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1. Genetic and functional analyses of CTBP2 in anorexia nervosa and body weight regulation

Author

Giuranna, Johanna, Zheng, Yiran, Brandt, Matthäus, Jall, Sigrid, Mukherjee, Amrita, Shankhwar, Soni, Renner, Simone, Kurapati, Nirup Kumar, May, Caroline, Peters, Triinu, Herpertz-Dahlmann, Beate, Seitz, Jochen, de Zwaan, Martina, Herzog, Wolfgang, Ehrlich, Stefan, Zipfel, Stephan, Giel, Katrin, Egberts, Karin, Burghardt, Roland, Föcker, Manuel, Marcus, Katrin, Keyvani, Kathy, Müller, Timo D., Schmitz, Frank, Rajcsanyi, Luisa Sophie, and Hinney, Anke

Published
2024
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5. A novel mutation of the calcium sensing receptor gene is associated with chronic pancreatitis in a family with heterozygous SPINK1 mutations

Author

Schmitz Frank, Ansorge Nikolaus, Bulut Kerem, Einwächter Henrik, Hoffmann Peter, Felderbauer Peter, and Schmidt Wolfgang E

Subjects
chronic pancreatitis, idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, SPINK1 mutation, calcium sensing receptor, Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract

Abstract Background The role of mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene in chronic pancreatitis is still a matter of debate. Active SPINK1 is thought to antagonize activated trypsin. Cases of SPINK1 mutations, especially N34S, have been reported in a subset of patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. However, the inheritance pattern is still unknown. Some cases with N34S heterozygosity have been reported with and without evidence for CP indicating neither an autosomal recessive nor dominant trait. Therefore SPINK1 mutations have been postulated to act as a disease modifier requiring additional mutations in a more complex genetic model. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) gene is considered a benign disorder with elevated plasma calcium levels. Although hypercalcemia represents a risk factor for pancreatitis, increased rates of pancreatitis in patients with FHH have not been reported thus far. Methods We studied a family with a FHH-related hypercalcemia and chronic pancreatitis. DNA samples were analysed for mutations within the cationic trypsinogen (N29I, R122H) and SPINK1 (N34S) gene using melting curve analysis. Mutations within CASR gene were identified by DNA sequencing. Results A N34S SPINK1 mutation was found in all screened family members. However, only two family members developed chronic pancreatitis. These patients also had FHH caused by a novel, sporadic mutation in the CASR gene (518T>C) leading to an amino acid exchange (leucine->proline) in the extracellular domain of the CASR protein. Conclusion Mutations in the calcium sensing receptor gene might represent a novel as yet unidentified predisposing factor which may lead to an increased susceptibility for chronic pancreatitis. Moreover, this family analysis supports the hypothesis that SPINK1 mutations act as disease modifier and suggests an even more complex genetic model in SPINK1 related chronic pancreatitis.

Published
2003
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6. Early Synapse-Specific Alterations of Photoreceptor Mitochondria in the EAE Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

Author

Ibrahim, Dalia R., Schwarz, Karin, Suiwal, Shweta, Maragkou, Sofia, and Schmitz, Frank

Subjects
SYNAPTIC vesicles, CENTRAL nervous system diseases, STEREOLOGY, MITOCHONDRIAL proteins, ELECTRON microscopy, HOMEOSTASIS
Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) linked to many neurological disabilities. The visual system is frequently impaired in MS. In previous studies, we observed early malfunctions of rod photoreceptor ribbon synapses in the EAE mouse model of MS that included alterations in synaptic vesicle cycling and disturbances of presynaptic Ca2+ homeostasis. Since these presynaptic events are highly energy-demanding, we analyzed whether synaptic mitochondria, which play a major role in synaptic energy metabolism, might be involved at that early stage. Rod photoreceptor presynaptic terminals contain a single large mitochondrion next to the synaptic ribbon. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of functionally relevant mitochondrial proteins (MIC60, ATP5B, COX1, PINK1, DRP1) by high-resolution qualitative and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy, immunogold electron microscopy and quantitative Western blot experiments. We observed a decreased expression of many functionally relevant proteins in the synaptic mitochondria of EAE photoreceptors at an early stage, suggesting that early mitochondrial dysfunctions play an important role in the early synapse pathology. Interestingly, mitochondria in presynaptic photoreceptor terminals were strongly compromised in early EAE, whereas extra-synaptic mitochondria in photoreceptor inner segments remained unchanged, demonstrating a functional heterogeneity of photoreceptor mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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7. Decreased Expression of the EAAT5 Glutamate Transporter at Photoreceptor Synapses in Early, Pre-Clinical Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

