirmer tear test (STT) scores were recorded prior to CsA treatment and on alternate days throughout the experiment. CsA treatment improved the STT scores, restored conjunctival histology, increased goblet and epithelial cell numbers, and decreased numbers of inflammatory cells. Although the STT scores regressed slightly at day 30 after discontinuing the treatment, the scores were higher than the baseline values. Topical CsA treatment resolved clinical signs of KCS, improved STT scores and restored normal conjunctival histology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We attempted to characterize the cytochemical staining patterns of leukocytes and to determine the percentages of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACPase) positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood of thoroughbred foals at different ages. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular veins of 60 healthy thoroughbred foals, 1 day, 3 days and 1 year old. Each age group included 10 male and 10 female animals. Peroxidase (PO) activity was detected in neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Lymphocytes were negative for PO staining. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was observed in neutrophils and monocytes; eosinophils were negative. The majority of lymphocytes were negative, but a few cells showed granular PAS positivity. Monocytes were strongly positive for ANAE and ACPase, and the enzymatic reaction was common in lymphocytes. Neutrophils showed a weakly positive reaction for ANAE and ACPase. Eosinophil granules were negative or weakly positive for ANAE and usually negative for ACP, but intergranular areas were positive. Mean ANAE positive peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were 67.70, 73.10 and 49.20% in females; 64.00, 70.53, and 50.60% in males 1 day, 3 days, and 1 year old, respectively. ACPase positive PBL were 27.33, 32.83, and 37.40% in females; 29.67, 31.67, and 38.40% in males 1 day, 3 days, and 1 year old, respectively. For both enzymes, the differences between mean values for the genders were not statistically significant, but significant differences were found with regard to age. We provide comparative hematological data as a guide for identifying blood cells in thoroughbred foals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detrimental effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the embryonic development of broiler tibia and its proximal growth plate were determined by means of histological, histometric and immunohistochemical methods. For this, 420 fertile eggs from parent stocks of Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into five groups according to the proposed treatment: a control untreated group, a group injected with 30% ethanol and three further groups to be injected with 5, 15 or 40 ng AFB1. The eggs were injected into the air space prior to incubation. Five eggs from each group were opened at 9, 11, 13, 17, 19 and 21 days of incubation and tibial tissue samples were removed, dissected of muscle and connective tissues, and processed by means of routine histological techniques. The cell proliferation rate of the epiphyseal growth plate cells was determined by immunohistochemical assay of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. The results showed that both proliferative and hypertrophic zones narrowed significantly (P<0.05), when compared with the controls, in all of the AFB1-treated groups whereas the transitional zone thickened, especially in the group given 40 ng AFB1 group. The PCNA positivity indices of 15 and 40 ng AFB1-treated groups were significantly higher (P<0.05) on days 11, 13, 17, 19 and 21 of incubation. It was concluded that in ovo-administered AFB1 adversely affected embryonic development of the tibial growth plate, and that affected hatched broilers might also be more susceptible to skeletal disorders during growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the structure of the hemal node in six healthy hair goats using histological and enzyme histochemical methods. After processing, tissue sections were stained with Crossman's trichrome, Gordon-Sweet's silver and Pappenheim's panoptic stains. Alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) were demonstrated in frozen sections. Hemal nodes were encapsulated by connective tissue and few smooth muscle cells. Several trabeculae originated from the capsule and extended into the hemal node. A subcapsular sinus was present beneath the capsule and was continuous with the deeper sinuses. Subcapsular and deep sinuses were filled with erythrocytes. The parenchyma consisted of lymphoid follicles, diffuse interfollicular lymphocytes and irregular wide lymphoid cords. Cortical and medullary regions were not distinct. ANAE (+) and ACP-ase (+) cells were located mainly in the germinal centers of the lymphoid follicles and also were scattered equally in the interfollicular region and lymphoid cords. Monocytes, macrophages and reticular cells displayed a diffuse positive reaction, whereas localized granular positivity was observed in lymphocytes. We demonstrated that the general structure of the hair goat hemal nodes is similar to that of other ruminant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of our study was to determine the percentages of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)-positive and acid phosphatase (ACP)-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in both sexes of one-year-old domestic pigeons ( Columba livia f. domestica). Blood samples obtained from 12 healthy domestic pigeons were used. The mean percentages of ANAE-positive PBL for females and males were 47.8% and 48.8%, respectively, whereas the mean percentages of ACP-positive PBL were 67.5% and 68.6%, respectively. The proportions of PBL were 49.3% and 48.6% in males and females, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of our study was to determine the percentages of α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)- and acid phosphatase (ACP)-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), the presence of the ANAE and ACP enzymes in leukocytes, and the proportion of PBL in greyhounds. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the cephalic antebrachial vein of 14 (7 animals of each sex) healthy 1-2-year-old greyhounds. Mean percentages of ANAE-positive PBL were found to be 73.29 ± 0.95% in female and 74.29 ± 2.21% in male dogs. The difference between mean values of the genders was not statistically significant. The ACP values were 36.00 ± 2.94% for females and 33.57 ± 2.15% for males. No significant differences were found with regard to gender. For both enzymes, although monocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes displayed a positive reaction, neutrophils gave negative reactions. The proportion of PBL was 36.29 ± 5.31% and 33.00 ± 2.38 % in female and male dogs, respectively. The differences were not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigated the detrimental effects of in ovo administered aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the immune system of chickens in the post-hatching period. Haemagglutination-Inhibition Test and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to assay the serum antibody titres at the 1st and 28th days, respectively. The study found that the AFB1-treatment caused decreases in the alpha-napthtyl acetate esterase (ANAE) or acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) positive lymphocytes/PBL ratios during the hatching period.

