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Wolfiporia cocos , a versatile fungus acclaimed for its nutritional and therapeutic benefits in Traditional Chinese Medicine, holds immense potential for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. In this study, we aimed to optimize liquid fermentation techniques and culture medium composition to maximize mycelial biomass (MB) yield, pachymic acid (PA) concentration, and overall PA production. Additionally, we investigated the molecular basis of our findings by quantifying the expression levels of genes associated with PA and MB biosynthesis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Under the optimized fermentation conditions, significant results were achieved, with maximum MB reaching 6.68 g l−1, PA content peaking at 1.25 mg g−1, and a total PA yield of 4.76 g l−1. Notably, among the four examined genes, squalene monooxygenase, exhibited enhanced expression at 0.06 ratio under the optimized conditions. Furthermore, within the realm of carbohydrate-active enzymes, the glycoside hydrolases 16 family displayed elevated expression levels at 21 ratios, particularly during MB production. This study enhances understanding of genetic mechanism governing MB and PA production in W. cocos , highlighting the roles of squalene monooxygenase and glycoside hydrolases 16 carbohydrate-active enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the role of a biostimulant derived from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) in mitigating salt stress in rice plants. The weekly (S+W) and biweekly (S+B) biostimulant treatments exhibited enhanced shoot and root biomass, maintained ionic balance, and increased pigment content (total chlorophyll increased by 26.35% and 31%, carotenoids by 11.90% and 16.67% in S+W and S+B treatments, respectively) compared to untreated salt-stressed plants (CS). Improved gas exchange parameters and PSII efficiency were observed in S+W and S+B treatments. AN-biostimulant treatments mitigated salt-induced oxidative stress by positively regulating the antioxidant defense system. Notably, a strong negative correlation was observed between antioxidants and oxidative markers. Furthermore, AN-biostimulant treatments induced key metabolites (organic acids, sugars, amino acids, flavonoids), emphasizing the integrated role of multiple pathways in enhancing salt tolerance in rice. These findings highlight the potential of AN biostimulants as eco-friendly tools for crop enhancement in challenging environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipidomics is a rapidly expanding field of study that provides a comprehensive approach to the analysis of lipids in meat and fish food products. Lipidomics has become an important tool for evaluating the functional quality of animal and fish products as well as their potential health benefits. This review article provides an overview of the current state of the art in lipidomics for food assessment and its application in improving the quality and nutritional value of animal and fish food. This review covers a wide range of topics, including an examination of the lipid content and composition of animal and fish products, the effect of processing and storage conditions on lipid quality, and the potential health benefits of consuming lipid-rich animal and fish products. It also covers the important roles that lipids play in animal and fish products, such as their impact on flavor, texture, and stability. The article concludes with a discussion of the future directions of lipidomics research and the potential applications of this technology in the food industry. This review article provides valuable information for researchers, food scientists, and industry professionals who are interested in exploring the functional quality of animal and fish products through the lens of lipidomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is one of the major economically domesticated crops, and it is extensively used in different ways and purposes worldwide. Cell metabolism is the central core of all the biological processes to sustain life including cell growth, differentiation, maintenance, and response to environmental stress. To evaluate how genetic engineering can improve tomato fruit metabolome, the transcriptomic and metabolomic datasets of two transgenic tomatoes (SlMX1 overexpression and RNAi lines) have been compared with wild-type. The combined results demonstrated that the constitutive expression of SlMX1 not only increased trichome formation, carotenoids, and terpenoids as has been stated in several studies, but has also up- and down-regulated the expression of multiple genes related to cell growth (cell wall turnover), primary (carbohydrates, vitamins, and phytohormones), and secondary (phenylpropanoids, carotenoids, and terpenoids) metabolism, cell signaling, and stress responses. These changes in gene expression due to the constitutive expression of SlMX1 promote the most important agroeconomic traits such as fruit yield and quality, biosynthesis of health-promoting phytochemicals (including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins), and finally, activate resistance to Botrytis cinerea and repress the expression of over-ripening-related genes, thus extending the fruit shelf-life. In conclusion, the traits improvement achieved by SlMX1 overexpression can be harnessed in molecular breeding programs to engineer fruit size and yield, induce health-promoting secondary metabolites, promote fungal resistance, and finally extend the fruit shelf-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress hinders plant growth and disrupts many physio-biochemical and molecular processes. The present study evaluated the potential role of foliar applied 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) for mitigating the adverse effects of salinity in rice plants. Our findings showed that salt stress reduced several growth and physiological parameters, and substantially increased oxidative stress in rice seedlings. The foliar application of EBR replenished the negative effects of salt stress by improving plant growth and physiological attributes in rice plants. Moreover, application of EBR substantially reduced oxidative injuries by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds in rice plants during salt stress. Interestingly, the endogenous ABA levels were declined in stressed plants by EBR treatment, also validated by expression analysis of ABA-related genes. In addition, application of EBR upregulated carotenoids and flavonoids pathway genes, thus showing its function to activate secondary metabolism in rice plants during salt stress. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that, under salt stress, the response of EBR-treated rice plants was strongly correlated with the accumulation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Collectively, this study presents useful insight into the distinct role of EBR by activating underlying enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms to mitigate salinity in rice plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The salted egg yolks supplemented with clove extract are compared with the non‐supplemented group, and subsequently the lipidomics profiles are characterized and identified by UPLC‐QE‐MS/MS in positive and negative ion modes respectively. A total of 315 lipids are detected in the control group and the clove extract treated group. In the positive ion mode, the 10 subclasses of glycerolipids in the treated samples are significantly different (p < 0.05). The lipid types with most varied compositions are triglyceride and ceramides, followed by CerG1 (glucosylceramide), LPE (lyso‐phosphatidylethanolamine), diglyceride, and monosialodihexosyl ganglioside. In the negative ion mode, the authors identified 35 subclasses which are significantly different (p < 0.05), that include glycerolphospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and neutralglycosphingolipid. The lipid types with most varied compositions in negative mode are PE (phosphatidylethanolamine), followed by PC (phosphatidylcholine), LPC (lyso‐phosphatidylcholine), and GM3 (monosialo‐dihexosyl ganglioside). The contents of phosphatidylcholine, lyso‐phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and monosialo‐dihexosyl ganglioside in egg yolks treated with 0.5% (w/v) clove are significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05), in which phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are the main components of glycerolphospholipid. Practical Application : The lipidomics analyses of the salted egg yolk added with and without clove extract are compared to reveal the beneficial effect of clove extracts on the lipid profiles, and further exploring the types and relative content of the lipid components. A total of 315 lipids are detected in all samples. In the positive ion mode, the 10 subclasses of glycerolipids are found to be significantly different in the treated samples. In the negative ion mode, the lipid content of 35 subclasses are significantly different. From the nutrition fact value, salted duck egg enriched with clove extract can serve as one of the alternative egg products rich in essential lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decoration of phytochemicals contributes to the majority of metabolic diversity in nature, whereas how this process alters the biological functions of their precursor molecules remains to be investigated. Flavones, an important yet overlooked subclass of flavonoids, are most commonly conjugated with sugar moieties by UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Here, we report that the natural variation of rice flavones is mainly determined by OsUGT706D1 (flavone 7-O-glucosyltransferase) and OsUGT707A2 (flavone 5-O-glucosyltransferase). UV-B exposure and transgenic evaluation demonstrate that their allelic variation contributes to UV-B tolerance in nature. Biochemical characterization of over 40 flavonoid UGTs reveals their differential evolution in angiosperms. These combined data provide biochemical insight and genetic regulation into flavone biosynthesis and additionally suggest that adoption of the positive alleles of these genes into breeding programs will likely represent a potential strategy aimed at producing stress-tolerant plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation, fatty acid profile and microstructure of duck egg supplemented with garlic oil were monitored over the salting period. The antioxidant activity of garlic oil was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and its activity was compared to that of standard synthetic antioxidants (butylated hydroxyl toluene and gallic acid). The scavenging percentage of garlic oil increased in a dose-dependent manner. The supplementation of garlic oil altered the characteristics of duck egg during salting. In addition, oil exudation by yolk and lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) showed an increasing trend concomitant with salting time. Microstructure observation revealed comparatively loose shell membrane structure in duck egg supplemented with garlic oil, which facilitates the transportation of oil toward the yolk. These findings contribute to a better understanding that garlic oil can be used as a potential antioxidant agent and a healthy natural food additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yield is one of the most important agronomic traits for the breeding of rapeseed (Brassica napus L), but its genetic dissection for the formation of high yield remains enigmatic, given the rapid population growth. In the present review, we review the discovery of major loci underlying important agronomic traits and the recent advancement in the selection of complex traits. Further, we discuss the benchmark summary of high-throughput techniques for the high-resolution genetic breeding of rapeseed. Biparental linkage analysis and association mapping have become powerful strategies to comprehend the genetic architecture of complex agronomic traits in crops. The generation of improved crop varieties, especially rapeseed, is greatly urged to enhance yield productivity. In this sense, the whole-genome sequencing of rapeseed has become achievable to clone and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Moreover, the generation of high-throughput sequencing and genotyping techniques has significantly enhanced the precision of QTL mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) methodologies. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the first attempt to identify novel QTLs of yield-related traits, specifically focusing on ovule number per pod (ON). We also highlight the recent breakthrough concerning single-locus-GWAS (SL-GWAS) and multi-locus GWAS (ML-GWAS), which aim to enhance the potential and robust control of GWAS for improved complex traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]