Author

El Samad, Ali, Jaffal, Julia, Ibrahim, Dalia R., Schwarz, Karin, and Schmitz, Frank

Subjects
GLUTAMATE transporters, CENTRAL nervous system diseases, WESTERN immunoblotting, STEREOLOGY, GRAY matter (Nerve tissue)
Abstract

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a frequent neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that includes alterations in the white and gray matter of the brain. The visual system is frequently affected in multiple sclerosis. Glutamate excitotoxicity might play a role in disease pathogenesis. Methodology: In the present study, we analyzed with qualitative and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analyses whether alterations in the EAAT5 (SLC1A7) glutamate transporter could be involved in the previously observed alterations in structure and function of glutamatergic photoreceptor ribbon synapses in the EAE mouse model of MS. EAAT5 is a presynaptic glutamate transporter located near the presynaptic release sites. Results: We found that EAAT5 was strongly reduced at the photoreceptor synapses of EAE retinas in comparison to the photoreceptor synapses of the respective control retinas as early as day 9 post-immunization. The Western blot analyses demonstrated a decreased EAAT5 expression in EAE retinas. Conclusions: Our data illustrate early alterations of the EAAT5 glutamate transporter in the early pre-clinical phase of EAE/MS and suggest an involvement of EAAT5 in the previously observed early synaptic changes at photoreceptor synapses. The precise mechanisms need to be elucidated by future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Avadomide monotherapy in relapsed/refractory DLBCL: safety, efficacy, and a predictive gene classifier

Author

Carpio, Cecilia, Bouabdallah, Reda, Ysebaert, Loïc, Sancho, Juan-Manuel, Salles, Gilles, Cordoba, Raul, Pinto, Antonio, Gharibo, Mecide, Rasco, Drew, Panizo, Carlos, Lopez-Martin, Jose A., Santoro, Armando, Salar, Antonio, Damian, Silvia, Martin, Alejandro, Verhoef, Gregor, Van den Neste, Eric, Wang, Maria, Couto, Suzana, Carrancio, Soraya, Weng, Andrew, Wang, Xuehai, Schmitz, Frank, Wei, Xin, Hege, Kristen, Trotter, Matthew W.B., Risueño, Alberto, Buchholz, Tonia J., Hagner, Patrick R., Gandhi, Anita K., Pourdehnad, Michael, and Ribrag, Vincent

Published
2020
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11. Analytical Post-Embedding Immunogold–Electron Microscopy with Direct Gold-Labelled Monoclonal Primary Antibodies against RIBEYE A- and B-Domain Suggests a Refined Model of Synaptic Ribbon Assembly.