1. The effects of experimentally induced heat-stress on the embryonic development of bursa of Fabricius and thymus of the chicken were investigated by means of histological and enzyme histochemical methods. 2. In the experiments, 250 fertile eggs of the Ross 308 broiler strain were divided into two groups. The control eggs were maintained under optimal conditions (37⋅8°C and 65 ± 2% relative humidity, RH) during the whole incubation period. Heat stressed eggs were maintained under normal conditions (37⋅8°C and 65 ± 2% RH) until the 10th d of incubation and then exposed continuously (24 h per d) to high temperature (38⋅8°C and 65 ± 2% RH). Blood and tissue samples were taken from 10 animals of each group at d 13, 15, 18 and 21 of incubation and at d 2, 4 and 7 post-hatch. Tissue samples were processed for enzyme histochemical methods in addition to routine histological techniques. 3. The results revealed that egg temperatures were higher than incubator air temperature. Long-term heat-stress (40⋅1-40⋅6°C egg temperature) retarded development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius. Peripheral blood ACP-ase and ANAE-positive lymphocyte levels of heat-stressed animals were lower than in the controls. 4. These results give some morphological evidence for immunosuppression induced by high temperature exposure during the embryonic development. Temperature distribution and air circulation in incubator should be questioned in the case of lower broiler flock immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the effects of aflatoxin B[sub 1] on the embryonic development of the bursa of Fabricius in fertilized chicken eggs. Increase in the mortality rate of the eggs; Impairment and retardation of bursal development; Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.

1. The embryotoxicity of mixed aflatoxins (AF) and aflatoxin B[sub 1] (AFB[sub 1]) were evaluated by a modified chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST). Adverse effects on the early embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius were also investigated by light microscopy. AF consisted of 83·06% AFB[sub 1], 12·98% AFB[sub 2], 2·84% AFG[sub 1] and 1·12% AFG[sub 2]. 2. A total of 448 fertilised laying hens' eggs were used. AF and AFB[sub 1] were injected into the eggs at doses of 10, 100 and 1000 ng/egg. Embryonic developmental stages were evaluated according to the Hamburger-Hamilton scale (HH-scale). 3. The results showed that AFB[sub 1] given at 10 ng/egg had a significantly (P < 0·05) greater embryotoxic effect than AF given at a similar dose. The higher doses of both AF and AFB[sub 1] caused higher embryonic mortality and also an increase in early deaths. 4. In the groups receiving 100 ng/egg AF and AFB[sub 1] an abnormal development was seen, with a protruded central region, corresponding to the area pellucida of the blastoderm. No other developmental abnormality attributable to AF or AFB[sub 1] was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Protective action of an enzyme-linked polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP, Mycofix ® Plus) against the immunosuppressive effect of afatoxins (AF) was evaluated by determination of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte proportions and splenic plasma cell counts. Histological changes in lymphoid organs were also investigated by light microscopy. One-d-old broiler chicks (Hybro) received 2·5 mg/kg diet AF (83·06% AFB[sub 1], 12·98% AFB[sub 2], 2·84% AFG[sub 1], 1·12% AFG[sub 2]) with or without PVPP (3 g/kg diet) until 21 d of age. 2. When compared with the controls, AF treatment significantly decreased peripheral T-lymphocyte counts. AF caused a slight decrease in splenic plasma cell counts. The addition of PVPP to an AF-containing diet significantly increased T-lymphocyte counts. Splenic plasma cell counts were numerically intermediate between control and AF groups. 3. The dietary addition of PVPP to AF-free diet did not significantly alter either T-lymphocyte or splenic plasma cell counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]