Author

Papadopoulos, Stella, Tinschert, René, Papadopoulos, Iason, Gerloff, Xenia, and Schmitz, Frank

Subjects
IMMUNOGLOBULINS, MONOCLONAL antibodies, MICROSCOPY, KNOCKOUT mice
Abstract

Synaptic ribbons are the eponymous specializations of continuously active ribbon synapses. They are primarily composed of the RIBEYE protein that consists of a unique amino-terminal A-domain and carboxy-terminal B-domain that is largely identical to the ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator protein CtBP2. Both RIBEYE A-domain and RIBEYE B-domain are essential for the assembly of the synaptic ribbon, as shown by previous analyses of RIBEYE knockout and knockin mice and related investigations. How exactly the synaptic ribbon is assembled from RIBEYE subunits is not yet clear. To achieve further insights into the architecture of the synaptic ribbon, we performed analytical post-embedding immunogold–electron microscopy with direct gold-labelled primary antibodies against RIBEYE A-domain and RIBEYE B-domain for improved ultrastructural resolution. With direct gold-labelled monoclonal antibodies against RIBEYE A-domain and RIBEYE B-domain, we found that both domains show a very similar localization within the synaptic ribbon of mouse photoreceptor synapses, with no obvious differential gradient between the centre and surface of the synaptic ribbon. These data favour a model of the architecture of the synaptic ribbon in which the RIBEYE A-domain and RIBEYE B-domain are located similar distances from the midline of the synaptic ribbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Natalizumab treatment shows low cumulative probabilities of confirmed disability worsening to EDSS milestones in the long-term setting

Author

Correale, Jorge, Caride, Alejandro, Deri, Norma H., Ballario, Carlos, Broadley, Simon, Kneebone, Chris, Barnett, Michael, Pollard, John, Hodgkinson, Suzanne, Kermode, Allan, Macdonell, Richard, King, John, Butzkueven, Helmut, Lechner-Scott, Jeannette, Saines, Noel, Slee, Mark, Plummer, Chris, Willekens, Barbara, Vanopdenbosch, Ludo, Belachew, Shibeshih, Phan-Ba, Rémy, Delvaux, Valérie, Bissay, Veronique, Debruyne, Jan, Decoo, Danny, Crols, Roeland, Symons, Anoek, Nagels, Guy, Van Pesch, Vincent, Sindic, Christian, Dubois, Benedicte, Medaer, Robert, D'Hooghe, Marie, Guillaume, Daniel, De Smet, Eric, Seeldrayers, Pierrette, Lysandropoulos, Andreas, Vokaer, Mathieu, Geens, Karine, Willems, Christina, Denayer, Pierre, Bureau, Michel, Retif, Cecile, Dupuis, Michel, Bouquiaux, Olivier, Vanderdonckt, Patrick, van Landegem, William, Caekebeke, Jo, Van Ingelghem, Erwin, Peeters, Katelijne, Gerard, Pascale, de Noordhout, Alain Maertens, Desfontaines, Philippe, Urbain, Etienne, Declercq, Inge, Van Wijmeersch, Bart, Vanroose, Erwin, Wibail, Alain, Barthomolé, Emmanuel, Ursell, Melanie, Sweet, Margaret Elizabeth, Howse, David, Jichici, Draga, Shawush, Melad, Namaka, Mike, Traboulsee, Anthony, Hashimoto, Stan, Lo, Raymond, Marchetti, Paul, Lapierre, Yves, Jacques, Francois, MacLean, Gregg, Bhan, Virender, Duquette, Pierre, Stewart, Bradley, Paulseth, John, Kremenchutzky, Marcelo, Vorobeychik, Galina, O'Connor, Paul, Grand'Maison, François, Havrdova, Eva, Meluzinová, Eva, Valis, Martin, Talab, Radomír, Stourac, Pavel, Zapletalová, Olga, Dufek, Michal, Sládková, Vladimíra, Novotna, Alena, Vancurová, Romana, Lhotaková, Libuse, Fiedler, Jiri, Vachova, Marta, Dolezil, David, Stetkarova, Ivana, Rehankova, Adela, Psenica, Petr, Ulehlova, Veronika, Feketova, Sona, Skoda, Ondrej, Färkkilä, Markus, Taneli, Sarasoja, Koivisto, Keijo, Seppä, Juha Matti, Airas, Laura, Elovaara, Irina, Hartikainen, Päivi, Pirttila, Tuula, Louchart, Pierre, Ille, Olivier, Thenint, Jean philippe, Godet, Etienne, Vioud, Marcel Maillet, Colamarino, Renato, Gugenheim, Michel, Grimaud, Jerome, Kopf, Audrey, Billy, Christophe, Huttin, Bernard, Borsotti, Jean paul, Devos, Philippe, Kendjuo, Jean bertin N, Verier, Albert, Chapuis, Stephane, Daluzeau, Nathalie, Angibaud, Gilles, Uriot, Marie-Sylvie Artaud, Ziegler, François, Sellal, François, Moulignier, Antoine, Lavenu, Isabelle, Ismail, Samir, Devy, Richard, Suceveanu, Manuel, Wagner, Marc, Marcel, Sebastien, Derouiche, Faycal, Mostoufizadehghalamfarsa, Sohrab, Delalande, Sophie, Ruggieri, Irene, Van Nieuwenhuyse, Catherine Bossu, Nifle, Chantal, Ondze, Basile, Vasilescu, Carmen Gurau, Vongsouthi, Cyrille, Coustans, Marc, Anne, Olivier, Amevigbe, Josephine, Servan, Jerome, Merienne, Marc, Eck, Philippe, Berroir, Stephane, Busson, Philippe, Barroso, Bruno, Larrieu, Jean-Marc, Giendaj, Catherine Louvet, Malkoun, Imad, Hautecoeur, Patrick, Kwiatkowski, Arnaud, Pouliquen, Andre, Garrigues, Guillaume, Delerue, Olivier, Giraud, Pierric, Gere, Julien, Vaunaize, Jean, Dereeper, Olivier, Seiller, Nicolas, Alsassa, Roger, Vlaicu, Mihaela, Neuville, Veronique, Faucheux, Jean Marc, Bernady, Patricia, Fanjaud, Guy, Viallet, François, Schroeter, Michael, Schlemilch-Paschen, Sylke, Lange, Thomas, Bohr, Kin-Arno, Jendroska, Klaus, Rehkopf, Elisabeth, Bergmann, Arnfin, Kleinschnitz, Christoph, Postert, Thomas, Scholz, Peter, Mauz, Uwe, Stratmann, Hubert, Siefjediers, Veneta, Prantl, Martin, Gehring, Klaus, Zellner, Ruth, Junge, Kathrin, Zellner, Anton, Bacay, Valerina, Schlegel, Eugen, Polzer, Udo, Strauss, Erik, Link, Andreas, Stenzel, Christoph, Freidel, Matthias, Drews, Joachim, Neudert, Christian, Schmitz, Frank, Jaeger, Joachim, Masri, Said, Heuberger, Wolfgang, Trausch, Beate, Ruhnke, Oliver, Scarel, Serena, Bach, Kathlen, Ernst, Michael, Landefeld, Harald, Richter, Nils, Schmidt, Stephan, Krause, Michaela, Dressel, Alezander, Ruth, Roland, Anvari, Kerstin, Gossling, Jens, Schenk, Christoph, Tiedge, Oliver, Bode, Lutz, Eder, Hans-Thomas, Pfeffer, Oliver, Krug, Reinhard, Lassek, Christoph, Fleischer, Eberhard, Meuth, Sven, Klotz, Luisa Hildegard, Peglau, Ines, Kukowski, Borries, Herting, Birgit, Guthke, Kersten, Schierenbeck, Jurgen, Brockmeier, Bernd, Albrecht, Holger, Wuttke, Matthias, Augspach-Hofmann, Regine, Gunther, Stefan, Redbrake, Martin, Franke, Christian, Buchner, Klaus, Gratz, Thomas, Horn, Rolf, Doemges, Frank, Schreiber, Martin, Brosch, Thomas, Horn, Markus, Kittlitz, Matthias, Vulturius, Gabriele, Hinse, Paul, Malessa, Rolf, Wiehler, Stephan, Katsarava, Zaza, Kastrup, Oliver, Kausch, Ulrich, Gullekes, Martin, Fickinger, Markus, Wenzel, Wilhelm, Botefur, Ingolf C., Reifschneider, Gerd, Rauer, Sebastian, Lang, Michael, Harms, Lutz, Eckhardt, Ulrich, Cursiefen, Simone, Linker, Ralf, Angstwurm, Klemens, Haas, Judith, Schuetze, Ivo, Rohm, Eva, Stienker-Fisse, H., Sailer, Michael, Bohringer, Johannes, Maurer, Mathias, Bause, Eberhard, Wersching, Ronald, Dachsel, Reinhardt, Domke, Sylke, Hoffman, Frank, Tackenberg, Bjorn, Roch, Kerstin, Ziebold, Uwe, Kallmann, Boris, Buehler, Bernhard, Faiss, Judith, Faiss, Juergen, Schimrigk, Sebastian, Menges, Christian, Knop, Karl Christian, Koehler, Wolfgang, Siever, Arno, Bufler, Johannes, Gramsl, Georg, Kuhnler, Benedicta, Maschke, Matthias, Stogbauer, Florian, Staude, Lisa, Bethke, Florian, Bitsch, Andreas, Harmjanz, Arndt D., Windsheimer, Jorg, Kieseier, Bernd C., Berkenfeld, Ralf, Tumani, Hayrettin, Kirsch, Michael, Wildemann, Brigitte, Daniels, Regina, Gottwald, Klaus, Elias, Wolfgang-Gerhard, Hoffmann, Olaf, Schwab, Matthias, Pilz, Christopher, Klostermann, Fabian, Hellwig, Kerstin, Berthele, Achim, Bayas, Antonios, Molitor, Daniel, Grothe, Christoph, Wagner, Bert, Karageorgiou, Klimentini, Mitsikostas, Dimosthenis, Kodounis, Antonios, Plaitakis, Andreas, Papadimitriou, Alexandros, Grigoriadis, Nikolaos, Vlaikidis, Nikolaos, Koutlas, Evaggelos, Kyritsis, Athanassios, Papathanassopoulos, Panagiotis, Makris, Nikolaos, Tavernarakis, Antonios, Scarpini, Elio, Montanari, Enrico, Marrosu, Maria Giovanna, Trojano, Maria, Amato, Maria Pia, Rottoli, Mariarosa, Lugaresi, Alessandra, Florio, Ciro, Gasperini, Claudio, Grimaldi, Luigi, Millefiorini, Enrico, Koudriavtseva, Tatiana, Perla, Franco, Mantegazza, Renato, Bertolotto, Antonio, Ghezzi, Angelo, Aguilar, Sandra Quinones, Eisenberg, Eli Skromne, Lopez, Leondardo Llamas, Estudillo, Rocio Marquez, Schrijver, H.M., Wittebol, M.C., Baart, J.C., van Golde, A.E.L., Hengstman, G.J.D., Pop, P.H.M., Bos (Geldrop), M., Medaer, R., Schyns-Soeterboek, Angelique, van der Zwart, A., van Diepen, A.J.H., Verheul, G.A.M., Verhagen, W.I.M., Bos (Helmond), M., Witjes, R.J.G.M., Sinnige, L.G.F., van Munster, E.Th.L., Sanders, E.A.C.M., van Dijl, Ron, Hupperts, R.M.M., Frequin, S.T.F.M., Visser, L.H., Henselmans, J.M.L., Moll, J.W.B., Midgard, Rune, Myhr, Kjell Morten, Edland, Astrid, Telstad, Wenche, Hognestad, Tone, Lund, Christian, Hovdal, Harald, Kamaljit, Kaur, Schepel, Jan, Hogenesch, Roelfien Ida, Schüler, Stephan, Odeh, Francis, Alstadhaug, Karl B., Korsgaard, Olav, Farbu, Elisabeth, Ingvaldsen, Teis Barclay, Soares (SCO), Diana, Rente, José, Guerra, José Manuel Costa, Morganho, Armando, Leitão, António, de Sá, João, Sá, Maria José, Marques, Pinto, Veloso, Mário, Baptista, Miguel Viana, Szilasiová, Jarmila, Copikova-Cudrakova, Daniela, Prochazkova, Lubica, Klimová, Eleonóra, Donath, Vladimir, Brozman, Miroslav, Ramo, Cristina, Ruiz, Domingo Pérez, Hernández, Carmen Calles, Sola, María Eugenia Marzo, Moro, Roberto Suarez, Vidal, Jose Antonio, Rodríguez, Ana Belén Caminero, Ozaeta, Gisela Martin, Nadal, Jordi Batlle, Esquide, Amaya Alvarez de Arcaya, Urtaza, Javier Olascoaga, Martínez-Yélamos, Sergio, Arbizu, Txomin, Torrenta, Lluis Ramio i, Boggild, Mike, Wilson, Martin, Al-Araji, Adnan, Nicholas, Richard, Harrower, Timothy, Redmond, Ian, Wolf, Tilo, Osei-Bonsu, Michael, Mazibrada, Gordon, Rog, David, Cottrell, David, Constantinescu, Cris, Gray, Orla, Belhag, Mohamed, Shehu, Abdullah, Rashid, Waqar, Duddy, Martin, Kappos, Ludwig, Wiendl, Heinz, Spelman, Tim, Pellegrini, Fabio, Chen, Yi, Dong, Qunming, and Koendgen, Harold

Published
2018
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13. Denisovan, modern human and mouse TNFAIP3 alleles tune A20 phosphorylation and immunity

Author

Zammit, Nathan W., Siggs, Owen M., Gray, Paul E., Horikawa, Keisuke, Langley, David B., Walters, Stacey N., Daley, Stephen R., Loetsch, Claudia, Warren, Joanna, Yap, Jin Yan, Cultrone, Daniele, Russell, Amanda, Malle, Elisabeth K., Villanueva, Jeanette E., Cowley, Mark J., Gayevskiy, Velimir, Dinger, Marcel E., Brink, Robert, Zahra, David, Chaudhri, Geeta, Karupiah, Gunasegaran, Whittle, Belinda, Roots, Carla, Bertram, Edward, Yamada, Michiko, Jeelall, Yogesh, Enders, Anselm, Clifton, Benjamin E., Mabbitt, Peter D., Jackson, Colin J., Watson, Susan R., Jenne, Craig N., Lanier, Lewis L., Wiltshire, Tim, Spitzer, Matthew H., Nolan, Garry P., Schmitz, Frank, Aderem, Alan, Porebski, Benjamin T., Buckle, Ashley M., Abbott, Derek W., Ziegler, John B., Craig, Maria E., Benitez-Aguirre, Paul, Teo, Juliana, Tangye, Stuart G., King, Cecile, Wong, Melanie, Cox, Murray P., Phung, Wilson, Tang, Jia, Sandoval, Wendy, Wertz, Ingrid E., Christ, Daniel, Goodnow, Christopher C., and Grey, Shane T.

Published
2019
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20. A Novel Cre Recombinase Mouse Strain for Cell-Specific Deletion of Floxed Genes in Ribbon Synapse-Forming Retinal Neurons.

Author

Suiwal, Shweta, Wartenberg, Philipp, Boehm, Ulrich, Schmitz, Frank, and Schwarz, Karin

Subjects
DELETION mutation, GREEN fluorescent protein, RECOMBINASES, TAU proteins, PHOTORECEPTORS, RECOMBINANT proteins, RETINAL ganglion cells
Abstract

We generated a novel Cre mouse strain for cell-specific deletion of floxed genes in ribbon synapse-forming retinal neurons. Previous studies have shown that the RIBEYE promotor targets the expression of recombinant proteins such as fluorescently tagged RIBEYE to photoreceptors and retinal bipolar cells and generates fluorescent synaptic ribbons in situ in these neurons. Here, we used the same promotor to generate a novel transgenic mouse strain in which the RIBEYE promotor controls the expression of a Cre-ER(T2) recombinase (RIBEYE-Cre). To visualize Cre expression, the RIBEYE-Cre animals were crossed with ROSA26 tau-GFP (R26-τGFP) reporter mice. In the resulting RIBEYE-Cre/R26 τGFP animals, Cre-mediated removal of a transcriptional STOP cassette results in the expression of green fluorescent tau protein (tau-GFP) that binds to cellular microtubules. We detected robust tau-GFP expression in retinal bipolar cells. Surprisingly, we did not find fluorescent tau-GFP expression in mouse photoreceptors. The lack of tau-GFP reporter protein in these cells could be based on the previously reported absence of tau protein in mouse photoreceptors which could lead to the degradation of the recombinant tau protein. Consistent with this, we detected Cre and tau-GFP mRNA in mouse photoreceptor slices by RT-PCR. The transgenic RIBEYE-Cre mouse strain provides a new tool to study the deletion of floxed genes in ribbon synapse-forming neurons of the retina and will also allow for analyzing gene deletions that are lethal if globally deleted in neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. The methyltransferase Setdb2 mediates virus-induced susceptibility to bacterial superinfection

Author

Schliehe, Christopher, Flynn, Elizabeth K, Vilagos, Bojan, Richson, Udochuku, Swaminathan, Savitha, Bosnjak, Berislav, Bauer, Lisa, Kandasamy, Richard K, Griesshammer, Isabel M, Kosack, Lindsay, Schmitz, Frank, Litvak, Vladimir, Sissons, James, Lercher, Alexander, Bhattacharya, Anannya, Khamina, Kseniya, Trivett, Anna L, Tessarollo, Lino, Mesteri, Ildiko, Hladik, Anastasiya, Merkler, Doron, Kubicek, Stefan, Knapp, Sylvia, Epstein, Michelle M, Symer, David E, Aderem, Alan, and Bergthaler, Andreas

Published
2015
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26. Rabconnectin-3α/DMXL2 Is Locally Enriched at the Synaptic Ribbon of Rod Photoreceptor Synapses.

Author

Dittrich, Alina, Ramesh, Girish, Jung, Martin, and Schmitz, Frank

Subjects
PHOTORECEPTORS, SYNAPSES, SYNAPTIC vesicles, LIGHT absorption, RETINA
Abstract

Ribbon synapses reliably transmit synaptic signals over a broad signalling range. Rod photoreceptor ribbon synapses are capable of transmitting signals generated by the absorption of single photons. The high precision of ribbon synapses emphasizes the need for particularly efficient signalling mechanisms. Synaptic ribbons are presynaptic specializations of ribbon synapses and are anchored to the active zone. Synaptic ribbons bind many synaptic vesicles that are delivered to the active zone for continuous and faithful signalling. In the present study we demonstrate with independent antibodies at the light- and electron microscopic level that rabconnectin-3α (RC3α)—alternative name Dmx-like 2 (DMXL2)—is localized to the synaptic ribbons of rod photoreceptor synapses in the mouse retina. In the brain, RC3α-containing complexes are known to interact with important components of synaptic vesicles, including Rab3-activating/inactivating enzymes, priming proteins and the vesicular H+-ATPase that acidifies the synaptic vesicle lumen to promote full neurotransmitter loading. The association of RC3α/DMXL2 with rod synaptic ribbons of the mouse retina could enable these structures to deliver only fully signalling-competent synaptic vesicles to the active zone thus contributing to reliable synaptic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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